Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815

by Gordon S. Wood

  Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre, 56, 704

  Britain. See England; Great Britain

  British West Indies, 193, 197

  Brock, Isaac, 679

  “broken voyage” concept, 624

  Brown, Charles Brockden, 335, 356, 394, 470n4, 507

  Brown, David, 261–62

  Brown, John, 113, 725

  Brown, Moses, 702–3

  Brown, Nicholas, II, 623

  Brown, William Hill, 566

  Brown College, 343, 344

  Bryan, Andrew, 599

  Bryan, Samuel, 38

  Bunyan, John, 475

  Burgoyne, John, 690

  Burke, Edmund, 46, 176, 257–58, 406

  Burnaby, Andrew, 546

  Burr, Aaron: and duels, 238, 717

  and the 1800 election, 278–82, 282–86, 436

  and the 1804 election, 313

  on excessive democracy, 370

  and Hamilton duel, 382–85

  and honor codes, 237

  and political campaigning, 160

  and presidential elections, 212

  and religion, 590

  and separatist schemes, 385, 483

  and slavery, 279

  and treason trial, 439–40

  and Washington’s reelection, 158

  and women’s rights, 500

  Butler, Pierce, 73, 118, 211–12, 384

  Butler, Richard, 129–30

  Byrd, William, 10, 517

  Byron, George Gordon, 574

  Cabot, George, 118, 177, 258, 304, 305

  Cadore letter, 665–66, 667

  Caldwell, Charles, 390, 540

  Calhoun, John C., 485, 661, 702, 707

  Callender, James Thomson, 237, 258, 261

  Calvinism, 326, 603–5, 608–9, 614, 618

  camp meetings, 596–97, 610

  Campbell, George W., 692, 734

  Campbell, Thomas, 607, 610, 613

  Canada: and the Articles of Confederation, 7

  and the Embargo Act, 653

  and the French wars, 186

  and international commerce, 193, 194

  and Native Americans, 130

  and the trans-Appalachian West, 112

  and U.S. expansionism, 375–76

  and the War of 1812, 661, 672, 674, 676–80, 678, 683–84, 688–90, 693

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 137

  canals, 265, 479, 483–85, 619, 706–7

  “A Candid State of Parties,” 161

  Cane Ridge, Kentucky, 596–97

  caning, 334

  capital city, 79–80, 289–91. See also Federal City; Washington, D. C.

  capital markets, 323

  capital punishment, 492

  capitalism: and judicial review, 459

  and national bank plans, 99

  and political parties, 171

  and property rights, 19

  and religion, 614

  and rural commerce, 322–23

  and slavery, 538

  Capitol Building, 80, 289–90, 477, 690

  Carey, James, 252

  Carey, Mathew, 252, 489–90, 592, 612, 693

  Caribbean, 509, 622–23. See also specific islands

  Carleton, Guy, 194

  Carnot, Lazare, 620

  Carolina Upcountry, 528

  Carroll, John, 591–93

  carrying trade, 622–26, 639–46, 654, 706. See also neutral shipping rights

  Cartwright, Peter, 595–97

  Casey, Silas, 409n25

  Catherine the Great, 376

  Catholic Church, 337, 549, 591–93

  celibacy, 598, 601–2

  Celtic culture, 328

  censorship, 258. See also Sedition Act

  census of 1790, 39

  Cent Institution, 490

  Ceracchi, Giuseppe, 567

  Champion and Dickason v. Casey, 409n25

  Channing, William Ellery, 696

  Charbonneau, Toussaint, 379

  charitable organizations, 485–86. See also benevolence

  civil society

  Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 462

  Charleston, South Carolina, 104, 593

  Charlotte Temple (Rowson), 341–42, 569

  charters of incorporation, 460–61, 461n78

  Chase, Samuel: and the federal judiciary, 413, 421

  and grand jury charges, 438

  impeachment trial, 422–24

  and judicial reforms, 421

  and judicial review, 447, 459

  and the Sedition Act, 261, 262

  on state power, 97

  Chauncey, Charles, 26

  Chauncey, Isaac, 685

  Cheetham, James, 383

  chemistry, 724–25

  Cherokee Indians, 123, 125, 133, 398

  Chesapeake region, 509–14, 526, 688, 690

  Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of, 22, 716–17

  Cheves, Langdon, 684, 702

  Chickasaw Indians, 123, 125

  China, 202, 623

  Chipman, Nathaniel, 227–28, 229

  Chippewa Indians, 123, 126

  Chisholm v. Georgia, 415

  Choctaw Indians, 123, 125

  Christian Constitutional Society, 589–90

  Christianity. See evangelical Christianity

  specific denominations

  Church of England, 579, 581

  Cicero, 213

  Cincinnati, Ohio, 316

  Cincinnatus, 25, 73

  circuit courts, 410, 419

  circuses, 725

  citizenship: and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 248

  Aristotle on, 21–22

  and the Articles of Confederation, 7–8

  and the Bill of Rights, 65–66

  and impressment, 642–43

  and political engagement, 22

  and slavery, 540–41

  and western settlement, 122

  and women’s rights, 505–6

  Civil Code of Napoleonic France, 403

  civil disobedience, 655

  civil disputes, 432

  civil justice, 407

  civil rights, 33, 430

  civil society, 13, 203, 473, 485–90, 495, 507

  Civil War, 738

  Claiborne, William, 372–73

  Clarissa (Richardson), 499–500

  Clark, George Rogers, 125, 186, 201, 376–82

  Clark, William, 377–78, 381

  class divisions and conflict: and Adams’ election, 209–16

  and the arts, 548, 549–50, 561–62, 569–70, 571–72

  and Baltimore riots, 336–38

  and civil society, 488–89

  and consumerism, 324

  and democratization of politics, 712–21

  and domestic commerce, 708–12

  and education, 472, 473, 474

  and egalitarian politics, 332–33

  and finances, 230–34

  and Findley, 218–23

  and the French Revolution, 178–79

  and governmental structure, 214–15, 216–18

  and honor, 235–38

  and indentured servitude, 345–47

  and labor divisions, 349–50

  and libel, 257–58

  and Lyon, 227–30

  and Madison, 662–63

  and market economics, 320–24

  and the middle class, 27–31, 355–56

  and monarchism, 82

  and national identity, 732–33

  and Orleans Territory, 373

  and partisanship, 171, 216–18

  and Peck, 223–27

  and political conflicts, 156

  and political leadership, 218–23, 230–34, 280

  and religion, 576, 580, 610–11, 613–15

  and the Sedition Act, 261–62, 309

  and self-interest, 20–22

  and social leveling, 727

  and social mobility, 223–27, 712–21

  and social reforms, 476

  and the spoils system, 110n33

 
; and suffrage expansions, 302–5

  and western settlement, 318. See also aristocracy

  Clay, Henry, 661, 695, 702, 706, 734

  climate, 387–94, 394–95, 396–97

  Clinton, DeWitt: and Burr, 383

  and canals, 483

  and civil society, 489

  and Enlightenment ideals, 724

  and foreign trade, 708

  and Freemasonry, 52

  and Madison’s reelection, 683

  and trade disputes, 666

  Clinton, George: and Burr, 383

  and the 1804 election, 313

  and federal debt, 172–73

  and Genet, 188n38

  and trade disputes, 666

  and Washington’s reelection, 157–58

  Clymer, George, 118, 231–32, 318

  Cobbett, William, 229, 254–55, 649, 726

  Cochrane, Alexander, 690

  Cockburn, George, 690–91

  codification of laws, 403, 405, 405n15, 425, 429

  Cogswell, Nathaniel, 721

  coinage, 99

  Coit, Joshua, 234, 247

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 574

  College of New Jersey, 60

  College of William and Mary, 521

  colonial assemblies, 16–18

  colonialism, 400–401, 402, 413

  Columbia College, 472

  “Columbia” (Dwight), 41

  Columbia Magazine, 394

  Columbia River, 376–77

  Columbian, 559

  “the Columbianum,” 567

  Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 222, 404, 406, 434

  commercialization, 2, 4, 93, 297, 706. See also industrialization

  commodities, 323, 324n23. See also agriculture

  cotton

  common law: and bills of rights, 66

  and class divisions, 228

  and criminal law, 436, 439

  and Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 71–72

  and democratization, 429

  and the federal judiciary, 400, 403–4, 409, 411, 416–18, 424, 425–27, 428, 430–31

  and judicial review, 434, 448

  and Marshall, 438–39

  and Orleans Territory, 373

  and religion, 591

  and sedition laws, 258–59, 260, 309

  and the states, 431–32, 457

  and strict construction of the Constitution, 271

  Common Sense (Paine), 10–11

  Compensation Act, 719

  competition, 322, 325–29, 364, 462

  Compromise of 1790, 143–45

  Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de, 178

  Confederation Congress: and the Barbary Wars, 634

  and capital location, 142

  and Madison, 61

  and national bank plans, 98

  and Native Americans, 125

  and New York City, 56

  and western settlement, 115, 122

  Congregationalists, 167, 244, 490, 580–81, 583, 603–4

  Congressional Record, 59

  Connecticut: and the Bill of Rights, 72

  corporate charter, 460

  demographics, 341

  and the federal judiciary, 412

  and penal reform, 494

  and religion, 579, 583, 591, 594

  and roads, 481–82

  and slavery, 518, 520

  and social structure, 712

  and state debts, 141

  and state judiciary, 401–2

  and the War of 1812, 661, 677

  and women’s rights, 501

  Connecticut Academy, 477

  Connecticut Compromise, 32

  Connecticut Courant, 586

  Connecticut Land Company, 117

  Connecticut River, 484

  conspiracy theories, 244–45, 722

  Constitution, English, 216, 444.See also U.S. Constitution

  Constitutional Convention: and the Bill of Rights, 55, 66

  and failing of the Articles of Confederation, 15

  and the federal judiciary, 445–46

  and Hamilton, 90, 92

  and incorporation charters, 461n78

  and international commerce, 626

  and judicial review, 444

  and military power, 111

  and religion, 589

  and separation of powers, 33

  and slavery, 518–19, 532

  and treaty powers, 199

  and the Virginia Plan, 412

  and Washington, 73

  constitutional law, 447. See also judiciary, federal

  constructive treason, 439–40

  consumerism, 324, 354–55

  Continental Army, 79, 108, 434

  Continental Congress, 26, 31, 82, 135, 190–91, 230, 561

  Continental Divide, 380

  Continental System, 646, 667

  contract clause, 456

  Cooke, James, 544

  Cooke, Samuel, 518

  Cooper, Ann, 320

  Cooper, Hannah, 320

  Cooper, James Fenimore, 118, 224, 320, 711

  Cooper, Thomas, 257–58, 261, 724

  Cooper, William: and class divisions, 106, 223–25, 225–26, 230

  and land speculation, 118–19

  and religion, 590

  and the Sedition Act, 262

  and social changes, 318–19, 344

  Cooper, William, Jr., 320

  Cooper v. Telfair, 447

  Cooperstown, New York, 118, 224

  Copenhagen, Denmark, 649

  Copley, John Singleton, 545, 552

  The Coquette . . . Founded on Fact (Foster), 501, 566–67

  Cornwallis, Charles, 241

  corporations and corporate charters, 459–66, 482

  Corps of Discovery, 379. See also Lewis and Clark expedition

  Corps of Engineers, 292

  corruption, 291, 299

  Corwin, Edward, 443n28

  cotton, 361, 365, 528–29, 702–3

  council of revision, 412, 446, 454

  The Country Seats of the United States of America (Birch), 559–60

  country-Whigs, 287

  county fairs, 325–26

  Coups, Elliott, 381n56

  Coxe, Tench, 100, 102, 703

  Cram, Nancy Grove, 598

  Cranch, William, 454

  credit and lending. See also debt: and agriculture, 323

  and bank notes, 294

  and the federal judiciary, 409n25, 415

  and market economics, 324n23

  and the War of 1812, 692

  and Washington’s farewell address, 208

  Creek Indians, 123, 129, 133, 686–87

  Creole culture, 520

  Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John, 39, 44–45, 50, 711

  crime and criminal law: and civil society, 489

  and common law, 439

  and the federal judiciary, 418

  and the Fifth Amendment, 70

  and Marshall, 436

  and slavery, 517

  Crockett, Davy, 687

  Cromwell, Oliver, 8, 73

  cruel and unusual punishment, 70

  Cruelties of the Baltimore MOB (exhibit), 355

  Cuba, 366, 376, 534, 648

  Cullen, William, 725

  cultural development: and the American environment, 43–50

  and the American Revolution, 544, 552–53, 554, 557–58, 560, 570

  and cultural independence, 735–36

  and diversity, 36–43

  and folk beliefs, 48, 600–601, 727–28

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 370, 372, 373–74

  and slavery, 512

  syncretic cultures, 512, 600–601

  and western settlement, 546–47

  Cumberland, 361

  Cumberland Road, 482

  Curaçao, 534

  Cushing, William, 411

  customs duties, 134, 191, 193, 650, 665, 684

  Cutler, Manasseh, 117, 300

  Dallas, Alexande
r J., 428–29, 454, 692

  Dana, Edmund Trowbridge, 575

  Danae (Wertmüller), 573

  Danton, Georges Jacques, 620

  Dartmouth College, 344, 460, 465

  Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 465

  Darval (Wood), 342

  David, Jacques-Louis, 12, 557

  Davie, William, 273, 331

  Davila, Enrico Caterino, 146

  Dayton, Jonathan, 245

  De Lolme, Jean Louis, 215

  Dearborn, Henry, 674, 679–80, 685

  The Death of General Warren at Bunker’s Hill (Trumbull), 553

  debt: assumption of state debts, 97, 110, 141–43, 145, 156, 201, 231, 453

  and the Confederation Congress, 15

  and Findley, 218

  and Hamilton, 153

  and Jefferson-Hamilton conflict, 156

  and military power, 263

  and modern government, 149–50

  public debt, 93, 95–103, 140–41, 278, 298–301, 672

  and the War of 1812, 660

  Decatur, Stephen, 637–38, 681

  Declaration of Independence, 8–9, 13, 16, 307, 641

  Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 71–72, 174

  Declaratory Act, 673

  Deep South, 511, 520, 523, 524–26, 606

  Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States (Adams), 82, 213–14

  Defoe, Daniel, 28, 499

  Dehon, Theodore, 570

  deism, 577, 579, 585, 589–90, 594

  Delaware: and bar standards, 454

  and the federal judiciary, 412

  and freed slaves, 538

  and Madison’s reelection, 683

  and religion, 583

  and slavery, 518, 522

  and suffrage expansions, 302

  and the War of 1812, 688

  Delaware Indians, 123, 126

  democracy and democratization: and accountability, 720–21

  and colonial assemblies, 16–17

  and the Constitution, 31

  criticisms of, 322, 407

  democratization of politics, 712–21

  and demographic shifts, 3–4

  and the federal judiciary, 425–32

  and Jefferson-Madison relationship, 148

  and judicial review, 450

  and market economics, 322

  and minority rights, 468

  negative conceptions of, 718–20

  and public education, 469–70

  and public opinion, 312

  and religion, 598

  and the Republican Party, 312–14

  and slavery, 531

  and suffrage expansion, 302–3

  and western settlement, 122–23

  Democratic Republicans: and Burr, 282

  and class divisions, 350–51, 353

  and the Compensation Act, 718–19

  decline of, 202–4, 718

  and the federal judiciary, 420

  and the Federalist Party, 169

  and Genet, 186–87

  and immigrants, 542

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 370

  and naval warfare, 631

  origin of, 162–63

  and religion, 605

  and the South, 234

  and suffrage expansion, 330