Typhoid Mary
Page 35
13. Scheper-Hughes, “AIDS,” p. 967. See also the same author’s “Commentary: AIDS, Public Health and Human Rights in Cuba,” Anthropology Newsletter, October, 1993, pp. 48, 46.
14. Wald, “AIDS in Cuba,” p. 104.
15. Ibid., p. 106, 105. If they are considered to be adequately educated about how to avoid infecting others, Cuban HIV-positive isolated individuals are now permitted day or weekend passes to go back to their homes and families. Also there are examples of families moving with their infected relative into the AIDS compound.
16. Tim Golden, “Patients Pay High Price in Cuba’s War on AIDS,” New York Times, October 16, 1995, pp. 1, 4. Quotations from p. 4.
17. Ibid.
18. Barron Lerner has explored the ways in which the public health measures that were developed to control tuberculosis early in the twentieth century should be understood as custodial rather than health promoting in his paper “Negotiating Medical, Social, and Public Health Imperatives: Detention of Tuberculosis Patients in Seattle, 1949–60,” presented to the American Association for the History of Medicine 67th Annual Meeting in New York City, May 1, 1994.
19. Johan Giesecke, “AIDS and the Public Health,” Lancet 342 (October 16, 1993): 942.
20. Charles McClain, “Of Medicine, Race, and American Law: The Bubonic Plague Outbreak of 1900,” Law and Social Inquiry 13 (1988): 447–513. See also Philip A. Kalisch, “The Black Death in Chinatown, Plague and Politics in San Francisco,” Arizona and the West 14 (1972): 113–36, and Alan Kraut, Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the “Immigrant Menace” (New York: Basic Books, 1994), pp. 79–96.
21. James Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment—A Tragedy of Race and Medicine (New York: Free Press, 1981); and Vanessa Northington Gamble, “A Legacy of Distrust: African-Americans and Medical Research,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9 (1993): 35–38.
22. Kraut, Silent Travelers.
23. See, for example, Katie Leishman, “A Crisis in Public Health,” Atlantic Monthly, October, 1985, pp. 18–41.
24. Evelynn Hammonds, “Race, Sex, AIDS: The Construction of ‘Other,’ ” Radical America 20 (1986): 28–36, quotation from p. 29. Hammonds effectively explores how the “white media’s silence on the connections between AIDS and race; the black media’s silence on the connections between AIDS and sexuality/sexual politics, [and] the failure of white gay men’s AIDS organizations to reach the communities of people of color” exacerbated this critical public health issue.
25. New York Tribune, March 29, 1915, p. 8.
26. Robert J. T. Joy, M. D., to author, July 29, 1994. I am grateful to Bob Joy for his insightful comments on my work and for his permission to quote from this letter.
27. Gilbert Wersan [pseud. for Warren Boroson], “The Truth (For a Change) About Typhoid Mary,” MD, September 1985, p. 109. See, for example, Barry Blackwell, “Compliance,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic’s 58 (1992): 161–69.
28. A. J. Chesley, “Give Typhoid Carriers a Square Deal and Eliminate Typhoid,” Health, February, 1922, pp. 22–25.
29. Ibid., p. 23.
30. Ibid., p. 24. Similar compassion for carriers’ “mental anguish and depression” can be found in, for example C. B. Sylvester and A. W. Sylvester, “A Typhoid Carrier,” JAMA 85 (July 11, 1925): 111.
31. Chesley, “Square Deal,” pp. 24, 25.
CREDITS
Figure 1.1 Originally appeared in George A. Johnson, “The Typhoid Toll,” Journal of American Water Works Association 3 (June 1916): 249–326, p. 308.
Figure 2.1 From the Prints and Photographs Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Frame 2220, Side B.
Figure 4.1 New York Times, April 4, 1915, sec. 5 (magazine sec.), p. 3.
Figure 4.2 New York American, June 20, 1909, p. 6.
Figure 4.3 Reprinted courtesy of the Bettmann Archive.
Figure 5.1 New York American, June 20, 1909, p. 6.
Figure 5.2 New York American, June 20, 1909, pp. 6–7.
Figure 5.3 New York American, June 20, 1909, pp. 6–7.
Figure 5.4 New York American, June 20, 1909, p. 7. Reprinted courtesy of Brown Brothers.
Figure 5.5 New York American, June 20, 1909, p. 7.
Figure 5.6 New York American, June 30, 1909, p. 7.
Figure 5.7 New York Daily Mirror, December 17, 1933, Sunday Magazine sec, p. 19.
Figure 5.8 Drawing by P. Barlow; Copyright 1935, 1963, The New Yorker Magazine, Inc. Published in New Yorker 10 (January 26, 1935): 21.
Figure 6.1 New York City Municipal Archives, Department of Public Charities Collection, Image no. 1924.
Figure 6.2 New York City Municipal Archives, Department of Public Charities Collection, Image no. 2000.
Figure 6.3 Courtesy of Ida Peters Hoffman and John S. Marr.
Figure 6.4 Courtesy of Emma Rose Sherman.
Figure 6.5 Letter in Mary Mallon’s hand, accompanying In the Matter of the Application for a Writ of Habeas Corpus for the Production of Mary Mallon, New York Supreme Court (June 28—July 22, 1909), New York County Courthouse.
Figure 6.6 Courtesy of Emma Rose Sherman.
Figure 6.7 Courtesy of Ida Peters Hoffman and John S. Marr.
Figure 7.1 Coronet, December 1957, p. 38.
Figure 7.2 Today’s Health, April 1966, p. 34. Published with permission of Thomson Healthcare Communications.
Figure 7.3 Sketch by Lawrence DiFiori, American Heritage 21 no. 5 (August 1970): 38. Reprinted by permission of the artist, Lawrence DiFiori.
Figure 7.4 American Heritage 21, no. 5 (August 1970): 40. Reprinted by permission of the artist, Lawrence DiFiori.
Figure 7.5 American Heritage 21, no. 5 (August 1970): 42. Reprinted by permission of the artist, Lawrence DiFiori.
Figure 7.6 Illustration by Gary Viskupic, originally appeared in New York Newsday, Nassau Edition, September 9, 1979, sec. L1, p. 27. Published by permission of Los Angeles Times Syndicate International.
Figure 7.7 Current Health, January 1984, p. 20. Reprinted by permission from Weekly Reader Corporation. Copyright 1984 by Weekly Reader Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Index
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 141
Adirondack guide, see “Typhoid John”
African Americans, 115, 165, 246, 247
AIDS, 4, 11, 12, 203, 229, 247; Cuban response to, 95, 240–43; and identification and labels, 235, 236, 238; isolation for, 238–43; parallels between “Typhoid Mary” and, 215, 218, 221, 223; protecting public from, vs. individual rights, 233; Sweden’s efforts to control, 245
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 103
American Heritage, 208, 212, 225
American History Illustrated, 207
American Irish Historical Society, 212, 214
American Journal of Public Health, 49–50
American Medical Association, 35, 72, 127, 187
American Mercury, 204
Ancient Order of Hibernians, 214
Antibiotics, 26
Anti-immigrant sentiment, 117–18, 246. See also Ethnicity considerations
Antivivisectionists, 183–84
Bacteriology, 6–7, 21, 65, 176; effects of, on public health theory and practice, 23–26; and habeas corpus hearing, 81, 84; and history of typhoid fever, 26–30; and laboratory studies of Mary Mallon, 30–38, 39. See also Chapter One
Baker, Russell, 228
Baker, S. Josephine, 68, 76, 91–92, 104, 129, 171; her confrontations with Mary Mallon, 20, 44–46, 66, 101, 115–16, 172; her description of Mary Mallon, 114, 115, 116–17; Mary Mallon’s letters to, 193
Barlow, Perry, 158
BBC, 215
Bellevue Medical College, 40
Bensel, Walter, 44, 46, 115, 116, 117, 129
Best, William, 53
Biggs, Hermann, 7, 20, 31, 40–41, 44, 51; on “extraordinary and even arbitrary” Department of Health
powers, 42, 69, 71, 82; and isolation of Mary Mallon, 67–68, 69; legal authority of, 70; Mary Mallon’s letters to, 193; philosophy of, 41–42
Biological Society of Washington D.C., 18, 72
Blackwell, Barry, 250
Blame and responsibility, 248–54
Boards of health, state, 39–40
Bolduan, Charles F., 31, 51–52, 99
Boroson, Warren, 102–3, 250
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 145
Boston Water Works, 15
Bowen, Walter, 17, 43, 44, 46, 105
Briehof, A., 32, 108, 167–68, 173–74, 184, 186; death of, 191
Brody, Jane E., 226
Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 122
“Brown, Mrs.” (alias), 66, 151, 191, 192. See also Mallon, Mary
Bureau of Infectious Diseases, 122
Bureau of Preventable Diseases, 80, 203
Cahill, John A., 111
California: discovery of registered carriers in, 51; number of typhoid carriers in, 49; study of healthy carriers over long period of time in, 59–60
California Department of Health Services, 238
Cambridge (MA) Board of Health, 78
Cane, Tom, 193
Carlisle, Madelyn, 204
Cassedy, James H., 23
Castro, Fidel, 241
Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York, 199
Catholicism, 158, 160, 165–66
Chapin, Charles V., 31, 37, 40–41, 61, 244; his career as RI superintendent of health, 23–26; on isolation of Mary Mallon, 65, 87, 96–97; on number of new carriers, 49; on policies of mass isolation, 95, 113; The Sources and Modes of Infection, 63
Chesley, A. J., 251–52
Child Hygiene Bureau, 66
Cholera, 21
Clarke, Will F., 156
Class considerations in typhoid carriers, 97, 100, 101, 124, 183–84
Clinton, President Bill, 227
“Cockles and Mussels,” 215
Columbia University, 15; College of Physicians and Surgeons, 31
Constitution, U.S., 8, 77, 78, 82
Contos, Tanya, 222; Typhoid Mary, 219–20
Copeland, Royal, 80
Cornell University, 40
Coronet, 204
Cotils, Alphonse, 120, 156, 163, 228, 236; media articles about, 153–55; treatment of, vs. treatment of Mary Mallon, 57–58, 61, 62, 94, 118–19, 162
Cragin, Edward B., 66
Creedon, Edward L., 123
Cuba, policies on AIDS/HIV in, 95, 240–43, 246, 247
Current Health, 218
Dance Magazine, 222, 223
Daniels, E. A., 17
Darlington, Thomas, 71, 97, 186
Darrow, Clarence, 124–25
DeKruif, Paul, 141
DiFiori, Lawrence, 208–10
Drayton, J. Coleman, 16–17, 77, 168, 171
Drogin, Barry J., Typhoid Mary, 221–23
Due process, 9, 77, 79, 82, 84, 94; constitutional right to, 81; lack of, 76
Dugas, Gaetan, 235, 236
Ebola virus, 215, 238
Edington, Edmund, 192
Edington, George, 192–93
Epidemics, 21–22, 23, 52, 246
Erlanger, Mitchell L., 34, 76, 78, 90
Ethnicity considerations in typhoid carriers, 97, 100, 101, 118, 124, 125
Farmer, Paul, 233
Feder spiel, J. F., The Ballad of Typhoid Mary, 217–18
Ferguson, George, 32, 74
Ferguson Laboratories, 32, 33, 36–37, 73–74, 87, 184, 201
Filth theory of disease, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29
Food handlers, 119, 122; examination of, 52–53, 54; isolation of, 89–90; as typhoid carriers, 56, 57–58, 60, 64
Foreign birth considerations in typhoid carriers, 97, 100, 118, 124, 125
Fourteenth Amendment, 79
Fowler, Gene, 154
Frant, Samuel, 99
Friedman, Stephen M., 52, 56, 63–64
Gage, Carolyn, Cookin with Typhoid Mary, 225
Gallbladder, 30, 107, 144, 173, 175, 201; surgical removal of, 34–35, 92, 186–87
Garbage disposal problems, solutions to, 23
Gee, Shirley, Typhoid Mary, 215–16
Gender considerations in typhoid carriers, 97–100, 124, 125
General Slocum steamboat, 179
“Germ-Carrier, The” (O.S.), 147–48
Germ theory of disease, 6
Giegerich, Leonard, 76
Giesecke, Johan, 245
Gilsey, Henry, 17, 77
Golden, Tim, 242
Goldwater, S. S., 67
Gordon, John Steele, 225–26
Gostin, Larry, 77
Gray, Reuben, 142–43
Greater New York Charter (city code), 71, 79–80, 81
GRID (Gay-Related Infectious Disease), 235
Habeas corpus hearing, Mary Mallon’s, 72–90 passim, 94, 128, 144, 145, 168, 180; New York American on, 138–41
Hanta virus, 215
Harlan, John M., 78
Harrington, Charles, 128
Harvard University, 49
Haymarket riots, 217
Hearst, William Randolph, 73, 74, 75, 128, 142, 161; his brand of journalism, 131–32
Hell’s Kitchen, 115
Helms, Jesse, 240
Hill, Peg, Typhoid Mary, 222–23
Hispanics, 247
Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, 240
HIV, 2, 4, 11, 21, 95, 202; Cuba’s policy about, 240–42, 246; infection, isolation of people with, 69; parallels between “Typhoid Mary” and, 215, 219, 221; stigmatizing of persons with, 237– 38, 246–47; testing, 53, 239–40
Hoobler, Bert Raymond, 43
Hunter College, 195
Identification and labels, 234–38
“Ilverson, Mary” (pseud.), 128, 129–30. See also Mallon, Mary
Immunization, 18, 147
Infectious disease: microorganisms as single cause of, 23, 24; new sources of exposure to, 25
International AIDS Center, 237
Irish, 11, 97, 100, 125, 212–14, 216; and anti-immigrant sentiment, 117–18; Baker’s attitudes toward, 114, 115, 116; domestic labor as fact of life for, 164–66; Soper’s attitudes toward, 105, 106, 111
Irish Advocate, 214
Isolation, 238–48
Jackson, D. D., 17
Jacobson, Henning, 78, 91
Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 78, 84
Johns Hopkins University, 42
Jones, Gordon W., 207–8
Joseph, Stephen C., 239, 240
Journal of the American Medical Association, 127
Joy, Robert J. T., 248
Katz, Sandor, 239–40
Katzman, David, 165–66
Kellor, Frances A., 166–67
Kessler, George, 17
King, M. F., 204–6
Kingston Avenue Hospital, 57, 124
Koch, Robert, 23, 103, 220–21
Kraus, Fredericka, 156
Kraut, Alan, 117, 246
Labella, Tony, 57, 67, 118–20, 124, 156, 228; employment found for, 61; media articles about, 153
Labels, identification and, 234–38
Lawrence Engineering Laboratory, 29
Leadley, Adele, 193
Lederle, Ernst J., 65–66, 97, 145, 188, 189, 191; alternatives supported by, 244; his desire to help Mary Mallon, 249, 250
Legal perspective on Mary Mallon, 8–9. See also Chapter Three
Legionnaire’s disease, 215
Lempe, Joseph, 199
Lempe, Mary, 193, 194, 199
Lempe, Willie, 193, 194, 199
Lentz, John, 206
Leper, leprosy, 138, 180, 208, 237
Lloyd George, David, 148
Lucy, Michael, 199
Lumsden, L. L., 113
Lyme disease, 215
McClure’s, 141
McLaughlin, Mary C., 212–14
Madonna, 227
Mallon, Catherine Igo, 163
Mallon,
John, 163
Mallon, Mary (“Typhoid Mary”), 1–5; bacteriology and, 6–7, 14–38; birth of, 4, 14, 163; conclusions about, 234–54; death of, 11, 21, 36, 160, 199; different perspectives on story of, 5– 13, 231–33; habeas corpus hearing of, 72–90 passim, 94, 128, 138–41, 144, 145, 168, 180; identified as healthy typhoid carrier, 29–30; isolations of, 2, 6, 7, 11, 20–21, 36, 38, 47, 52, 138; laboratory studies of, 30–38, 39, 86–87; legal authority surrounding isolation of, 8–9, 70–95; media and cultural construction of, 10, 12, 126–61; her own perspective on loss of liberty and personal misfortune, 11, 162–201; and public health policy, 7–8, 39–69; release of, from isolation, 65–67, 145, 188–90; retellings of story of, 11–13, 202–30; second isolation of, 67–69; social expectations and prejudices about, 9–10, 96–125; suit against city, 190; her work as cook, 14–19, 100–101, 163–71
Mann, Jonathan, 237
Marital status considerations in typhoid carriers, 97, 100, 101
Markiewicz, Countess, 212–14
Marshall, John, 79
Massachusetts State Board of Health, 128
Meader, F. M., 55–56
Media’s perspective on Mary Mallon, 10, 12. See also Chapter Five
Medical perspective on Mary Mallon, 6–7. See also Chapter One
Medical Record, 107
Medico-Legal Society, 75
Miasmas, 6, 22
Microorganisms, 26; as single cause of disease, 23, 24
Milk controls, 63
Minnesota State Board of Health, 251, 252
Moersch, Frederick, 121–24, 153, 155–56, 157, 228
Moscow, University of, school of medicine, 194
Municipal Court, 94
Murphy, Timothy, 235
Nation, The, 239
National Basketball Association, 227
National Historian of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, 214
National Hygienic Laboratory, 49
New England Hospital for Women and Children, 44
New Jersey, number of typhoid carriers in, 49
Newsday, 212
Newsweek, 227
New York Academy of Medicine, 128
New York American, 65–66, 71, 83, 154, 185; articles on Mary Mallon in, 73, 74–75, 128–29, 130, 131–41, 142, 143, 146, 160, 180–81, 182, 189
New York Call, 143, 183
New York City, number of typhoid carriers in, 50, 52, 56, 88