Because the name Khu was carried so reverently from Pan in Noe’s (Noah’s) great diaspora, we are not surprised to find it also in situ, at surviving remnants of that lost land such as Kusai Island in the South Seas, as well as in adjacent territories, like Japan with its carvings on the Kusabi rock (at Yonaguni, see prologue). Other Japanese ku’s appear in Kumamato on Kyushu and Kume Island off Okinawa, or embedded in names such as Okuninushu, a Japanese semi-divinity, “Ruler of the Land” and in Kun (“King”). Reminding us of Egypt’s rite of Khu is Japan’s Mizuko Kuyo ceremony.
Indeed, the Hawaiians also practice a ritual called Ku, honoring the phases of the moon; Hawaiians name Ku as a divinity and, by extension, kuhina are ministers of the chiefdom. There are majestic remains at Kukii in Hawaii. The name of the Hawaiian creation story is Ku-mu-lipo, while Kumu-Honua is the name of the first couple. In New Zealand, Kupe was the first king of the Maori, whose legendary hero is Venuku; the Maori word for chieftain is kura, rather similar to the Quechua kuraca.
Also analogous to Egypt’s Khu rite of the dead is Siam’s khu’an, or guardian spirit. Here in Thailand the holy district of Khu Mueang appears to be eponymously named, as is Du-ku, the sacred mountain of Turkey, as well as Khuzistan, the great religious center of southwest Persia (Elam), where Kudur Mabug was king of the Elamites; just as Kuresh (Cyrus) was the first Achemenid king of Persia. Khunik Cave, in Iran, also comes to mind, as well as the Mandeans of Iraq who spoke of an earlier ideal world called Kushta. Include here the Khushana Empire of long-distance traders. Other Iraqi centers of peace and learning include Baghdad’s Khujut Rabua (with ancient batteries), and Mt. Kurkura, landing place of the ark in Chaldean legend. Consider also Kuyunjik, where royal archives were kept at Nineveh, and Kuwait, and even the holy Kuran (variant of Koran or Qur’an).
The oldest people (legendary) of western India were known as the Kurus; the Kuru were an ancient people living along the Ganges, in the epics; the Kuruba people were also an ancient tribe. Kubera is a flying hero of the Ramayana. A ku-named center of learning in India is mentioned in ancient Hindu scriptures, which gives Lemuria (another name for Pan or Mu) as the place where the sons of God, or Kumaras, first taught humanity the path of spirit; their leader was Sanat Kumara. That fabled continent was Kanya Kumari, said to have been submerged.
The semantic range of ku is considerable. It is not unusual to find Panic words (especially place names) transferred with devotion to the naming of new lands and peoples (postdiluvial settlements); as such, Ku appears in:
Sankhu, India: the subcontinent also has its Kurumba Negritos, its hill-tribe Kuki people of Assam, the Kumi tribe, and the Kulu people of the Himalayas.
Pan-Ku, in Chinese, was the first man and Creator who gave Earth its form; Khara Khutuul, Mongolia, and Kuen Lun moun-tains are other Asiatic ku names.
Southeast Asia and beyond: Kulen Plateau, Cambodia; Ku Chi, Vietnam; Kuala Lumpur; Kuching, Borneo; Mt. Lawu-Kukusan, Java; the relict Kubu tribe of Indonesia; the Orang Kuba people of Malaysia; and Kumawa Mountains in New Guinea. On the north coast of New Guinea, Kulabob is the name of the culture hero in their migration legend, these villagers speaking a language similar to Polynesian.
In the ancient Egyptian language, khu means “mountain.” Kukuyu means “grass” among Kenya’s Ki-ku-yu people (with the same beadwork as Plains Indians). Other African ku’s: Kufra Oasis of Libya; Kumasi, Ghana; Kumbi, Mali; Kuru, Ethiopia; and Kurawi people of Sudan. In South Africa are the Ku-ruman Hills, while Kuhistan (mountainous land) is a province in Afghanistan (as is Kunar) with 14-kyr cave drawings. Afghanistan’s nomads are the Kuuchi people. Khumbaba is lord of the Cedar Forest, in the Gilgamesh epic of the flood (Babylonia).
Elsewhere in the Old World are: Kubra in the Red Sea area; Khuzestan, east of Turkey; Kura Valley, near the Caspian (Kura Depression in the Ba-ku region of the Caucasus); Kusamo, Finland; Kukuteni people of southern Ukraine; Kukes, Albania; and Kuman people of southeast Europe. Kulak means “landowner” in Slavic.
Cuba is phonetically Kuba; Curacao is phonetically Kuracao; Cuzco (Ecuador) is phonetically Kusko; Cuenca is phonetically Kuenca. Also in South America are the Kukurital people of Brazil, the Ma-ku Indians of Brazil, the Kuikuru people of Brazil, and the Kubeo Indians of Colombia.
APPENDIX B
GHAN
A Word Study
The era of the fighting Ghans, beginning some 18 kya, brings us to the time of the first kings and conquerors. As such, they were victors: ganar means “victor, win” in Spanish (like the English word gain). When I realized that these same kings and conquerors gave rise to the divine monarchs of the ancient world, it was easy to see how kings became gods: It was politics, as usual. Empowered by deification, the Ghan rulers gave their name to the Siamese god Waizganthos as well as the Mexican god of maize, the all-nourishing Ghanan. In Mother India (where the Ganges River itself may have been named after these immortal emperors), the Gandarvas are formidable angel-warriors of Sanskrit fame, whose job is to convey messages between gods and mortals. Another Hindu (Gonds) god, this one protector of crops, is Ghansyam.
The tall and stately Ghans (half Ihuan, half Ihin) of the forgotten past lent their genes to the royal families of Africa, Sumeria, Peru, and Polynesia. Very grand, indeed, were their monuments, their society stratified into castes (the world now carefully divided into the rich and the poor). In the Turkic, Indic, Tartar, and Mongolian languages, we can trace these great lords philologically, which is to say, ghan means “ruler” (it is actually a title) in the aforementioned languages and is a variant of khan and kagan: Genghis Khan and his son Kublai Khan are the most notable examples. In Russian, pa-khan means “boss” and ka-gan means “ruler.”
Dagan was a Sumerian king name (and Akkadian god), while Sumugan was the Sumerian “king of the mountain” (strangely reminiscent of the Khingan Mountains in Mongolia) and god of the steppes. In fact GaniEden Ganudia is one name of ancient Babylonia itself, where Ghan/gan was designated “lord of the land,” and in Sumerian, gana meant land (Gana-ugigga was, for example, a territory of ancient Lagash). Ghanem, thereafter, became a (Syrian) surname, while Ghani is a distinguished name in Afghanistan.
Damghan, on the Iranian plateau, is where the Persian King Darius was murdered. Gurgan, a province in Iran, contains countless mounds, while Magan is an ancient port city east of the Persian Gulf. Ganj Dareh is also in Iran.
Afghanistan lies in the heart of this vast khan-ruled empire, dating beyond the Neolithic, and in that terribly ancient land are sanctuaries such as Yorgan Tepe (near the Zab River) and districts such as Arghandab, Oruzgan, and Yamgan. Ferghana in Uzbekistan is known for its petroglyphs*153 of helmeted men (warriors?), similar to figures drawn in Siberia and India. Spilling into Pakistan are the valley of Koghan and the ancient kingdom called Gandhara (at its height under the Kushan kings). Gandhara once had its center in Peshawar, which literally means “city of man.” Yes, ghan, as the paragon of manhood (perfected Homo sapiens sapiens), indicates the race itself, mankind. Isn’t the Chinese word for mankind egan? In Panic, dan’gan meant a man of light, which happens to be Na’ganwag in Algonquin. The Arabic book of songs, Kitab al-Aghani, may have the same root.
Numerous clans and tribes adopted the prestigious appellation: the Dolgan of Siberia, the Pangan of Malaysia, the Yaghan of Tierra del Fuego. In Europe, the original clan name of the early Celts was Eoghan (which became Ewan, then the ubiquitous Evan of the Welsh). Here in the British Isles, Gwazig-Gan was the name of a branch of the legendary Korred. Even names like Korrigan and Morrigan (the war goddesses of the Celts) and numerous modern surnames—Mulligan, Finnegan, Morgan, Logan, Hogan, Gaughan, Reagan, Grogan, Fagan, Coogan, and Monaghan—all seem to draw on the original gan.
Ancestral Indo-European names of the Slavic world include Ganovce, Slovakia, and the Kurgan (mound) cult of South Russia; in Sweden these tumuli are called gangriften.
I wonder, too, if ghan is embedded in Wigan and Bugan (heroes of the Filipino Ifu
gao flood legend), or at Filipino sites like Vigan, Kiangan, and Ilagan, or in Pagan, Burma (with its stately ruins), Changan (one of China’s first cities), Ramat Gan (Israel), Kalibangan (India), and Gangoji (Japan). Africa’s Ganda people, Ghana, Uganda, Baganda, and Tanganyika may also be part of the picture.
America, too, had its fair share of ghans, usually suffixed, starting with the enchanting Ongweeghans and following through with the Iroquois prophet Ganyodiyo and statesman Deganawida. Consider also Ganogwioeon, war chief of Seneca and the Cherokee Ganadi (“the Great Hunter”), as well as the Apache “Mountain of the Ghans,” Waukegan (Illinois), Michigan, Gansagi (an old Cherokee settlement), as well as Apatzin-gan (Mexico), Ganchavita (Colombia), Navagandi and Portogandi (villages in Darien, Panama, with white Indians), Chorotegan (Nicaragua), and Manicugan (Canada), along with North American groups like the Piegan, Unagan, Okanogan, Sheboygan, Mohegan, and, last but not least, the splendid queen of it all, with her yellow hair long and hanging, Minne-gan-ewashaka.
APPENDIX C
IHUAN
A Word Study
Although the name Ihuan is lost, the Andean Huancas are one of many tribes in the New World whose name betrays I-huan identity. The Huanac, a tribe of Peru, were great warriors, like the Ihuans—huan, wan, or uan being phonetically interchangeable. Tawantinsuyu was the name of the Inca Empire (similar to Ta-wananna, the title of the Hittite queen); Guanape is an island off Peru. The Chirigwano people are in Bolivia, and the Timukwana people in Florida.
In the Old World, the suffix -wan can be found in many place names like Taiwan, Nihewan (Basin China), Palawan (Philippines), Silwan (Palestine), Issaowan (Algeria), Parwan (Afghanistan), and Helwan (Egypt). It appears in Africa in Botswana, Wanyoro, and Rwanda. There are the Bantu people of Tswana and Wanyamwezi, and the Congolese Wangatta, the Chesowanja of Kenya. Wan crops up in the names of various peoples, such as the Ikhuan, an Arabian tribal group (the name means “brothers”), and the Guanches of Canary Island, of classic Ihuan stock. All these tribal names bespeak Ihuan (variant of Iwan) ancestry, including the Berawan tribe in Borneo (near the Niah Caves) and the Paiwan people of Formosa.
The name Ihuan (Iwan) was most widely retained in the Americas: Saskatchewan, Mattawan, Tiahuanaco (Bolivia), Huanuco (Andes), and Huancayo (Peruvian Andes). Chavin de Huantar is a megalithic ruin in Peru. The pre-Incan Huari Huanca people worked in gold trepanning. In Brazil are the Tahuamanu (blue-eyed giants); in Mexico: Cuanalan, Tehuantepec, Huanta de Jimenez (Oaxaca), Guanajuato; in Honduras: Aguan; in Nicaragua: Guanacaste; in Antilles: Guanahani, and in Cuba: Guantanamo and Guanabo.
Among the Guajiros of Venezuela, wa-yu means “man”; “wa-” is seen again in the Wabanaki, Wanana, and Wai Wai Indians of British Guiana. I think its original broad meaning was man or mankind,*154 setting the tribes of Ihuans apart from the hordes of Druks and half-breeds. In the Americas are Sacsahuaman, Marcahuasi, and Huaura River in Peru, and Lake Chiguana in Bolivia. In Mexico: Chihuahua, Huasteca (people), and the Nahua (Aztec) language. In North America, tribal names were routinely suffixed with -wa: Ojibwa, Chippewa, Kiowa, Iowa, Etowa, Tonkawa, Ottowa, and Chautauqwa, even Hiawatha, also known as Wahta: The Creator said—I name thee Eawahtah for you are spirit and flesh evenly balanced. In some places, wa/hua retains the meaning of noble, or even the sacred part of man, as in Watuinewa, the Yaghan god of life, and in wakan (a Dakota word for “sacred” and the Omaha great spirit: Wakonda; equal to wak’a, meaning “shrine” in Cuzco) and huaca (sacred relics), as well as in Culhuacan (Toltec), and Teotihuacan (Aztec), which are sacred sites, like Huaca del Sol; (huaceros are looters of sacred relics). In Arabic, iwan means “sacred space.”
In Asia the creator god (of the Bhils, India) is Bhagwan, while among the Sulawesi, Wangko is the moon god and Wangi, the sky god. Australia’s Wandjina figures seem to embody the ancestral race. In the Maori language of New Zealand, ahua means “man,” while Hu-ia is the legendary hero of these people. I suspect that the hu in “human” is also traceable to this ancient root: as seen in the Mexican culture hero, Hunaphu as well as the Hue Hue, Mexico’s first men of the modern type and the Mayan word for grandee: hunak. Hurakan is a Mayan god, while among the Kubeo Indians of Colombia, Humena Hinku means “my little spirit.” In North America are the Huron (Iroquoian) and Hupa Indians (California). Huluppu is the tree of immortality in Mesopotamian myth, while Hu is the Celtic god. It may be possible to trace Hue (Vietnam), Huahine (Society Islands), Oahu and the Menehune (in Hawaii), the Hua people of New Guinea, the Huva people (Madagascar), and the Hutus of central Africa to the same root.
Figure C.1. The prophet Hiawatha, his portrait showing what pure North American Ihuans looked like. “I will leave one race of Ihuans on the earth . . . the North American Indian. . . . And I will raise up prophets among them . . . and they shall build unto the Great Spirit.” Illustration and quote (Book of Wars 21:11) from Oahspe.
In China are: Huang River, Guangzhou province, Dunhuang, Guangxi Zhuang, Hunan, Jiahu, and the sacred Mount Hua. In the Chinese language, hua-li means “beautiful,” while huang signifies “supreme” or “sovereign.” Shi Huang Ti was the name of the first historical Chinese emperor (the one who buried all books of knowledge). Huang-hai province is in Korea; Tunhuang in Turkestan; Bengawan River in Java; Okinawa in Japan; Sumbawa in Indonesia; Massawa, Red Sea; Jarawa people (Andaman).
APPENDIX D
EVIDENCE OF HIGH CIVILIZATION IN ANCIENT OCEANIA
Where Evidence
Easter Island Rongorongo script, ruins of a city offshore, megalithic statues, ancient canals, stone houses
Panape Ancient ruins, temple architecture, cyclopean masonry: gigantic blocks up to fifteen tons, basalt “log” cabins, underwater columns, cyclopean enclosures, underground passages
Marianas Late monolithic monuments weighing thirty tons, red marble columns, pyramids
Raratonga (Cook Island) Ancient road of tight-fitting basalt, ruins underwater leading to another island, a highway system radiating from the temple complex
Malden (Line Island) Pyramids, megaliths, ruins of forty stone temples, continuation of highway system
Tongatabu Huge stone arch
Raiatea Step pyramids, huge statues, and massive platforms
Between Maui and Oahu (Hawaii) Submerged city ruins (top secret)
East of Tahiti On sea bottom: great ruins, hieroglyphics on column
Fiji Monolith with undeciphered inscriptions
Samoan Islands Truncated and step pyramids of (imported) red stone
Melanesia Stone buildings and monuments
APPENDIX E
SOME ANACHRONISMS
Can we blame all these out sequences on “archaeologic serendipity” (as does Ashley Montagu1)? Or would it be more truthful to admit, with Jeffrey Goodman, that “such turnabouts . . . stand in direct opposition to the continuous developmental processes Darwinians espouse”?2
COMPARISON OF EARLY AND LATE HOMINIDS
Where Earlier
Hominid/Remains Traits Compared to
Later Specimen
Australia Lake Mungo remains AMH, with smaller faces, jaws, brows than Kow Swamp H. erectus
China Jinniushan hominid Less archaic skull than later Dali Man
France Fontéchevade Man More modern skull, face, 1,470 cc, lighter build than later Neanderthal
Iraq, Shanidar H. neanderthalensis Less prognathous than later Neanderthals
Israel Qafzeh Cave remains AMH, 20 kyr older than Amud Neanderthal
Java Sangiran/H. erectus Much smaller and lighter skulls than Ngandong
Java Solo Man/H. erectus Temporal bone more mod than Neanderthal
Kenya ER 1470/H. rudolfensis More advanced than H. habilis and H. erectus, bigger brain than younger Au, flatter face, weaker brow than ER 1813
Kenya ER 3883/H. ergaster Less robust and more delicate skulls than H. erectus (such as OH9)
Kenya Kanapoi hominid/Au. anamensis More modern foot and humerus than later Sterkfont
ein, Olduvai, and Lucy Au
Kenya Turkana Boy and ER 3733/ H. ergaster Less robust than later H. erectus
Spain, Atapuerca H. antecessor 1.2-myr skull with 1,390 cc larger than 800-kyr skull with 1,000 cc
UK, Swanscombe Swanscombe Man/H. erectus More H. sapiens features than later Neanderthal
APPENDIX F
NEW WORLD NOT SO NEW
Ancient America has some surprises in store for conventional paleontology.
According to the flamboyant out-of-Africa theory (OOA), AMHs from Africa arrived in distant Tierra del Fuego (tip of South America), thanks to the hypothetical land of Beringia, which accommodated the crossing: the lowered sea level apparently allowed Paleo-Indians to walk across the Bering Strait. Fitting into the competitive evolutionary model, these migrants from the forbidding steppe of Siberia came to the New World “in search of a new homeland,” having been pushed out by other bands.1
Just as OOA is fraught with a surfeit of riddles and implausibles, the New World’s settlement out of Asia can be equally troublesome. According to Howells, for example, American Indian skeletal affinities with Asians are actually minimal. In addition, the dispersal pattern through the Americas, rather than the expected southerly trek, was actually north and south out of a Central American hub. The Bering crossing itself was relatively recent, and of minor significance; we can see this by looking at the paucity of dialects among Inuit, having occupied their home for the shortest amount of time. This is in stark contrast to no less than twelve linguistic stocks in native Oregon and sixteen in California (the area no larger than France), indicating a much greater antiquity than the Inuit. Humans in South America also lived long before the alleged crossing of the Bering land bridge some 12 or 15 or even 25 kya.
Mysterious Origins of Hybrid Man Page 43