How the Body Knows Its Mind_The Surprising Power of the Physical Environment to Influence How You Think and Feel
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ADHD, 217
Alexander, Frederick Matthias, 202–3
Alexander technique, 202–6
Alzheimer’s disease, 113, 184
amygdala, 20–21, 132, 222–24
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig’s disease), 112
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular (Gall), 108
aphasia, 117–18, 252n16
Apple, 179
arachnophobia, 140
Ariely, Dan: Predictably Irrational, 6
attention restoration theory, 218–20
attitude, definition of, 146
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 142–46, 255n15
B
baby names, 95
ballet, 124
Balotelli, Mario, 75
Baoding balls (Chinese exercise balls), 8, 73, 231
baptism, 164
Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother (Chua), 41
Beck Depression Inventory, 16–17
Begin, Menachem, 156
Berman, Marc, 218–20
Blackburn, Barbara, 94
blocks/manipulatives, 55, 234
body language, 83–105
chemistry understanding via gestures, 91–92
and creativity, 74–75
and the Dvorak keyboard, 94
flexing the arm associated with gratification, 102–5, 230
gestures and thinking, 89–91, 91, 232
and grocery store choices, 100–105, 250n28
hand gestures, 81, 83–92, 231, 235
mind control by the body, 93–98, 96
phone numbers corresponding to words, 97–98
physical fluency, 100
picking up objects, 98–101
of poker players, 88–89
and the QWERTY keyboard/QWERTY effect, 93–97, 96, 235, 249n21
right-vs. left-handed gestures, 85–88, 235
Bolt, Usain, 75
Bornstein, Marc, 36–37, 241n19
Botox, 13–14, 16–21, 23. See also under depression brain
amygdala, 20–21, 132, 222–24
cerebellum, 126
computer metaphor for, 48–49
emotional centers in, 131–32, 135–36, 253n1
forward model, 126
frontal cortex, 163. See also prefrontal cortex function of, 47–48, 65–66
hippocampus, 171–72, 175, 184–85
insula, 139, 152–53, 156, 158, 254n8, 256n4
language centers in, 109–11, 116–17
malleability of, 109–10
mapping of, 115, 115–16, 251n9, 251n11
mental processes located in, 107, 109–10
mirror neurons, 30–31, 36, 131, 143–44, 239–40n3
motor cortex, 114–15, 115
motor neuron diseases, 111–14
pain centers in, 139, 156–57, 163, 254n8
parietal cortex, 175
plasticity of, 172
prefrontal cortex, 140, 175, 199, 201–2, 216, 254n9, 263n13
sedentary lifestyle’s effects on, 186
sensory cortex, 141–42
size and aging, 185
strokes, 43, 114, 117–18
temporal-parietal junction (TPJ), 141–42
brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), 183–85
Bush, George W., 87
Butterworth, Brian, 44
C
Camp David, 156
capoeira, 123–24
Carney, Dana, 73–74
Carter, Jimmy, 156
Casa Grande Mountain Retreat (Puerto Rico), 190, 197
Casasanto, Daniel, 84–88
Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, 194
cerebellum, 126
Chicken Soup for the Soul series, 155
Chua, Amy: Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, 41
cingulate cortex, 139, 156, 158, 254n8
city living, 214–15, 218, 220–24
Clinton, Hillary, 199
Coca-Cola, 7, 100–101
Cohen, Dov, 166
confirmation bias, 108–9
Consumer Products Safety Commission, 34
Cornell University, 70–71
cortisol, 200, 222
Cotman, Carl, 183
creativity, 67–81
Baoding balls, 73
and body cues, 74–75
creative metaphors, 70–72
in dance, 70
exercise’s effects on, 180, 232
Google’s interactive campus atmosphere, 67–68
pacing vs. sitting, 72
power/expansive poses, 73–77, 230, 246n7
problem solving enhanced by movement, 68–70, 245n2
and remembering, 77–81
and testosterone, 73–74
thinking outside the box, 70–71
Cuddy, Amy, 73–74
Cyberball, 157–58
D
Dacascos, Mark, 124
Dalai Lama, 194
Daley, Tom, 61
Darwin, Charles, 146
The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, 21–22
Davidson, Richard, 19–20, 194
Davis, Hap, 226–27
Decety, Jean, 131–32, 141
depression
Alexander technique for, 205–6
associated with illness, 220, 230
Beck Depression Inventory, 16–17
Botox for, 13–14, 16–18, 20–21, 23, 226
and exercise, 185
frowning accompanying, 13
and helplessness, 225–26
Laura (case study), 12–13, 16–18
in mothers and their babies, 134
pain of, 24
in Parkinson’s patients, 205
pervasiveness of, 11
progression of, 12
and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 155–56
treatment for, 11–13
Descartes, René, 22
developmental dyspraxia, 29, 31, 36, 39
diapers, 34–35, 233, 241n14
directed attention, 217–18
disgust, physical and moral, 166–67
dopamine, 180, 205
Dr. Schaffer and Mr. Stern: Two Guys Dancing about Math, 58
Dvorak keyboard, 94
dyscalculia, 44
dyslexia, 38–39
dystonia, 206
E
education. See also learning by doing
Montessori schools, 57
stationary model of, 49
testing, 174
Einstein, Albert, 31–32
Eisenberger, Naomi, 25, 157–58
electroencephalogram (EEG), 143–45
embodied cognition, 22–25
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 4
emotion’s physical nature, 11–25. See also depression; empathy; social warmth bodily posture, 15, 20, 230
Botox, 13–14, 16–21, 23
embodied cognition, 22–25
facial expressions, 13–16, 20–23, 229
frowning/smiling, 8, 13, 15–21, 23, 229, 237n4
laughter, 15–16
Laura (case study), 12–13, 16–18
physical vs. emotional pain, 23–25
empathy, 129–46
and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 142–46, 255n15
in babies, 132–33, 136–37
and differentiating ourselves from others, 133–35
in doctors, 138–39, 234
and emotional centers in the brain, 131–32, 135–36, 253n1
and emotional distance, 138–42, 234, 254n9
evoked by tearjerkers, 129–30, 132, 234
in married couples, 137–38
mirroring’s role in, 131, 134, 136–37, 142–45
about pain, 139
end-state comfort effect, 99
environment as shaping thinking, 209–28
attention restoration theory, 218–20
city living, 214–15, 218, 220–24
conceptions of cognition, 210–1
1
and directed attention, 217–18
executive control, 214–16
green space/natural surroundings, 213–17, 219–20, 233, 265n12
overview of, 227–28
and physical challenges, 224–25, 234–35
and physically acting differently, 226–27, 231
poverty’s effects, 214–15
social brain hypothesis, 224–25
stress, 211
taking a break, 212–13, 220, 227–28, 231–32
epilepsy, 115
executive control, 214–16
exercise, 169–87
aerobic, 180, 184–85, 232
and Alzheimer’s disease, 184
brain cells created by, 170–72
and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), 183–85
brain regions benefited by, 175
by children, 172–74, 177
and cognition, 185–87
creativity benefited by, 179, 232
and dopamine, 180
by the elderly, 173–74, 177, 181–87
and IQ, 179
and longevity, 182
masters athletic programs, 181–82
memory benefited by, 174–77, 179, 183–84
mindfulness about, 169–70
in moderation, 178
and negotiating skills, 177–78, 259n9
overview of, 168, 186–87
by young adults, 174, 178–79
The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (Darwin), 21–22
F
facial expressions, 13–16, 20–23, 229
false-belief tasks, 133–34
fibromyalgia, 24
fingers and numbers/math, 42–45, 243n33
Fischer, Susan, 62–66
Fitbit fitness tracker, 169–70
fitness. See exercise
frontal cortex, 163
frowning/smiling, 8, 13, 15–21, 23, 229, 237n4
fusiform gyrus, 38
G
Gall, Franz Joseph, 107, 109
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, 108
Galton, Sir Francis, 146
gestures. See body language
Glenberg, Art, 19–20, 50–52, 54–56
Goldin-Meadow, Susan, 89
Google, 7, 179
Google’s interactive campus atmosphere, 67–68
Gore, Al, 199
Greene, Bob, 180
green space. See environment as shaping thinking
Gretzky, Wayne, 127
grocery store choices, 100–105, 250n28
H
Harlow, Harry, 147–50, 154–55, 160
Havas, David, 19–20
Hawking, Stephen, 112
health clubs, 181
Hebb, Donald, 109
Hebbian learning, 110
Hillman, Charles, 172–73
Hindus, on morality, 166
hippocampus, 171–72, 175, 184–85
Human Performance Laboratory (University of Chicago), 24, 99–100
hunter-gatherers, 173
I
incubation effect, 264n2
infants’/children’s vs. adults’ thoughts, 31–32
insula, 139, 152–53, 156, 158, 254n8, 256n4
integrative body-mind training (IBMT), 197–201, 233
intelligence, physical development’s impact on, 36–37, 241n19
IQ, 40–41, 175, 179
J
The Jack LaLanne Show, 181
Jackson, Phil, 194
James, Karen, 38
James, William, 21, 146, 217–18
Jamieson, Jeremy, 178
Javits, Jacob, 112
Jesus, 165
Jews, on morality, 166
Johnson & Johnson, 7
Jonides, John, 218–20
juggling, 194
K
Kahneman, Daniel: Thinking Fast and Slow, 6
Kaplan, Stephen, 218–20
Kerry, John, 87
Kidman, Nicole, 13
Kotelko, Olga, 182–83, 186–87
Kramer, Art, 172–73
Kuo, Frances, 214–17, 219–20
L
Laboratory for Cognition and Action (Pennsylvania State University), 98
Laboratory for Embodied Cognition (Arizona State University), 50
Lakoff, George, 53
LaLanne, Jack, 180–82
Landscape and Human Health Laboratory (University of Illinois), 214
Langham, Michael, 203
language. See also body language
abstract concepts via the literal, 118–21, 252n19
centers in the brain for, 109–11, 116–17
learning by doing, 49–50
learning foreign languages, 118, 232
understanding of, 109–11, 113, 116–18, 251n5
The Language Instinct (Pinker), 32–33
laughter, 15–16
Laughter Yoga (Hasyayoga), 15
learning by doing, 47–66
athletic skills and math/physics, 61–62, 64–65
blocks/manipulatives, 55, 234
brain, computer metaphor for, 48–49
brain, function of, 47–48, 65–66
Counting Handshakes activity, 58
dance, 60–61
language, 49–50
Math Dance, 57–60
math, 53–60, 233
Montessori on, 56–57
physics, 62–66, 245n16
reading, 50–53, 57, 233
sea squirt as example, 47–48
stationary model of education, 49
Lessing, Gotthold, 13
Lieberman, Matthew, 25, 157–58
loneliness, 155, 164, 230
love/affection. See social warmth
Love Story, 129–30, 132, 138
M
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 164
Marcos, Imelda, 116
Mary Poppins, 16
math
anxiety about, 24–25, 140
and athletic skills, 61–62, 64–65
discrete entities, 58–60
learning by doing, 53–60, 233
Math Dance, 57–60
probability, 60
and music, 44–45
MATHCOUNTS competition, 41
McCain, John, 83–84, 86
McNeill, David, 89
meditation, 189–200
and anti-aging enzymes, 196
and attention skills, 196–97
and brain function, 192, 199
Buddhist, 196
integrative body-mind training (IBMT), 197–201, 233
long-lasting effects of, 195–97
mind-body connection honed by, 190
mindfulness, 191–94
popularity of, 193–94
and self-control, 200
for smoking cessation, 198, 200
for stress relief, 199–200
Ujjayi breath (cobra breathing), 189–90
and vigilance tasks, 197–99, 262n7
and the wandering mind, 190–93, 199
memory
and aging, 79
exercise’s effects on, 174–77, 179, 183–85
and gestures, 92
and green space/natural surroundings, 216–17
and movement, 77–81
testing yourself/practicing, 80
Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas, 221–23
Miami University (Oxford, Ohio), 122
migraines, 18
mikva, 164
Milgram, Stanley, 160–62
Miller, Zell, 40
mind, theory of, 133–34
mind/body relationship. See also meditation; moving and understanding ancient Greeks on, 7
Darwin on, 21–22
Descartes on, 22
direct connections, 14–15
and education of children, 6–7
embodied cognition, 22–25
mental vs. physical pain, 23–25
overview of, 6, 206–7
separation of mind and body, 22–23, 31
using your body to change your mind, 229–35
mirror neurons, 30–31, 36, 131, 143–44, 239–40n3
Moebius syndrome, 16
monkey neurophysiology experiment, 29–31
Montessori, Maria, 56–57, 234
morality and cleanliness, 164–67, 230, 257n17
motor cortex, 114–15, 115
motor neuron diseases, 111–14
moving and understanding, 27–45, 231, 233
Breslin family (case study), 27–29, 31, 36, 39–40, 239n1
crawling, 32–35, 241n15
developmental dyspraxia, 29, 31, 36, 39
and diaper use, 34–35, 233, 241n14
dyslexia, 38–39
fingers and numbers/math, 42–45, 243n33
and mirror neurons, 30–31, 36, 239–40n3
motor problems and mental difficulties, 29
music and math/intelligence, 39–42, 45, 233
overview of, 45
physical development’s impact on intelligence, 36–37, 241n19
Piaget on, 32
and the premotor cortex, 29–31
reaching/grasping for toys, 35–36
reading/writing, 37–39, 45, 233, 241n20
standing/walking, 34–35, 241n14
tummy time, 37
the visual cliff experiment, 33–34
Mozart effect, 40–41
Murray, Andy, 74
music
and the Alexander technique, 203
body-centered focus, 201–2
and math/intelligence, 39–42, 45, 233
Muslims, on morality, 166
mu suppression, 143–45, 255n15
N
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 55
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Washington, DC), 36–37
negativity, Botox’s effects on, 13, 16
Niedenthal, Paula, 135–37
Núñez, Rafael, 53
O
Obama, Barack, 83–84, 86
object permanence, 32, 240n7
olanzapine, 111
Only the Strong, 124
Ovid, 190
P
pacifiers, 136–37
pain
Alexander technique for, 205
physical vs. emotional, 23–25
social vs. physical, 156–59
parietal cortex, 175
Parkinson’s disease, 205
Pavlov, Ivan, 148
PepsiCo, 101
periaqueductal gray, 254n8, 257n16
Perlman, Itzhak, 202
phobias, 140
phrenology, 107–9
physics
and athletic skills, 61–62, 64–65
learning by doing, 62–66, 245n16
mass, 63–64
moment of inertia, 62–65
Piaget, Jean, 31–32, 240n7
Pilate, Pontius, 165
Pineda, Jaime, 144–45
Pinker, Steve: The Language Instinct, 32–33
Polish, Henry (case study), 42–43
Porcini, Mauro, 101
posture, 15, 20, 203–4, 230. See also Alexander technique power, 73–77, 230, 246n7
Predictably Irrational (Ariely), 6
prefrontal cortex, 140, 175, 199, 201–2, 216, 254n9, 263n13