Mysterious Origins of Hybrid Man

by Susan B. Martinez, Ph. D.

  The Ihuan’s sudden appearance (as well as disappearance) is found to correspond with the two pulses of European cave art, around 35 kya and 17 kya, being the second and third rounds of this powerful, gifted race. Thus in the French and Spanish caves do we find sterile layers between the Aurignacian and Magdalenian, reflecting the lapse between the last two waves of Ihuans, during which time the art reverts to unprepossessing work: simple outline art, stick figures.

  Retrobreeding will also explain why tool use in the Southeast Asian Paleolithic shows a regression, reverting to older-style stonework. Blade tool technology was invented and then forgotten at least twice before the Upper Paleolithic—probably representing the first two waves of Ihuans who later back-bred.

  The advent of Ihuans around 39 kya (second wave) could also account for the beginning of the end for Neanderthal—displaced now by Ihuan/Cro-Magnons, who hunted them down without mercy. Starting 39 kya, when this worldly mod culture appeared suddenly in southwest France, the region was thickly populated with Neanderthals. This time is known to the archaeologist as a period of transition to new tool industries in both Europe and Africa, the sapiens explosion, the acclaimed Great Leap Forward, when Cro-Magnon—as if out of nowhere—appears on the scene changing everything.

  Shortly after the second round, ca 38 kya, mods appeared in Kurdistan and north of the Caucasus in Central Asia. According to genetic studies, the Altai region (home of Denisova) was the hub of “population expansions” radiating to Eurasia as well as to the Americas, and presumably accounting for Cro-Magnon’s abrupt debut in Europe ca 35 kya. But even if this new race of modern men did expand out of the Altai (southern Siberia), we are still in the dark where they came from in the first place! This was not an invasion, nor was this Ihuan wave a migration or colonization. Rather, this was the second round of Ihuans, who came into the world through racial amalgamation.

  But no sooner did the Ihuans/Cro-Magnon come into the world than they themselves backslid; thus do we encounter AMHs without the expected tools or behavior, signaling that in these mixings the lower type tended to dominate, culturally. We can see this at Borneo’s Niah Cave where Deep Skull is AMH all right, but without the expected modern behavior: only crude tools.

  The same scenario—AMHs with simple pebble tools—is also evident in Malaysia (Penang site). And it was the same in Europe (Krapina, Crimea) and in the Near East (Mt. Carmel) and Africa (Klasies River and Border Cave), where the use of passé Paleolithic tools by mods is supposedly difficult to explain. Why did behavioral modernity lag behind anatomical modernity?, paleoanthropologists ask, bewildered. The problem, though, disappears with an understanding of the dynamics of retrobreeding.

  I think the archaic sapiens tell the same story, i.e., the predominance of the lower type (H. erectus) over the higher (Ihuan) type with whom they mixed—at Heidelberg, Solo River, Sima de los Huesos, as well as at Vertesszollos, Steinheim, Bilzingsleben, Fontéchevade, and Swanscombe. (Note that the careful term archaic sapiens has put out a lot of fires; it became a euphemism for Neanderthal—when no genetic continuity could be found between Neanderthals and mods.28 Archaic sapiens are a catchall for all the Ihuan retrobreeds and other mixes; they have been dated anywhere from 800 kya to 5 kya! Chapter 6 goes into these ludicrous dates.)

  Ihuans slumming with H. erectus probably explains why we find Ihuans with long arms and short legs and Cro-Magnon skulls that are long and pentagonal, with proportions that are “disharmonious.” For H. erectus, this crossbreeding spelled an upgrade, for when the Ihuans mingled with Druks, it resulted in the tall, improved H. erectus types we so often find.29 This was a very old Ihuan habit—back breeding. They couldn’t help themselves. It finds Cro-Magnon in many places with dolichocephalic skulls (yet high forehead), a hybrid with Neanderthal,30 their stage of culture unimpressive.

  Thus is the record full of seeming throwbacks, sterile layers, and even anachronisms—but nothing is out of sequence, really, for there is no phylogenetic lineage for man, only persistent mixing of the races. The idea of Neanderthal as a withered side branch of man is completely off, when we realize he was merely an H. erectus—Ihuan cross, a downgrading of the AMH type. Even Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist and “Darwin’s Bulldog,” saw Neanderthal as a reversion toward a more primitive type. Keith also thought the human skull sometimes went through a process of retrogression, the Neanderthal race “a great step backwards.” Boule, for his part, called it “a degenerate species.” Finally, Hooton labeled it “degradation.”

  The word retrogressive appears also in the problem of H. erectus “evolving” from the owners of Skull 1470, which is to say, more archaic men evolving out of surprisingly advanced ones. Do all these retrogressive trends fit evolution? Not at all.

  There is no evidence to suppose that the Cro-Magnon people grew out of the Neanderthal . . . for, at all ages of human history, undeveloped and advanced tribes and nations have existed contemporaneously.

  CHARLES BERLITZ, MYSTERIES FROM FORGOTTEN WORLDS

  Cro-Magnon (Ihuan) and Neanderthal (a Druk-Ihuan blend) were contemporaries. In Portugal, their affairs resulted in a hybrid race. Recent digs in Romania and Czechoslovakia have come up with more of these blends—part H. sapiens, yet sporting distinctive Neanderthal features such as great noses and molars and occipital buns (protuberance at the back of the skull), suggesting, all told, an “intermixing between modern humans and Neanderthals.”31

  Cro-Magnon himself was brawny and brainy (1,660 cc). He had a high forehead, strong jaw, and broad barrel chest. Notwithstanding his modern form, he was mixed, judging from his heavy brow, large teeth, beak nose, large orbits, wide cheekbones, broad face, and long arms. All these traits are part of his Druk heritage, although they could equally reflect some mixing with Neanderthals. Especially in Europe, Cro-Magnon shows a mixture of races in his proportion of limbs and in certain features of the face. Not too civilized, the back-bred Cro-Magnon was a hunter of wild cows and horses.

  A MIXED BAG

  Ethiopia’s Omo 2 and Omo 1 are fossil men found at the same level, apparently contemporaries. Yet the two are very distinct people, one archaic, the other modern. Nevertheless, evolutionists call this a single population with an unusual degree of variability. Variability? What a great word; putting out another fire, this buzzword (or smokescreen) serves only to blur two distinct races living cheek by jowl!

  Has evolution stood the test of time? Does it explain man’s ascent? Or is mixing the answer, the Rosetta Stone of the fossil record? Says geneticist Marcus Feldman, “a lot of mixing has gone on,” but in the next breath he assures us of “a consistent picture of modern human evolution”32 [e.a.]. Oxymoron? Or split mind? Don’t you think we have seen enough mosaics to appreciate that gene exchange (the nice word for nookie)—not evolution—gives us the intermediate types of the fossil record, the so-called transitionals of step-by-step evolution?

  All these bogus “transitionals,” propped up to prove the metamorphosis of lower into higher hominids, are nothing but the hapless offspring of exogamous unions, which is the factor that produced the tremendous variation so typical of interbreeding populations. This perplexing variability that appears at every turn resolves at last into the incessant crossbreeding of different stocks. And nothing more.

  There is no doubt that new races can arise from such miscegenation.

  EARNEST HOOTON, UP FROM THE APES

  Darwin (in The Descent of Man), denied the fact of interracial unions (Hooton’s unpleasant term being miscegenation), speaking instead of tremendous variation within racial groups. He was mistaken in saying the races “graduate into each other, independently . . . of their having intercrossed.” How could they manage that—without intercrossing? This he did not answer.

  As we saw above, in the case of Israel’s Qafzeh and Skhul specimens, neither transitionals nor variability fit the bill; the bone people were obliged to confess that “there were two groups of humans in the Near East.”33

  Things
happened in America, too. Kennewick Man is a manifest composite of Caucasian (chin and skull), Mongoloid (shovel-shaped incisors), and Polynesian (shape of eye sockets). Today, if we met such a man, we would recognize his mixed heritage at once. Why should it be any different for the fossil record? Invoking bogus variability serves only to mask the factor of pervasive race mixing, which after 150 years of research is still being swept under the rug.

  But this is just what the evidence is telling us—if allowed to speak for itself. Hybrid man is a fire getting ready to burn down the house of evolution. How to put out the fire? Variability is one ploy. (The constructs of isolation, specialization, saltation, and immigration, as we will see, also come in handy.)

  In the Upper Paleolithic, some kind of Caucasoid (not Mongoloid) people, a group like the Ainu of Japan or the Uighurs of Western China, inhabited North China (at Choukoutien). The tribal name Ainu simply means “human being,” but specifically of the modern (versus primitive) type, for the Ainu were infused with Ihin blood conjoined with something more archaic: the northern Ainu people are hairy, prognathous, dolichocephalic, and heavy browed, with eyes wide apart. Different from the indigenous Mongoloid races, the Ainu are white (not yellow) and wavy haired (not straight).

  The classic Ainu skull has the Cro-Magnon large face; there are no Oriental epicanthic folds, and some Ainu eyes are of a greenish color. Their fingerprints have more loops than whorls (a Caucasoid characteristic); their sticky earwax is also Caucasoid. But they are much smaller than most Caucasians (early Ihin mixes).

  If Earth is a melting pot now, it was then, too. Even the allegedly pure Nordic race “is primarily a blend of two radically different types.”34 In the valley of the Rhine, a hybrid man called Chancelade has been unearthed, his type found everywhere from France to Denmark, Lapland, Greenland, and Alaska. The Rhine skulls are so variable in appearance “that one would not hesitate to assign them to two races if they came from separate localities.” But that is just the point: Groups exhibit wide variability, not because they are any kind of evolutionary transitional, and not because of gene mutations, but because they do, in fact, represent different races. The Upper Paleolithic is full of such Cro-Magnon blends, most notably the Chancelade type who is nonetheless lumped together with Cro-Magnon—with little or no notice of his size change or other differences such as face height and shape of orbits. Azilian skulls from Bavaria also “present an extraordinary mixture of types,” just as the bones found in French, Italian, and Belgian caves represent “products of the crossing of races.”35

  It was not just a Caucasoid Cro-Magnon enjoying Europe in the Upper Paleolithic. This Chancelade Man, discovered only a few miles from a Cro-Magnon site, is described as Eskimoid in type. The two Grimaldi skeletons (male and female) found in the French Riviera, like the couple at Obercassel (a hybrid of Cro-Magnon and Chancelade), were described as Negroid. These Grimaldi people were there in France before and during Cro-Magnon’s stay. Different from the Cro-Magnons, they were also unlike the robust Neanderthals (whose tools are at the lowest, Mousterian, horizon). But the Grimaldi people were similar to the Negrito Fenlanders, the Arthurian wild men, and the legendary black dwarfs of Europe.

  Figure 3.4. Cro-Magnon skull.

  Figure 3.5. (A) Two views of Grimaldi Woman’s skull. (B) Grimaldi Woman and Boy skeletons found in cave.

  Grimaldi Man was slender and gracile, none taller than 160 cm (Cro-Magnon was up to 190 cm); they were certainly less robust than either Cro-Magnon or Neanderthal. Grimaldi showed mixed traits—long arms, prognathous face with a wide nasal opening (Negroid) combined with high nasal bridge, smooth brow (Europoid), and tall braincase. The Grimaldi woman was small, her skull long and narrow—hyperdolichocephalic (unlike the flat Cro-Magnon vault), her face short, her teeth and palate quite large. On the other hand, she did have certain Cro-Magnon features, like her large brain (up to 1,580 cc). Since Arthur Keith’s day, however, these intriguingly mixed Grimaldi people have been lumped together with Cro-Magnon, on the plea of variability, despite the fact that Grimaldi was an obvious blend of African, Negrito, and Europoid races.

  HOPELESSLY MIXED

  In the Malaysian isles, the Sakai people (see figure 3.6) are a perfect blend of two races: though light-skinned, the nostril is very broad and winged. Sakai hair ranges from curly to woolly, yet most have straight or wavy hair. There is no prognathism. They simply are a composite race, like the Semang Negritos with their glossy hair, thick lips, and flat nose. “The Semangs have often been altered by crossing.”36 In this region, black people once crossed with a different population, resulting in considerable variation—half-breeds of all kinds. Many Negritos of Sundaland (unlike their namesake) have “long narrow noses of button type.” Altogether, the Malaysian Negritos show “a great deal of fusion.”37

  Figure 3.6. Sakai people showing mixed traits.

  The Malay people themselves are a marvelous blend of racial and ethnic types, the indigenous stock generously layered with Hindu, Persian, and Chinese genes. In a single Singapore photo, I noticed, cheek by jowl, a wide range of types. One individual was of the Malay type, though her wavy hair and other features betrayed some crossing. Standing next to her was an out-and-out Negrito. One companion had straight, lank hair; another, absolutely woolly. Here in Sundaland, given the mingling of Negritos with Malaysian, Papuan, and Asian populations, there is every shade of combination—clinal populations—one regional group blending smoothly into the next.

  This easy mixing, if we go back far enough, will prove to be the origin of every creature in the hominid family.*42 Even among Malaysia’s woolly haired Negrito tribes, 20 percent of the population has straight hair, many with a reddish tinge, a true admixture of bloodlines. The Jakun of southern Malaysia have so much Australo-Melanesian blood that they cannot be easily distinguished from Papuans, who are big, black, and bearded.

  Papuan Negritos (four feet nine inches) of the New Guinea interior are black, well-formed, and elegantly proportioned, yet the body is covered with woolly hair; there is no prognathism. Here in New Guinea, one also encounters light-skinned natives, for example, the Tarifuroro, who are master horticulturalists tending terraced fields and pretty hedges. Southeast of New Guinea, New Caledonia also boasts signs of very ancient culture with its mounds, tumuli, cast pillars, canals, and terraces. Here is another mixed bag: Some of its people are hairy, with heavy brow and jaw, others are brachycephalic with light brown or even blond hair. At Easter Island, too, the natives say their ancestors had light skin and reddish hair. And these whites were as indigenous as they are.

  Turning to India, the ancient pygmaioi were fully Ihin blacks, with their great beards and long hair. Still seen today in the proud Dravidians are the small stature and other features of the old Ihin race. Of exceptionally mixed ancestry, the Veddas of Sri Lanka are classed as Caucasian; some clans are very pale skinned and tiny, the men barely five feet tall, the women usually four feet ten inches. Well built, the men sport chinbeards. The dainty Veddas are a striking blend of modern and archaic types, with their flat feet, straight or wavy hair, small skulls, and long arms. Are their Caucasian ancestors the great engineers who built the water tanks and vast irrigation works of prehistoric Sri Lanka?

  Coon noted a profound fusion of types among India’s Kadar people of Kerala; an extremely primitive group, they are short statured and chocolate colored with frizzy hair; some are taller with wavy hair, more the Australoid type, although their hair is the texture of the Mongoloid. Other Kadars are largely Caucasoid in appearance. “Obviously the Kadar are a composite people.”38 No wonder de Quatrefages (of the nineteenth-century Paris Musee d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris) described India as a land of very ancient and extensive crossing between numerous and diverse elements.

  Figure 3.7. An Andaman Islander, photographed in the 1890s.

  Bloodlines are so hopelessly mixed among so-called Negritos (the world’s swarthy little people, some with an Oriental cast), that it seems a fool’s errand tryi
ng to “classify” them. South of India, the Andaman Islanders, for example, have the large feet and teeth of archaic stamp; and though their skin is dark, their “features possess little of the negro type,”39 for they are brachycephalic and their jaws are not prognathous. These Andamanese Negritos compound the woolly hair of the Negro, the glabrous (hairless) body of the Mongoloid, and cranio-metric features in keeping with Egyptians and Europeans! In yet other traits, they resemble the Australian-Melanesian type. Geneticists waste their time, really, trying to determine whom the Andamanese most closely resemble. In a word, we are all hybrids—part of the great plan (see chapter 7).

  Melu, a culture hero of the Bagabo, an Aeta people in the Philippines, is featured as a white man; the ancestors of these folk, according to a thirteenth-century Chinese account, had yellow eyes. There is still a trace of blondism among these Negritos. Small framed and small nosed, the tiny Aeta—the women very pretty—are thought to be the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines.

  Especially pale are the Abenlens, living deep in the isolated Zambales Mountains of Luzon. They are a remote people, unlike the regional Negritos—and shorter still (no more than four feet six inches high). Some are light, almost blond in complexion; others are olive skinned with light brown eyes. Most possess delicate features and soft wavy hair. Ancient mixings of the Ihins with indigenous groups gave us all the world’s gracile stocks and Negritos, parts of the Philippines a living museum of those early blends.

  Australia: the nether continent’s Aborigines are regarded as a (morphologically) primitive Caucasian stock. Yet with their dusky complexion, beards, and wavy hair (not frizzy), they are a fusion of Melanesians and Caucasians. As Hooton saw it, once upon a time, an archaic white stock fused with Tasmanian natives, producing the modern Australian Aborigine, “a composite race.”