4 A. Porter, ‘The South African War &c.’, JAH, 31, 41.
5 MacDonald, ‘Reproducing the Middle-Class Boy &c.’, JCont.H, 24, 528.
6 Saturday Review, 82 (12 December 1896).
7 Ibid.
8 MacDonald, ‘Reproducing the Middle-Class Boy &c.’, JCont.H, 24, 526.
9 Henty, With Buller in Natal, 12, 15, 33.
10 Childers, 19.
11 Practical Teacher, 16 (June 1896).
12 Daily Graphic, 7 October 1898.
13 Friedberg, 273, 275.
14 Ibid., 403.
15 Buchanan, ‘The Voice of the Hooligan’, Contemporary Review, 76, 775–6.
4: The Miracle of the World: India, 1815–1905
1 Bratton, Cave, Gregory, Holder and Pickering, 170.
2 Gopal, 224.
3 Ibid., 225.
4 ed. Eldridge, 76, 80.
5 Edwardes, I, 723.
6 Stokes, English Utilitarians and India, 54.
7 Ibid., 46.
8 Edinburgh Review, 217 (January 1858), 46.
9 National Review, 16 (January 1858), 20.
10 Heber, 1, 165.
11 Griffiths, 167–71.
12 AJ, 1, (February 1816), 113.
13 Heber, 1, 235.
14 Kaye, Lives of the Indian Officers, I, 414, note; Hyam, ‘Empire and Sexuality &c.’, JICH, 14, 38, 52.
15 Ibid., 52.
16 AJ, 23, (May-August 1837), 134.
17 NLS, Sir George Brown, Ms 2845, 17.
18 NLS, James Grant, Ms 17904, 7.
19 Napier, 307–8.
20 NLS, Sir George Brown, Ms 2845, 67.
21 ‘The Battle of Chillianwala’, Colburn’s United Service Magazine, 3, (1850), 1.
22 Maw, 70–71.
23 Doveton, ‘The Bangalore Conspiracy’, AJ, 3rd Series, 2 (1844), 631–3; NLS, Tweeddale, Ms 145558, 3, 13, 15–15d, 18d.
24 Stokes, The Peasant Armed, 229.
25 Bourchier, 95.
26 Wolseley, 1, 420.
27 Edmondson, 3.
28 Rule, 22.
29 O’Dwyer, 12.
30 Younghusband, 5.
31 Willcocks, 72.
32 Mason, Expedition against the Hansanzai and Asakai Tribes, 20.
33 IOL, Letters and Papers Political Military, 17/13/64.
5: They Little Know Our Strength: The Far East and the Pacific
1 Chamber’s Information for the People, No. 25 (1842), 398–9.
2 Ochterlony, 99, 398.
3 NAM, Pine, 26 August 1841.
4 Ibid., 5 June 1842.
5 PRO, Adm 125/145.
6 Moyes was actually Scottish (Mann, 73–4).
7 Swinhoe, 193.
8 Hansard, 4th Series, 79, 46.
9 PRO, Adm 125/146, 3–9.
10 PRO, Adm 1/7459.
11 M.E. Townsend, The Rise and Fall of Germany’s Colonial Empire, 197, 266.
12 PRO, Adm 1/7549.
13 PRO, CO 856/1 (Reports for 1921, 1922 and 1932).
6: A Great English-Speaking Country: South Africa
1 PRO, WO 1/343, 57.
2 Marder, From Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 41.
3 PRO, WO 33/37, 2.
4 PRO, WO, 33/46.
5 NLS, Sir George Brown, Ms 2846, 17d, 159.
6 Ibid., 19d.
7 NAM, Fleming, 14–15, 31.
8 Peires, ‘Soft Believers &c.’, JAH, 27, 445.
9 PRO, WO 32/8329–31.
10 Guy, ‘A Note on Firearms &c.’, JAH, 12, 560–63.
11 Guy, The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom, 47.
12 Bourne, Listener, 30 December 1935.
13 Guy, The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom, 57.
14 Killingray, ‘Labour Exploitation &c.’, JCont.H, 24, 488.
15 PRO, WO 33/256.
16 Selbourne, 75.
17 I am indebted to Dr John Mackenzie for this detail.
18 Saturday Review, 29 August 1896.
19 Selous, 20.
20 NAM, Rose, 4 August 1896.
21 Hansard, 4th Series, 39, 1174–5, 1518; 40, 1137–8; 41, 1326–7.
22 Rotberg, ‘Resistance and Rebellion &c.’, in ed. Giffard and W.R. Louis, Britain and Germany in Africa, 673.
23 Von Albertini, 467.
24 W.H. Brown, On the South African Frontier, 420.
25 Von Albertini, 469.
26 PRO, DPP 1/2, 681 ff.; SRO, Loch, GD 268/576/15, 4–5.
27 Ibid., 6.
28 Selbourne, 78.
29 R. Porter, ‘The South African War &c.’, JAH, 31, 43.
30 Anon (P. Sturrock), 25.
31 Ross, 180–81.
7: That Heroic Soul: The Struggle for the Nile
1 A.G. Hopkins, ‘The Victorians and Africa &c.’, JAH, 27, 384.
2 Hansard, 3rd Series, 272, 178.
3 Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt; Lord Milner, England in Egypt.
4 Gregory, ‘Egypt and the Sudan’, Nineteenth Century, 17, 425–6, 428.
5 W.S. Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt.
6 PRO, WO 32/6383.
7 Holt, 80–81.
8 SRO, Dundonald, GD 233/130, 8.
9 Ibid.
10 Beresford, II, 271.
11 Johnson, ‘The Death of General Gordon &c.’, JAH, 10, 294–5.
12 Sanderson, ‘Anglo-French Confrontation at Fashoda, 1898’, in ed. Giffard and W.R. Louis, France, Britain and Africa, 309.
13 Ibid., 309.
14 Daly, 1.
15 I am indebted to Samuel Clayton, whose father, Sir Gilbert Clayton, was present at Omdurman and the capture of Khartoum.
16 Daly, 3–4.
17 Hansard, 4th Series, 66, 385–7, 393, 396, 398.
18 Daly, 8.
19 Ibid., 183, 184.
20 Ibid., 130.
21 Collins, 139.
22 Daly, 132–3.
23 PRO, Air 20/680.
24 Collins, 134.
8: The Greatest Blessing that Africa has known: East and West Africa
1. N. Malcolm, ‘On Service in Uganda’, Blackwoods Magazine, 161, 633, 643.
2 Lugard, I, 72, 74.
3 PRO, WO 106/342.
4 Lugard, I, 32–4.
5 Meinertzhagen, 9–10, 179.
6 Lugard, I, 293–4.
7 Mockler-Ferryman, 13, 18, 27–8; Bindloss, 197.
8 Mockler-Ferryman, 3–4.
9 Lugard, II, 651.
10 Mumford, ‘Education and Social Adjustment &c.’, Africa, 2, 148.
11 Meinertzhagen, 32.
12 J. Thompson, 574.
13 Lugard, I, 285.
14 Van Onselen, ‘The 1912 Wankie Colliery Strike &c.’, JAH, 15, 276–7.
15 PRO, Adm 1/8404/450.
16 Cranworth, 240.
17 Ibid., 35, 115.
18 Ibid., 4, 7–8.
19 Duder, ‘Settler response &c.’, JICH, 17, passim.
20 W.R. Thompson, ‘A Year round &c.’, Blackwoods Magazine, 175, 649.
21 NAM, Eden, 23.
22 Perham, I, 493–4.
23 Ibid., 680.
24 Willcocks, 101–4.
25 RHL, Abadie, 8.
26 PRO, WO 32/7620.
27 Beddoes, 138–42.
28 RHL, Abadie, 7–8.
29 NAM, Eden, 34.
30 Lovejoy and Hagendorm, ‘Revolutionary Mahdism &c.’, JAH, 31, passim.
31 Mockler-Ferryman, 12.
9: Ye Sons of the Southern Cross: The White Dominions
1 J. Mackenzie, 160–61.
2 Atkinson, 5.
3 First, Second and Third Reports of the Select Committee on Emigration, 130.
4 PRO, Adm 1/6788.
5 Anon, Journal of an Excursion to the United States &c.’, 13.
6 Eddy and Shreuder, 230–31.
7 NAM, Pine, 15 May, 1845.
8 NAM, Mitchell, 13.
9 N. Townsend, ‘Moulding Minds &c.’, JRAHS, 148.
10 Scherer, 10, 350–51.
11 N. Townsend,
‘Moulding Minds &c.’, JRAHS, 155.
12 Bean, I, 3–4, 6–7.
13 Steel and Lyttleton, 226–7.
14 Gordon, 187–8.
15 SRO, Loch, GD 268/459, 10–13.
16 Amery, My Political Life, I, 37.
17 Gordon, 123.
18 Hansard, 3rd Series, 305, 635.
19 Ibid., 1207.
20 Chamberlain, ‘A Bill for Weakening Britain’, Nineteenth Century, 33, 547.
21 Brassey, ‘The Diamond Jubilee &c.’, Nineteenth Century, 42, 3.
22 Bean, I, 3.
23 PRO, WO 108/104.
10: Be Brave, Be Bold, Do Right!: The Edwardian Empire and the People
1 S. Webb, ‘Lord Rosebery’s Escape &c.’, Nineteenth Century and After, 50, 369.
2 Ibid., 382.
3 Davin, ‘Imperialism and Motherhood’, History Workshop, 5, 13, 17.
4 Amery, Diaries, I, 33.
5 Milner, Nation and Empire, 352, 353–4.
6 Hyam, Empire and Sexuality, 99–100.
7 Sacks, 399–400.
8 K.O. Morgan, 191.
9 Hansard, 5th Series, 9, 992, 998, 1571, 1607, 1622.
10 K.O. Morgan, 198.
11 PRO, WO 106/1417, 9.
12 Spiers, 227.
13 Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought, 17.
14 Amery, Diaries, I, 35.
15 Pollock, ‘The Government and the Army’, Fortnightly Review, New Series, 95, 789.
16 Wylloughby de Broke, ‘National Toryism’, National Review, 59, 98.
17 J. Mackenzie, 150.
18 Springhall, ‘Lord Meath &c.’, JCont.H, 5, 98.
19 Empire Day Book, passim.
20 Practical Teacher, January 1906.
21 Pearson, 71.
22 Ibid., 56, 70.
23 Ibid., 113–14.
24 Springhall, ‘Baden Powell &c.’, EHR, 939.
25 Harrison, ‘For Church &c.’, PP, 61, 176.
26 Summers, ‘Scouts, Guides &c.’, EHR, 102, 946.
27 Cunningham, ‘Soldiers by Instinct’, Journal of the Newspaper and Periodic Society, 8, 19, 23.
28 Eddy and Shreuder, 47.
11: To Join the Khaki Line: The Empire and the Coming of War
1 Summers, ‘Militarism in Britain &c.’, History Workshop, 2, 120–21.
2 Kennedy, The Rise of Anglo-German Antagonism, 376.
3 Lambi, 34, 146.
4 Anon, ‘The British and German Fleets’, Fortnightly Review, New Series, 77, 20.
5 Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought, 20; Lambi, 148.
6 Ibid.
7 Beatty, 98.
8 K.M. Wilson, ‘The Anglo-Japanese Alliance &c.’, JICH, 21, passim.
9 K.M. Wilson, Empire and Continent, 153, 155–60.
10 Klein, ‘British Intervention in the Persian Revolution’, JMH, 15, 731, 733, 736.
11 Cohen, ‘Mesopotamia &c.’, IJMES, 9, 173.
12 Beatty, 29.
13 Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought, 140.
14 Gowen, ‘British Legerdemain &c.’, JMH, 52, 389 note.
15 Vrooman, ‘The Imperial Ideal &c.’, Nineteenth Century and After, 73, 504.
16 Gowen, ‘British Legerdemain &c.’, JMH, 52, 390–91.
17 Hankey, I, 128–9.
18 Ibid., 132.
19 Ibid., 129.
20 Wyatt, ‘The Cause of National Insecurity’, Nineteenth Century and After, 71, 800.
21 Cohen, ‘Mesopotamia &c.’, IJMES, 9, 176.
22 Ibid., 129.
23 Goldberg, ‘The Origins of British-Saudi Relations &c.’, HJ, 28, 697–8.
24 Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought, 375.
25 Beatty, 104.
26 LHC, Edmonds III/8, 8–9.
27 K.M. Wilson, Empire and Continent, 149.
28 Bean, I, 16–17.
29 Ibid., 18–19.
30 Oh Canada: a Medley of Verse, 48, 62.
31 Page, ‘The War of Thangata &c.’, JAH, 19, 88.
Part Four: The Age of Imperialism is Ended: 1914–45
1: E is for Empire for which We Would Die: 1914–18
1 Drew, 13.
2 Killingray, ‘Labour Exploitation &c.’, JCont.H. 24, 485.
3 Page, ‘The War of Thangata &c.’, JAH, 19, 94–5.
4 Killingray, ‘Repercussions of World War I &c.’, JAH, 19, 49.
5 Willcocks, 300; G. Martin, ‘The Influence of Racial Attitudes &c.’, JICH, 14, 93.
6 Osuntokun, 97; PRO, CO 318/350.
7 Waite, 62.
8 PRO, WO 33/946, 9762.
9 PRO, WO 33/960, 9961; CO 123/296.
10 Ibid.
11 Fuller, 50–51, 161, 167.
12 Ibid., 76.
13 PRO, FO 141/466/1429, I.
14 Greenhut, ‘The Imperial Reserve &c.’, JICH, 14, 106.
15 NLS, Haig, 5 May 1915.
16 G. Martin, ‘The Influence of Racial Attitudes &c.’, JICH, 14, 106.
17 Marder, Fear God and Dreadnought, 389.
18 PRO, WO 30/57/69.
19 PRO, Cab 42/11.
20 Osuntokun, 152–3.
21 Busch, 80.
22 Beatty, 393.
23 Vansittart, 168.
24 Amery, Diaries, I, 229.
25 Ibid., 134.
26 Hansard, 5th Series, 100, 2211.
27 Yate, ‘Britain’s Buffer States &c.’, JRCAS, 5, 13.
28 W. Wilson, Collected Papers, 45, 552.
29 Amery, Diaries, I, 147.
30 Ronaldshay, III, 199.
31 Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire &c.’, 61–3, 237, 474–8.
32 Malone, ‘The New Zealand School Journal &c.’, NZJH, 7, 22.
33 Oh Canada: a Medley of Verse, 62.
34 Read, 98.
35 Fuller, 36.
36 Amery, Diaries, I, 229.
37 Page, ‘The War of Thangata &c.’, JAH, 19, 78–9.
38 Killingray, ‘Labour Exploitation &c.’, JCont.H. 24, 484.
39 Osuntokun, 45.
40 Willan, ‘The South African Labour Contingent &c.’, JAH, 19, 63–4.
41 L. James, Mutiny &c., 253.
42 Willan, ‘The South African Labour Contingent &c.’, JAH 19, 78–9.
43 PRO, CO 318/350.
44 Gandhi, 14, 428–9.
2: Clear Out or Govern: Troubles, mainly Irish, 1919–39
1 PRO, FO 848/2, Balfour to Wingate, 26 March 1919.
2 Times, 16 June 1919.
3 Hansard, 5th Series, 131, 1718.
4 Jeffery, 161.
5 PRO, WO 33/699, 9.
6 Jeffery, 161.
7 Griffiths, 352–3.
8 Lockman, ‘British Policy towards Egyptian &c.’, IJMES, 20, 276.
9 PRO, CO 537/1735, 9.
10 PRO, WO 33/5916.
11 PRO, Air 2/125, B11395; WO 33/5916.
12 PRO, Air 8/104, D.1.36.
13 PRO, WO 106/3793, 162A.
14 Murphy, ‘Walter Long &c.’, IHR, 25, 95.
15 Jones, Whitehall Diaries, III, 49–50; Crawford Papers, 422.
16 Saturday Review, 28 May 1921.
17 Macready, II, 426, 434.
18 Ash, 257–8, 268.
19 Calwell, II, 241.
20 Jones, Whitehall Diaries, III, 61.
21 Ibid., 42.
22 Jeffery, 86.
23 Jones, Whitehall Diaries, III, 77.
24 Townshend, British Campaign &c., 186–93.
25 Lawrence, Letters &c., 308, 322.
26 Ward, Ireland in Anglo-Irish Relations &c., 252–4.
27 Jones, Whitehall Diaries, III, 74–5.
28 Lawler, ‘Ireland from Truce to Treaty &c.’, IHS, 12, 53–4, 57–8.
29 Gilbert, Churchill, IV, (Companion volume, Part 3), 1681, 1685.
30 Spectator, 8 October 1928.
31 Jeffery, 93
32 Ibid., 76.
33 Gandhi, 21, 17.
34 Fisher, Foreign Affairs, 1, iii, 84.
35 Hansard, 5th Series, 150,
144.
3: Their Country’s Dignity: Egypt, 1919–42
1 James, Imperial Warrior, 203.
2 Stephens, 29.
3 Sadat, 23.
4 PRO, FO 848/2.
5 Amery, Diaries, 1, 207.
6 Eg: PRO, FO 371/3714, 53, 98; WO 95/4372, June 1919, Appendix C1.
7 Bishku, 58; PRO, FO 848/5, 77.
8 James, Imperial Warrior, 208.
9 PRO, FO 141/825/1132, 14, 16, 52, 65; WO 33/981, 11045; WO 154/164.
10 PRO, FO 141/825/1132, passim.
11 PRO, WO 33/981, 11043.
12 Daily Mail, 24 August 1920.
13 PRO, FO 141/502/17490, 23A.
14 Brown, Peasants Against the State &c., 239–40.
15 Lloyd, II, 23–4.
16 Charmley, 153.
17 Lloyd, II, 5.
18 Morsy, ‘Wartime Policy in Egypt &c.’, MES, 25, 68, 82.
19 Ibid., 64.
20 Nasser, 13–14.
4: The Haughty Governess: The Middle East, 1919–42
1 Bell, 3–4, 5, 7.
2 Hansard, 5th Series, 150, 79–80.
3 Ibid., 97.
4 Jeffery, 60.
5 Ibid., 36.
6 Sykes, ‘Persia and the Great War &c.’, JRCAS, 9, 187.
7 Jeffery, 143; Ironside, 153.
8 A. Wilson, ‘Revolt in the Desert’, JRCAS, 14, 151.
9 PRO, WO 32/1584.
10 PRO, WO 32/9614.
11 Vinogradoff, ‘The 1920 Revolt &c.’, IJMES, 3, 134–6.
12 PRO, WO 95/5214 (15th Sikhs).
13 PRO, WO 32/5191.
14 Jeffery, 153.
15 PRO, Air 8/529.
16 PRO, Air 5/1292, Operational Summaries, 1932.
17 PRO, Air 8/46, Report 5.
18 Boyle, Trenchard, 389–90.
19 Salmon, ‘The Air Force in Iraq’, RUSI, 70, 497.
20 PRO, Adm 116/3190.
21 Atiyah, 152.
22 Ibid., 175.
23 Ibid., 198–9.
24 James, Golden Warrior, 232.
25 PRO, WO 32/9614, 22.
26 Wasserstein, 8–12.
27 ‘Service Problems in Palestine’, RUSI, 81, 804.
28 PRO, CO 733/315/6, 16; WO 32/9618.
29 PRO, CO 733/315/6, 8; Townshend, ‘The Defence of Palestine &c.’, EHR, 103, 919.
30 PRO, WO 106/1594C.
31 PRO, CO 537/1735, 10.
32 PRO, WO 106/1594C; Hansard, 5th Series, 349, 897.
33 Wasserstein, 28.
34 Al-Qazzaz, ‘The Iraqi War &c.’, IJMES, 7, 594.
35 PRO, Air 9/146.
36 Al-Qazzaz, op. cit., 595.
37 Hinsley, 1, 409–10; 574.
5: A New Force and New Power: India, 1919–42
1 Draper, 90–91.
2 PRO, Air 8/46, Report 5, 9.
3 PRO, WO 208/774.
4 Griffiths, 302–3.
5 Norman, I, 118.
6 The Indian Public School, viii, 34.
7 Mangan, 179–91.
8 University of Mysore: The Calendar for the Year 1925–1926, 87–8.
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire Page 82