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Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815

Page 103

by Gordon S. Wood


  and judicial review, 459

  and maritime trade, 189–92

  and market economics, 320–24

  and the Mississippi River, 15

  and political parties, 168–69

  and the post office, 478–79

  and public debt, 16

  and slavery, 530–31

  and social changes, 702

  and stages of development, 43

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 136

  tradesmen, 347–53

  trans-Appalachian West, 112, 114–23

  Transactions, 394

  translatio studii, 546, 547

  Travels in New England and New York (Dwight), 354–55

  treason, 265n64, 385, 416, 436, 439–40

  A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation (Owen), 483

  Treatise on the Millennium (Hopkins), 616, 618

  Treaty of Amiens, 621

  Treaty of Fort Jackson, 687, 688

  Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 126

  Treaty of Ghent, 695–97, 719

  Treaty of Greenville, 131–33, 132, 316, 359, 675

  Treaty of Mortefontaine, 181, 275

  Treaty of New York, 128

  Treaty of Paris, 112

  Treaty of San Ildefonso, 367

  Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201, 366

  treaty powers, 88–89, 199

  Trenchard, John, 93, 577

  Tripoli, 634, 636, 638, 697

  Trist, Nicholas, 149

  Troup, Robert, 233–34, 537

  Trumbull, John, 13, 547, 552–53

  Tucker, St. George, 405, 405n15, 458, 507, 521, 590

  Tudor, William, 569

  Tuesday Club, 13

  Tunis, 634, 636, 638, 697

  turnpikes, 479–85

  Twelfth Amendment, 285

  Twentieth Amendment, 419

  Tyler, John, 15

  Union College, 343

  unions, 349

  Unitarians, 594, 604, 613

  United Irishmen of Dublin, 46

  United States of America (name), 41

  United States v. Hudson, 439

  United States v. Peters, 455

  Universal Friends, 582, 598

  Universalists, 582, 608–9

  University of North Carolina, 343–44

  University of Vermont, 345

  Upper Canada, 676, 677, 679

  Upper South, 511, 521–24, 523n39, 533

  urban renewal, 389–90

  urbanization, 318, 336, 389, 627

  U.S. Army, 130, 132–33, 652, 659. See also standing armies

  U.S. Congress: and Adams, 273

  and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 248

  and American cultural independence, 735

  and Articles of Confederation, 15–16

  and the arts, 564

  and bankruptcy laws, 416n44

  and the Barbary Wars, 635, 637

  and the Bill of Rights, 65–72

  and broad construction of the Constitution, 144–45

  and Burr trial, 385

  and the capital, 142

  and class divisions, 228–29, 231, 232–33

  and the Compensation Act, 718–20

  and education, 472

  and the Embargo Act, 650, 654, 656, 658

  and etiquette, 63–64

  and Federal City, 289

  and the federal judiciary, 408–9, 419, 421–22, 424–25

  and the Great Seal, 555

  and Hamilton, 91–92

  and impressment conflict, 644

  and judicial review, 436–37, 440, 441–42

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 371–72

  and Madison, 663

  and military power, 263, 264

  and monarchical republicanism, 55–58

  and the National Anthem, 691

  and national bank plans, 98

  and naval power, 240, 245

  and the NonImportation Act, 667

  and the Non-Intercourse Act, 665

  and partisanship, 152, 162, 268

  and patronage, 109, 300

  and the postal service, 478–79

  and presidential elections, 210

  and religion, 583

  and the “Revolution of 1800,” 276

  and slavery, 522

  and social changes, 702

  and the Treasury Department, 91

  and the War of 1812, 660–61, 666–67, 671–74, 689, 698

  and war with Algiers, 696–97

  and Washington, 73, 86

  and western settlement, 359. See also U.S. House of Representatives; U.S. Senate

  U.S. Constitution: and Bank of the United States, 144

  and the Bill of Rights, 65–72

  and broad construction, 144–45, 156, 415–16

  and Burr, 281

  and civil society, 486

  and class divisions, 36, 121

  and congressional etiquette, 63–64

  constitutional crises, 278–82, 282–86

  and corporate charters, 465–66

  and democratic governance, 47

  disestablishment of religion, 579

  and the Electoral College, 209–10

  and excessive democracy, 3, 31

  and executive powers, 65, 72–74, 87–88

  and the federal judiciary, 408, 409n25, 414, 416, 424

  and the Federalist Party, 170

  and the First Congress, 60–61

  and the French Revolution, 176

  and Jefferson, 287

  and judicial review, 435, 441, 456

  and Madison, 182, 662

  and monarchical republicanism, 53

  and national capital, 142

  and naval power, 636–37

  and “necessary and proper” clause, 271, 371–72

  and nullification, 270

  and presidential elections, 212

  and presidential power, 85

  and religion, 588–89, 589–90

  and republicanism, 7

  and sectional conflict, 532

  and slavery, 522, 524

  and state militias, 680

  and state powers, 97

  and strict construction, 271, 371, 484–85, 636–37, 692

  and the supremacy clause, 456

  and taxation, 134–35, 692

  and the three-fifths clause, 532, 694

  and the War of 1812, 694

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 136

  U.S. Department of State, 91, 152, 156, 247, 291

  U.S. Department of the Treasury, 90–92, 152, 158, 653

  U.S. Department of War, 91, 130, 291, 672–73, 693

  U.S. House of Representatives: and Bank of the United States, 144

  and class divisions, 229–30

  and the 1800 election, 278, 283

  and the First Congress, 56, 57, 58–62

  and impeachment, 422–24

  and industrial development, 100

  and international commerce, 196, 198–99

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 371

  and popular sovereignty, 450

  and presidential elections, 210

  and presidential power, 85

  and public debt, 95

  and religion, 586–87

  and state debts, 141

  and the three-fifths clause, 532

  and the Treasury Department, 91–92

  U.S. Marine Corps, 639

  U.S. Navy, 681. See also naval power and conflicts

  specific vessels

  U.S. Senate: and Adams, 81–82, 83

  and the federal judiciary, 408–9

  and the First Congress, 62–65

  and impeachment, 422–24

  and Indian treaties, 128

  and international commerce, 197–98, 199

  and popular sovereignty, 450–51

  and presidential powers, 85, 87–89

  and slavery, 525

  and state debts, 141

  and the three-fifths clause, 532

  and Washington presidency, 81
/>   U.S. Supreme Court: and Article III of the Constitution, 55

  and clashes with Congress, 421–22

  and corporate charters, 463

  created, 408

  early case load, 436

  and the federal judiciary, 411

  and Jefferson, 425

  and judicial review, 440–42, 442–47

  and jurisdictional issues, 419

  and libel cases, 257n45

  original appointments, 412

  and partisanship, 413–14, 453

  and presidential oath of office, 64n35

  and the Republican Party, 421

  and the supremacy clause, 415

  and Washington presidency, 81

  USS Chesapeake, 647–48, 681n47

  USS Constitution, 681, 682

  USS Niagara, 685

  USS Philadelphia, 637

  USS President, 681

  USS United States, 681

  USS William D. Lawrence, 685

  utopianism, 7, 150, 301, 475, 582, 601

  Van Buren, Martin, 721

  Van Rensselaer, Solomon, 334

  Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 680

  Vancouver, George, 376–77

  Vanderlyn, John, 280, 565, 572

  Varnum, James Mitchell, 119

  Varnum, Joseph, 669

  Vattel, Emmerich de, 124

  Venezuela, 534

  Vermont: and abolitionism, 519

  Council of Censors, 18

  demographics, 341

  and the 1800 election, 283

  and judiciary, 401–2

  and presidential elections, 210

  and roads, 482

  and separatist movements, 115

  and statehood, 701

  and the War of 1812, 661

  Versailles court, 5–6

  “Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America” (Berkeley), 546

  veterans, 108

  veto power, 72n65, 215

  The Vicar of Wakefield (Goldsmith), 498–99

  vice-admiralty courts, 640

  A Vindication of the Rights of Women (Wollstonecraft), 500

  Virginia: and agriculture, 165

  and banking, 295

  and the Bill of Rights, 71

  and bills of rights, 67

  capitol, 558–59

  and corporate charters, 464

  and the 1800 election, 284–85

  and electoral representation, 530

  and the First Congress, 57

  and freed slaves, 538

  and judicial review, 443

  and judiciary, 402

  and Madison, 148

  and North-South tensions, 145

  and nullification, 270–71

  and penal reform, 494

  and political power, 153

  and population growth, 164

  and public education, 473

  and religion, 578, 586, 588

  and roads, 482

  and separatist movements, 115

  and slavery, 165, 231, 509–13, 514, 518, 520, 522, 524, 526–27, 534–38, 733–34, 738

  and state debts, 141

  state motto, 27

  and suffrage, 330

  Virginia Assembly, 31

  Virginia Company, 460

  Virginia Council of State, 60

  Virginia Court of Appeals, 455, 459

  Virginia Declaration of Rights, 66

  Virginia Plan, 31, 32, 412, 662

  Virginia Resolution, 270, 427, 447

  Virginian Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, 473

  Vision of Columbus (Barlow), 554

  Volney, Constantin-François, 260, 394, 552, 579, 720–21

  Voltaire, 178

  voluntary associations, 485–90. See also civil society

  voting: and freed blacks, 521

  and the Jefferson presidency, 302

  and suffrage expansions, 302–5

  and voter turnout, 160, 302

  and voting rights, 542

  and western settlement, 363

  and women, 505–6, 507

  Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 57, 232

  Wales, 328

  Walpole, Robert, 91, 107, 172

  war debt, 96–97, 197, 201–2

  War Hawks, 313, 661, 672, 684, 695

  War of 1812: and American industry, 703

  and American manufacturing, 705

  and the Barbary States, 696–700

  and the burning of Washington, 690–91

  and Canada, 676–80, 678, 683–84, 688–90

  declaration of, 659–62

  and domestic trade, 708

  and embargoes, 649–58, 657n104, 662, 664–65, 670, 676, 689, 693–94, 698

  and the Enlightenment, 735

  and European influence, 2

  and the federal judiciary, 455

  and the Great Lakes, 684–86

  and impressment conflict, 643

  and Madison, 662–64, 682–83

  major campaigns, 678

  and Marshall, 438

  and nationalism, 4, 696–700

  and Native Americans, 131, 675–76, 686–87

  and naval engagements, 680–82, 684–86

  and the Northwest, 382

  and political fallout, 691–92, 692–96

  and republican principles, 670–74

  and trade negotiations, 664–70

  and the Treaty of Fort Jackson, 688

  Ware, Henry, 603

  Ware v. Hylton, 415

  Warren, James, 213

  Washington, Bushrod, 413, 447, 565–66

  Washington, D.C., 289–91, 558, 685, 690–91, 698

  Washington, George: and alcohol, 340

  and American exceptionalism, 44

  and the arts, 554, 562, 567

  biographies, 565–66

  and Burr, 282

  and class divisions, 23

  on common language, 49

  and congressional etiquette, 63–64

  death of, 305

  on Democratic-Republican Societies, 203

  and diplomacy, 205, 240

  and executive power, 73, 85–89, 140, 197

  and the federal judiciary, 411, 414

  and federal patronage, 107, 108–10

  and the First Congress, 57–58

  and Freemasonry, 51, 477

  and the French Revolution, 175

  and the French wars, 182

  and Genet, 187, 188n38

  and Hamilton, 89–94

  inauguration, 62, 64–65, 65–72, 75, 83, 288

  and international commerce, 192, 197–98, 198–99

  and Jefferson-Hamilton conflict, 154, 155

  and Marshall, 434, 435

  and the Mazzei letter, 235–36

  and military power, 264, 266–67

  and monarchical power, 1, 53, 74–85

  and nationalism, 104–5

  and Native American policy, 126, 128, 129, 130–31

  and the Nootka Sound controversy, 366–67

  and North Africa, 635

  and partisanship, 152

  and personal finances, 234

  popularity of, 188–89

  portrait of, 691

  and public debt, 97, 453–54

  and public service, 25–26

  reelection of, 157–58

  and religion, 577, 583–85

  and republicanism, 14

  retirement of, 206–8, 274

  and the Revolutionary War, 699

  and the sciences, 544

  and sectional conflict, 165

  and Sedition Acts, 257

  on self-interest, 20

  and Shays’s Rebellion, 111

  and slavery, 231, 511, 513, 517, 524, 525, 536

  and social changes, 353–54

  and social stratification, 24

  and western settlement, 114, 116, 120–21

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 137–38, 138–39

  Washington, Martha, 78, 585

  Washington Benevolent Societie
s, 306

  Washington Trust, 296

  Watson, Elkanah, 325–26

  Watts, Mary, 77

  The Way to Wealth (Franklin), 713

  Wayles, John, 514

  Wayne, Anthony, 130–31, 133, 200, 362

  Wea Indians, 123

  The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 24, 230–31, 716

  weather, 387–94

  Webster, Daniel, 466

  Webster, Noah: and Age of Reason, 200

  and civil society, 487

  and class divisions, 24, 709

  and decline of Federalists, 276

  and Democratic-Republican Societies, 203

  and education, 476

  and market competition, 325

  and popular culture, 731

  and public education, 473

  and religion, 590

  and suffrage expansions, 303–4

  and urban renewal, 390

  Wedgwood, Josiah, 550, 563

  Weekly Register, 708

  Weems, Mason, 353–54, 565–66, 612, 717

  Weld, Isaac, 317, 328, 511

  Wertmüller, Adolph, 573

  Wesley, John, 581

  West, Benjamin, 483, 545, 550, 555

  West Florida, 7, 366, 368–69, 374–75

  West Indies, 323, 540, 622–23, 640, 682, 688

  West Point, 292

  Western Reserve, 605

  western settlement: and cultural advancement, 546–47

  and the Federalist program, 114–23

  and the Jefferson presidency, 357–59

  and land availability, 318–19

  and the Lewis and Clark expedition, 376–82

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 368–74

  and Native Americans, 112, 114, 120–23, 123–33, 396–99

  and population growth, 316

  and religion, 597

  and slavery, 510, 522

  wheat cultivation, 511

  Wheatley, Phillis, 41

  Wheeler, Ephraim, 336

  Wheelock, Eleazer, 112

  Wheelock, John, 465

  Whigs: and Adams, 213, 215

  antigovernment views, 10, 19

  “country-opposition” tradition, 172

  and the French Revolution, 178

  and monarchism, 162

  and patronage, 299

  and social changes, 93–94

  Whiskey Rebellion: and Democratic-Republican Societies, 162, 164, 203

  and executive power, 196–97

  and the federal judiciary, 413, 415–16, 417–18, 427

  and the Federalist Party, 205

  and military power, 134–39, 263

  and treason definitions, 439

  and Washington, 198

  White, James, 113

  White House, 79, 290, 690–91

  “white savages,” 395–96

  Whitney, Eli, 528, 730

  Wieland (Brown), 335

  Wilkinson, James, 113–14, 372, 382–85, 685

  Wilkinson, Jemima, 598

  William and Mary College, 344

  William of Orange, 73

  Williams, Joseph, 350

  Williams, Samuel, 312

  Williams College, 344

  Williamson, Hugh, 74

  Willing, Thomas, 98

  Wilson, Alexander, 393–94, 564

 

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