Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815
Page 103
and judicial review, 459
and maritime trade, 189–92
and market economics, 320–24
and the Mississippi River, 15
and political parties, 168–69
and the post office, 478–79
and public debt, 16
and slavery, 530–31
and social changes, 702
and stages of development, 43
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 136
tradesmen, 347–53
trans-Appalachian West, 112, 114–23
Transactions, 394
translatio studii, 546, 547
Travels in New England and New York (Dwight), 354–55
treason, 265n64, 385, 416, 436, 439–40
A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation (Owen), 483
Treatise on the Millennium (Hopkins), 616, 618
Treaty of Amiens, 621
Treaty of Fort Jackson, 687, 688
Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 126
Treaty of Ghent, 695–97, 719
Treaty of Greenville, 131–33, 132, 316, 359, 675
Treaty of Mortefontaine, 181, 275
Treaty of New York, 128
Treaty of Paris, 112
Treaty of San Ildefonso, 367
Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201, 366
treaty powers, 88–89, 199
Trenchard, John, 93, 577
Tripoli, 634, 636, 638, 697
Trist, Nicholas, 149
Troup, Robert, 233–34, 537
Trumbull, John, 13, 547, 552–53
Tucker, St. George, 405, 405n15, 458, 507, 521, 590
Tudor, William, 569
Tuesday Club, 13
Tunis, 634, 636, 638, 697
turnpikes, 479–85
Twelfth Amendment, 285
Twentieth Amendment, 419
Tyler, John, 15
Union College, 343
unions, 349
Unitarians, 594, 604, 613
United Irishmen of Dublin, 46
United States of America (name), 41
United States v. Hudson, 439
United States v. Peters, 455
Universal Friends, 582, 598
Universalists, 582, 608–9
University of North Carolina, 343–44
University of Vermont, 345
Upper Canada, 676, 677, 679
Upper South, 511, 521–24, 523n39, 533
urban renewal, 389–90
urbanization, 318, 336, 389, 627
U.S. Army, 130, 132–33, 652, 659. See also standing armies
U.S. Congress: and Adams, 273
and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 248
and American cultural independence, 735
and Articles of Confederation, 15–16
and the arts, 564
and bankruptcy laws, 416n44
and the Barbary Wars, 635, 637
and the Bill of Rights, 65–72
and broad construction of the Constitution, 144–45
and Burr trial, 385
and the capital, 142
and class divisions, 228–29, 231, 232–33
and the Compensation Act, 718–20
and education, 472
and the Embargo Act, 650, 654, 656, 658
and etiquette, 63–64
and Federal City, 289
and the federal judiciary, 408–9, 419, 421–22, 424–25
and the Great Seal, 555
and Hamilton, 91–92
and impressment conflict, 644
and judicial review, 436–37, 440, 441–42
and the Louisiana Purchase, 371–72
and Madison, 663
and military power, 263, 264
and monarchical republicanism, 55–58
and the National Anthem, 691
and national bank plans, 98
and naval power, 240, 245
and the NonImportation Act, 667
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 665
and partisanship, 152, 162, 268
and patronage, 109, 300
and the postal service, 478–79
and presidential elections, 210
and religion, 583
and the “Revolution of 1800,” 276
and slavery, 522
and social changes, 702
and the Treasury Department, 91
and the War of 1812, 660–61, 666–67, 671–74, 689, 698
and war with Algiers, 696–97
and Washington, 73, 86
and western settlement, 359. See also U.S. House of Representatives; U.S. Senate
U.S. Constitution: and Bank of the United States, 144
and the Bill of Rights, 65–72
and broad construction, 144–45, 156, 415–16
and Burr, 281
and civil society, 486
and class divisions, 36, 121
and congressional etiquette, 63–64
constitutional crises, 278–82, 282–86
and corporate charters, 465–66
and democratic governance, 47
disestablishment of religion, 579
and the Electoral College, 209–10
and excessive democracy, 3, 31
and executive powers, 65, 72–74, 87–88
and the federal judiciary, 408, 409n25, 414, 416, 424
and the Federalist Party, 170
and the First Congress, 60–61
and the French Revolution, 176
and Jefferson, 287
and judicial review, 435, 441, 456
and Madison, 182, 662
and monarchical republicanism, 53
and national capital, 142
and naval power, 636–37
and “necessary and proper” clause, 271, 371–72
and nullification, 270
and presidential elections, 212
and presidential power, 85
and religion, 588–89, 589–90
and republicanism, 7
and sectional conflict, 532
and slavery, 522, 524
and state militias, 680
and state powers, 97
and strict construction, 271, 371, 484–85, 636–37, 692
and the supremacy clause, 456
and taxation, 134–35, 692
and the three-fifths clause, 532, 694
and the War of 1812, 694
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 136
U.S. Department of State, 91, 152, 156, 247, 291
U.S. Department of the Treasury, 90–92, 152, 158, 653
U.S. Department of War, 91, 130, 291, 672–73, 693
U.S. House of Representatives: and Bank of the United States, 144
and class divisions, 229–30
and the 1800 election, 278, 283
and the First Congress, 56, 57, 58–62
and impeachment, 422–24
and industrial development, 100
and international commerce, 196, 198–99
and the Louisiana Purchase, 371
and popular sovereignty, 450
and presidential elections, 210
and presidential power, 85
and public debt, 95
and religion, 586–87
and state debts, 141
and the three-fifths clause, 532
and the Treasury Department, 91–92
U.S. Marine Corps, 639
U.S. Navy, 681. See also naval power and conflicts
specific vessels
U.S. Senate: and Adams, 81–82, 83
and the federal judiciary, 408–9
and the First Congress, 62–65
and impeachment, 422–24
and Indian treaties, 128
and international commerce, 197–98, 199
and popular sovereignty, 450–51
and presidential powers, 85, 87–89
and slavery, 525
and state debts, 141
and the three-fifths clause, 532
and Washington presidency, 81
and clashes with Congress, 421–22
and corporate charters, 463
created, 408
early case load, 436
and the federal judiciary, 411
and Jefferson, 425
and judicial review, 440–42, 442–47
and jurisdictional issues, 419
and libel cases, 257n45
original appointments, 412
and partisanship, 413–14, 453
and presidential oath of office, 64n35
and the Republican Party, 421
and the supremacy clause, 415
and Washington presidency, 81
USS Chesapeake, 647–48, 681n47
USS Constitution, 681, 682
USS Niagara, 685
USS Philadelphia, 637
USS President, 681
USS United States, 681
USS William D. Lawrence, 685
utopianism, 7, 150, 301, 475, 582, 601
Van Buren, Martin, 721
Van Rensselaer, Solomon, 334
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 680
Vancouver, George, 376–77
Vanderlyn, John, 280, 565, 572
Varnum, James Mitchell, 119
Varnum, Joseph, 669
Vattel, Emmerich de, 124
Venezuela, 534
Vermont: and abolitionism, 519
Council of Censors, 18
demographics, 341
and the 1800 election, 283
and judiciary, 401–2
and presidential elections, 210
and roads, 482
and separatist movements, 115
and statehood, 701
and the War of 1812, 661
Versailles court, 5–6
“Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America” (Berkeley), 546
veterans, 108
veto power, 72n65, 215
The Vicar of Wakefield (Goldsmith), 498–99
vice-admiralty courts, 640
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (Wollstonecraft), 500
Virginia: and agriculture, 165
and banking, 295
and the Bill of Rights, 71
and bills of rights, 67
capitol, 558–59
and corporate charters, 464
and the 1800 election, 284–85
and electoral representation, 530
and the First Congress, 57
and freed slaves, 538
and judicial review, 443
and judiciary, 402
and Madison, 148
and North-South tensions, 145
and nullification, 270–71
and penal reform, 494
and political power, 153
and population growth, 164
and public education, 473
and religion, 578, 586, 588
and roads, 482
and separatist movements, 115
and slavery, 165, 231, 509–13, 514, 518, 520, 522, 524, 526–27, 534–38, 733–34, 738
and state debts, 141
state motto, 27
and suffrage, 330
Virginia Assembly, 31
Virginia Company, 460
Virginia Council of State, 60
Virginia Court of Appeals, 455, 459
Virginia Declaration of Rights, 66
Virginia Plan, 31, 32, 412, 662
Virginia Resolution, 270, 427, 447
Virginian Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, 473
Vision of Columbus (Barlow), 554
Volney, Constantin-François, 260, 394, 552, 579, 720–21
Voltaire, 178
voluntary associations, 485–90. See also civil society
voting: and freed blacks, 521
and the Jefferson presidency, 302
and suffrage expansions, 302–5
and voter turnout, 160, 302
and voting rights, 542
and western settlement, 363
and women, 505–6, 507
Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 57, 232
Wales, 328
Walpole, Robert, 91, 107, 172
war debt, 96–97, 197, 201–2
War Hawks, 313, 661, 672, 684, 695
War of 1812: and American industry, 703
and American manufacturing, 705
and the Barbary States, 696–700
and the burning of Washington, 690–91
and Canada, 676–80, 678, 683–84, 688–90
declaration of, 659–62
and domestic trade, 708
and embargoes, 649–58, 657n104, 662, 664–65, 670, 676, 689, 693–94, 698
and the Enlightenment, 735
and European influence, 2
and the federal judiciary, 455
and the Great Lakes, 684–86
and impressment conflict, 643
and Madison, 662–64, 682–83
major campaigns, 678
and Marshall, 438
and nationalism, 4, 696–700
and Native Americans, 131, 675–76, 686–87
and naval engagements, 680–82, 684–86
and the Northwest, 382
and political fallout, 691–92, 692–96
and republican principles, 670–74
and trade negotiations, 664–70
and the Treaty of Fort Jackson, 688
Ware, Henry, 603
Ware v. Hylton, 415
Warren, James, 213
Washington, Bushrod, 413, 447, 565–66
Washington, D.C., 289–91, 558, 685, 690–91, 698
Washington, George: and alcohol, 340
and American exceptionalism, 44
and the arts, 554, 562, 567
biographies, 565–66
and Burr, 282
and class divisions, 23
on common language, 49
and congressional etiquette, 63–64
death of, 305
on Democratic-Republican Societies, 203
and diplomacy, 205, 240
and executive power, 73, 85–89, 140, 197
and the federal judiciary, 411, 414
and federal patronage, 107, 108–10
and the First Congress, 57–58
and Freemasonry, 51, 477
and the French Revolution, 175
and the French wars, 182
and Genet, 187, 188n38
and Hamilton, 89–94
inauguration, 62, 64–65, 65–72, 75, 83, 288
and international commerce, 192, 197–98, 198–99
and Jefferson-Hamilton conflict, 154, 155
and Marshall, 434, 435
and the Mazzei letter, 235–36
and military power, 264, 266–67
and monarchical power, 1, 53, 74–85
and nationalism, 104–5
and Native American policy, 126, 128, 129, 130–31
and the Nootka Sound controversy, 366–67
and North Africa, 635
and partisanship, 152
and personal finances, 234
popularity of, 188–89
portrait of, 691
and public debt, 97, 453–54
and public service, 25–26
reelection of, 157–58
and religion, 577, 583–85
and republicanism, 14
retirement of, 206–8, 274
and the Revolutionary War, 699
and the sciences, 544
and sectional conflict, 165
and Sedition Acts, 257
on self-interest, 20
and Shays’s Rebellion, 111
and slavery, 231, 511, 513, 517, 524, 525, 536
and social changes, 353–54
and social stratification, 24
and western settlement, 114, 116, 120–21
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 137–38, 138–39
Washington, Martha, 78, 585
Washington Benevolent Societie
s, 306
Washington Trust, 296
Watson, Elkanah, 325–26
Watts, Mary, 77
The Way to Wealth (Franklin), 713
Wayles, John, 514
Wayne, Anthony, 130–31, 133, 200, 362
Wea Indians, 123
The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 24, 230–31, 716
weather, 387–94
Webster, Daniel, 466
Webster, Noah: and Age of Reason, 200
and civil society, 487
and class divisions, 24, 709
and decline of Federalists, 276
and Democratic-Republican Societies, 203
and education, 476
and market competition, 325
and popular culture, 731
and public education, 473
and religion, 590
and suffrage expansions, 303–4
and urban renewal, 390
Wedgwood, Josiah, 550, 563
Weekly Register, 708
Weems, Mason, 353–54, 565–66, 612, 717
Weld, Isaac, 317, 328, 511
Wertmüller, Adolph, 573
Wesley, John, 581
West, Benjamin, 483, 545, 550, 555
West Florida, 7, 366, 368–69, 374–75
West Indies, 323, 540, 622–23, 640, 682, 688
West Point, 292
Western Reserve, 605
western settlement: and cultural advancement, 546–47
and the Federalist program, 114–23
and the Jefferson presidency, 357–59
and land availability, 318–19
and the Lewis and Clark expedition, 376–82
and the Louisiana Purchase, 368–74
and Native Americans, 112, 114, 120–23, 123–33, 396–99
and population growth, 316
and religion, 597
and slavery, 510, 522
wheat cultivation, 511
Wheatley, Phillis, 41
Wheeler, Ephraim, 336
Wheelock, Eleazer, 112
Wheelock, John, 465
Whigs: and Adams, 213, 215
antigovernment views, 10, 19
“country-opposition” tradition, 172
and the French Revolution, 178
and monarchism, 162
and patronage, 299
and social changes, 93–94
Whiskey Rebellion: and Democratic-Republican Societies, 162, 164, 203
and executive power, 196–97
and the federal judiciary, 413, 415–16, 417–18, 427
and the Federalist Party, 205
and military power, 134–39, 263
and treason definitions, 439
and Washington, 198
White, James, 113
White House, 79, 290, 690–91
“white savages,” 395–96
Whitney, Eli, 528, 730
Wieland (Brown), 335
Wilkinson, James, 113–14, 372, 382–85, 685
Wilkinson, Jemima, 598
William and Mary College, 344
William of Orange, 73
Williams, Joseph, 350
Williams, Samuel, 312
Williams College, 344
Williamson, Hugh, 74
Willing, Thomas, 98
Wilson, Alexander, 393–94, 564