9 G. Martin, ‘The Influence of Racial Attitudes &c.’, JICH, 14, 106.
10 Jeffery, 3–4.
11 Tinker, ‘India and the First World War &c.’, JCont.H, 3, 89.
12 Gandhi, 15, 130–31, 136, 145, 157.
13 Ibid., 221, 234.
14 Ibid., 185.
15 Ibid., 16, 375.
16 Hansard., 5th Series, 131, 1710.
17 Ash, 268.
18 Spectator, 20 December 1919.
19 Hansard, 5th Series, 383, 302–5.
20 Gandhi, 76, 50.
21 Ibid., 3.
22 Talbot, ‘The Role of the Crowd &c.’, JICH, 21, 313–14.
23 Rizvi, 25–26, 122.
24 Ibid., 125.
25 Ibid., 131; Prasad, 48.
26 PRO, WO 106/3723, 125.
27 Constitutional Relations &c., 1, 49.
28 PRO, WO 208/819A.
29 Gandhi, 76, 49.
30 Ibid., 49–50.
31 Prasad, 169–70.
32 Ibid., 167.
33 Congress Responsibility &c., 23, 27–28, 32; PRO, WO 106/3721; WO 208/761A.
34 Hansard, 5th Series, 383, 295–6.
6: For the Benefit of Everyone: Concepts of Empire, 1919–39
1 Pugh, ‘Popular Conservatism &c.’, JBS, 27, 274, 280.
2 Hansard, 5th Series, 342, 1226–7.
3 Listener, 2 June 1937.
4 Hansard, 5th Series, 342, 1243, 1247.
5 Picture Post, 29 April and 27 May 1939.
6 Hansard, 5th Series, 342, 1247.
7 Philips, ‘The New Africa’, Nineteenth Century and After, 22, 587.
8 Hooper, 41.
9 Hyams, Empire and Sexuality, 199.
10 Fraser, Impressions: Nigeria 1925, 114.
11 Marston, ‘Lands Something New’, National Geographic Magazine, 71, (January 1937), 125.
12 Punch, 3 January 1934.
13 Birley, ‘Africa and the Blight of Commercialism’, Nineteenth Century and After, 87, 1083–4.
14 Osuntokun, 76, 87.
15 Listener, 31 May 1933.
16 PRO, CO 537/1224, 6, 4.
17 Ibid.
18 Times, 14 June 1919.
19 Hyams, Empire and Sexuality, 205.
20 G. Martin, ‘The Influence of Racial Attitudes &c.’, JICH, 14, 103.
21 PRO, Air 8/46 Report 5, 9.
22 Birley, ‘Africa and the Blight of Commercialism’, Nineteenth Century and After, 87, 1085.
23 Quoted in New Statesman, 2 October 1943.
24 J.M. Winter, ‘The Webbs &c.’, JCont.H, 9, 183–4.
25 Hyams, ‘The Political Consequences of Seretse Khama &c.’, HJ, 29, 927.
26 Knatchbull-Hugessen, 82.
7: The Bond of One Spirit: The Public Face of Empire, 1919–39
1 Ross Smith, 136; Listener, 28 December 1932.
2 R. McCormack, ‘Missed Opportunities &c.’, IHR, 11, 210.
3 Ibid., 223.
4 R. McCormack, ‘Imperial Mission &c.’, JCH, 9, 95.
5 PRO, CO 874/1097, 67.
6 Listener, 20 October 1930.
7 Richards, The Age of the Dream Palace, 134, 135.
8 Pronay, ‘The Political Censorship of Films &c.’, in ed. Pronay and Spring, Propaganda, Politics and Film, 106, 137–8.
9 Ibid., 136.
10 Picture Post, 8 April 1939.
11 Hansard, 5th Series, 342, 1271, 1306–7.
12 R. Smith, ‘Britain’s African Colonies &c.’ JICH, 15, 65.
13 Spectator, 26 April 1924.
14 Mackenzie, 111.
15 Times, 24 December 1934.
16 Ziegler, Edward VIII, 113–14.
17 Ibid., 113.
18 Ibid., 137, 139, 191.
19 Storrs, 488.
20 Spectator, 10 September 1932.
21 Sphere, 28 January 1933.
22 Spectator, 27 January 1933.
8: No Good Blustering: The Limits of Imperial Power, 1919–36
1 Hitler, Mein Kampf, 563.
2 Morning Post, 24 May 1919.
3 Grattan, ‘The Future of the British Empire, Harpers, 179, 489.
4 PRO, WO 106/3793, 43A, 48A.
5 Hitler, Table Talk, 435–6.
6 Ferris, ‘The Greatest Power on Earth &c.’, IHR, 13, 743–4.
7 Gooch, ‘Hidden in the Rock &c.’, in ed. Freedman, Hayes and Gooch, War Strategy &c., 162–3.
8 Marder, Old Friends and New Enemies, 55.
9 PRO, WO 106/106.
10 Barnett, The Collapse of British Power, passim.
11 McKercher, ‘Our Most Dangerous Enemy &c.’, IHR, 13, 755.
12 Gooch, ‘Hidden in the Rock &c.’, op. cit., 155.
13 Thorne, 98–9.
14 Cooper, Old Men Forget, 229.
15 Imperial Commerce and Affairs, 2 February 1921.
16 Heap, ‘The Development of Motor Transport &c.’, JTH, 2, 31–2.
17 Hargreaves, 93–4.
18 Cadogan, 15.
19 Sales, ‘W.H. Hughes and the Chanak Crisis &c.’, AJPH, 17, 405.
20 Thorne, 4–7.
21 Ibid., 4.
22 Murfett, ‘Living in the Past &c.’, WS, 11, 80–81.
23 Ibid., 85.
24 Marder, From Dardanelles to Oran, 84n.
9: We Shall Come to No Good: The Empire Goes to War, 1937–9
1 Harvey, Diplomatic Diaries, 289.
2 Cadogan, 53.
3 Ibid.
4 Morning Post, 25 May 1936.
5 The Road to War, 15.
6 Hasluck, 88–9.
7 Cadogan, 15.
8 J.P. Harris, ‘British Military Intelligence &c.’, Intelligence and National Security, 6, 413–14.
9 Documents in British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, 2nd Series, 18, 968.
10 PRO, Air 8/529.
11 Documents in British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, 2nd Series, 18, 982.
12 McCarthy, ‘Australia and Imperial Defence &c.’, AJPH, 17, 20.
13 Ibid., 24, 29–30; Gillison, 51.
14 Ibid., 71.
15 Canada Today, 65–6.
16 Fuchser, 203.
17 Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 1, 430.
18 Ibid., 464.
19 Pickersgill, 12.
20 Cadogan. 92; Roskill, II 442–3; Cooper, Old Men Forget, 239.
21 Spectator, 30 September 1938.
22 Feiling, 329.
23 Ibid., 297; Cooper, Old Men Forget, 239.
24 Cassells, ‘Deux empires &c.’, Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains, 161, 83–4.
25 See, Hauner, ‘One Man Against Empire &c.’, JCont.H, 16, passim.
26 Asante, 129, 173.
27 Economist, 15 October 1938.
28 I.E. Hollis, ‘Chamberlain’s Policy’, Review of Politics, I (1939); see also Fuchser, 202, 226–8.
29 Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 2, 20–21.
30 Fuchser, 354.
31 Smuts, VI, 181.
32 G. Martin, ‘Mackenzie King &c.’, British Journal of Canadian Studies, 4, passim.
33 Hasluck, 85.
34 Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 2, 432.
35 Ibid., 75, 175.
36 Ibid., 83–84, 94, 99, 143, 151.
37 Ibid., 153; Murfett, ‘Living in the Past &c.’, WS, 11, 91.
38 Roskill, II, 437.
39 Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 2, 257.
40 Ibid., 143,
41 Smuts, VI, 190.
42 Rock, 17.
43 Acheson, 10.
44 W.R. Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 27.
10: Finest Hour: The Empire at War, 1939–41
1 Listener, 31 October 1940.
2 Haglund, ‘George C. Marshall &c.’, JCont.H, 15, 746–7.
3 Moran, 395.
4 Hyam, ‘Churchill and the British Empire’, in ed. Blake and Louis, Churchill, 175.
5 E.g. Barnett, The Audit of War, and Ponting, 1940: Myth and Reality.
6 Haglund, �
��George C. Marshall &c.’, JCont.H, 14, 747–51.
7 PRO, CO 537/1879, 46.
8 Harvey, Wartime Diaries, 90.
9 Marder, From Dardanelles to Oran, 222–3.
10 Journal of the Royal African Society, 41, 21.
11 Ojan, ‘Drums and Victory &c.’, Journal of the Royal African Society, 41, 31.
12 D. Day, ‘Anzacs on the Run &c.’, JICH, 14, 188.
13 Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 5, 10.
14 See D. Day, Menzies and Churchill at War.
15 D. Day, ‘Anzacs on the Run &c.’, JICH, 14, 189; Hasluck, 357–8.
16 Thorne, 63.
17 Hasluck, 347.
18 Ibid., 346.
19 Morison, 1, 54–5.
20 Independent, 26 January 1993.
21 Ross, Royal New Zealand Air Force, 81–2.
22 Ibid., 23.
23 PRO, WO 208/819A.
24 Gillison, I, 143.
25 Aldrich, ‘Conspiracy and Confusion &c.’, IJNS, 7, 340.
26 Hinsley, Thomas, Ransom and Knight, 2 76–7.
27 Morison, 1, 167.
28 Aldrich, ‘Conspiracy and Confusion &c.’, IJNS, 7, 340.
29 Gillison, 1, 220.
30 PRO, CO 968/13/3, 9, 42.
31 Sunday Times, 31 January 1993.
32 Thorne, 203.
33 I am indebted to David Elder for this observation.
34 PRO, WO 208/819A.
35 Marder, Jacobson, Horsfield, Old Friends and New Enemies, 2, 14.
36 PRO, Air 8/629.
37 Eisenhower, 1, 252.
38 PRO, Air 8/629; Annual Report for the Gold Coast for the Year 1946, 113.
11: Steadfast Comrades: The Stresses of War
1 Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, 5, 559.
2 Eisenhower, 1, 78.
3 Harvey, Wartime Diaries, 111.
4 Listener, 1 June 1944.
5 Haycock, ‘The Myth &c.’, WS, 2, i, 73.
6 PRO, Air 8/374, 3, 9: Air 8/675, 6, 57.
7 Quinault, ‘Churchill, Australia &c.’, WS, 6, ii, 57.
8 Hansard, 5th Series, 377, 98, 621; Economist, 7 March 1942.
9 Economist, 28 February 1942.
10 Times, 23 February 1942.
11 PRO WO 32/1577Z, 16A.
12 Times, 27 February 1942.
13 Hansard, 5th Series, 377, 198, 550.
14 Ibid., 378, 171.
15 Thorne, 97.
16 Eisenhower, 1, 85, 115.
17 PRO, WO 32/15772, 74A.
18 Furse, 230–31.
19 Storrs, 199.
20 F. Watson, ‘India Returned’, Life and Letters, 49, 12–13.
21 Times, 13–14 March 1942.
22 PRO, CO 537/4005, 9.
23 Smuts, 6, 366–7.
24 PRO, WO 208/803; Constitutional Relations &c., 6, 50–51.
25 Ibid.
26 PRO, WO 208/804A.
27 PRO, WO 208/761A (Intelligence Report, 31 August 1945).
28 PRO, WO 208/804A.
29 Constitutional Relations &c., 5, 1284–5.
30 PRO, WO 208/803, 105A.
31 Constitutional Relations &c., 5, 1128.
32 PRO, WO 208/803, 82A; WO 208/819A.
33 Ibid.
34 PRO, WO 208/804A (Guidance Notes on Psychological Warfare Directed to Indians in Japanese Occupied Territories).
35 PRO, CO 537/3735, 10.
36 Constitutional Relations &c., 6, 50–51, 273, 319.
37 Killingray, ‘Ex-Servicemen in the Gold Coast &c.’, JMAS, 21, 527–8.
38 PRO, CO 537/1224, 6.
39 Annual Report for the Gold Coast for the Year 1946, 111.
40 Eisenhower, 1, 208–9; Killingray, ‘Ex-Servicemen in the Gold Coast &c.’, JMAS, 21, 525.
41 A. Palmer, ‘Black American Soldiers &c.’, JICH, 14, 205.
42 Sandler, ‘Home Front Battlefield &c.’, WS, 11, 1,103–5, 110.
43 Thorne, 275.
44 R. Smith, ‘Britain’s African Colonies &c.’, JICH, 14, 73–4.
45 Ibid., 78, 81–2.
46 Djan, ‘Drums and Victory &c.’, Journal of the Royal African Society, 41, 31.
47 PRO, CO 874/1097, 67.
48 Ageron, ‘Les Populations du Maghreb &c.’, Revue de l’Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, 114, 31.
49 Perry, 227; PRO, CO 537/1879, 31, 35.
50 PRO, CO 968/3/15, 5.
51 Ibid., 28.
52 Ibid., 8.
53 Ibid., 89, 99.
54 Ibid., 89.
55 Ibid., 5, 50.
56 Pickersgill, 238.
57 Hall, Wagley and Scott, 455.
58 Summerfield, ‘Education and Politics &c.’, International Review of Social History, 26, 144.
59 PRO, WO 32/15772, 74A.
60 Hansard, 5th Series, 395, 1903.
61 PRO, WO 208/761A (Fortnightly Security Review, 12 October 1945).
62 Ibid.
63 Hanley, ‘Resettling the East African’, Army Quarterly, 52, i, 125–8.
64 Hanley, ‘Bantu in Burma’, Spectator, 19 January 1945.
12: The Defence of Archaic Privilege: The Empire Restored, 1942–5
1 Hansard, 5th Series, 430, 337.
2 Thorne, 209, 592–3.
3 Ibid., 593.
4 PRO, CO 968/10/3, 1, 5, 12.
5 Acheson, 133–4; Thorne, 593–4.
6 W.R. Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 126.
7 R. Smith, ‘Britain’s African Colonies &c.’, JICH, 14, 74, 76.
8 W.R. Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 13.
9 Orwell, 58–9.
10 Thorne, 97.
11 Macmillan, 325.
12 Cunard, ‘On Colour Bar’, Life and Letters, 32, 172.
13 Hansard, 5th Series, 430, 430, 364.
14 Thorne, 238.
15 Ibid., 149.
16 Times, 10 January 1945.
17 The Old War and New Society, 21.
18 W.R. Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 14.
19 The British Way and Purpose, 461.
20 Summerfield, ‘Education and Politics &c.’, International Review of Social History, 26, 137.
21 The British Way and Purpose, 495.
22 Moran, 124.
23 Ziegler, Mountbatten, 169–70, 221.
24 Thorne, 450.
25 Ibid., 337.
26 Ziegler, Mountbatten, 303–4.
27 World Affairs, June 1946, 22–4.
28 PRO, WO 203/4460, 8 January 1946.
Part Five: The Setting Sun, 1945–93
1: The Colonialists are on the Rampage: The Empire in the Post-war World
1 Macmillan, 721; Cameron Watt, ‘Britain, the United States &c.’, in ed. Ovendale, The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Governments &c., 50–53; Leffler, 47.
2 Leffler, 61, 92, 183, 236.
3 James, Imperial Rearguard, 135.
4 Orwell, 397.
5 Nkrumah, 57–8.
6 Hansard, 5th Series, 395, 1907.
7 PRO, CO 1015/463, Report, November 1951.
8 Fieldhouse, ‘The Labour Government and the Empire Commonwealth’, in ed. Ovendale, op. cit., 98.
9 Shuckburgh, 32.
10 PRO, CO 537/1288, 18.
11 Hennessey, 262–3.
12 Ibid., 267–9.
13 E.g. Carton de Wiart, 173; Wavell, 130–31; Cadogan, 776.
14 Acheson, 270–71.
15 Leffler, 238.
16 Hennessey, 271–2.
17 Jayal, ‘Towards the Baghdad Pact &c.’, Int.HR, 9, 416.
18 PRO, CO 537/5324, 2, 25.
19 P. Edwards, ‘The Australian Commitment &c.’, HS, 22, 610.
20 Devereaux, ‘Britain and the Commonwealth &c.’, JICH, 24, 340–41; PRO, Air 8/1459, 2–3, 7–8, 28–30.
21 Devereaux, ‘Britain and the Commonwealth &c.’, JICH, 24, 338.
22 PRO, WO 216/724.
23 Devereaux, ‘Britain and the Commonwealth &c.’, JICH, 24, 341.
24 PRO, WO 216/799; Adm 1/27285.<
br />
25 Dooley, ‘Great Britain’s Last Battle &c.’, Int. HR, 11, 493.
26 Listener, 26 January 1950.
27 PRO, CO 537/5120.
28 PRO, CO 537/3333, 12.
29 PRO, CO 537/5120.
30 PRO, CO 822/461, 31, 68.
31 PRO, CO 537/5120.
32 Furedi, ‘Creating a Breathing Space &c.’, JICH, 21, 93, 98–9.
33 PRO, CO 822/461, 29.
34 Castle, 259.
35 PRO, CO 537/7618, 1, 2, 5.
36 PRO, CO 822/461, 29, 94.
37 Ibid., 90; CO 1015/463, Report, February 1953.
38 PRO, CO 537/7542, 1, 7.
39 Ibid., 4.
40 Listener, 6 July 1950.
41 Fieldhouse, ‘The Labour Government and the Empire Commonwealth’, in ed. Ovendale, The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Governments &c., 110–13.
42 PRO, CO 1037/80.
43 Furedi, ‘Creating a Breathing Space &c.’, JICH, 21, 98.
44 Furse, 306.
45 Country Life, 12 August 1949.
46 J.P. Barker, ‘The Karamojo District &c.’, JAH, 3, 123–4.
47 NAM, Stockwell Papers, 1, 6–26.
48 IWM, Lydford Papers, Box 6.
49 Ibid., Box 7.
50 PRO, CO 587/7417, 45–6; CO 537/2449, 50; CO 537/2450, 24, 32, 42.
51 Time, 7 December 1949.
2: Friendly Relations: India and the Liquidation of Empire, 1945–7
1 PRO, CO 1027/317, 27.
2 Nicolson, 24.
3 Thorne, 611.
4 Ibid., 684–5; Ziegler, Mountbatten, 323.
5 Moore, 223.
6 Wavell, 437, 439.
7 Constitutional Relations, 6, 273.
8 Gandhi, 72, 378.
9 Ibid., 438–9.
10 PRO, WO 32/15772, 74A.
11 Ibid., 104A.
12 Hansard, 5th Series, 430, 1581–2.
13 PRO, WO 208/761A.
14 I owe these details to John Hailwood.
15 PRO, 208/761A (Intelligence Summary 25 March 1946).
16 Ibid., (Situation Report 8 March 1946).
17 Ibid., (Intelligence Summary December 1945).
18 Ibid., telegram GHQ to cabinet, 3 April 1946.
19 Ibid., (Intelligence Summary December 1945).
20 Ibid., (Intelligence Report 25 March 1946).
21 Constitutional Relations, 6, 1233.
22 Ibid., 7, 926.
23 Ibid., 8, 75.
24 Times, 11 July 1947.
25 Hamid, 172.
26 Ibid., 179.
27 Henniker, ‘Early Days of Pakistan’, RUSI, 93, 117.
28 Hamid, 158–9.
29 Ziegler, Mountbatten, 418–19, 422.
30 Times, 25 August 1947.
31 Henniker, ‘Early Days of Pakistan’, RUSI, 93, 118.
32 Ziegler, Mountbatten, 432–3; Hamid, 297.
33 Ibid., 435.
34 Ibid., 297.
35 W. Platt, ‘East African Forces &c.’, RUSI, 93, 410.
36 Observer, 8 July 1956.
37 Ibid., 24 June 1956.
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire Page 83