New World, Inc.

by John Butman

  18 Humphrey Gilbert, “A Discourse how Hir Majestie May Annoy the King of Spayne,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:170.

  19 “A letter written to M. Richard Hakluyt of the middle Temple, conteining a report of the true state and commodities of Newfoundland, by M. Anthonie Parkhurst Gentleman, 1578,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 8:9–16; 10–11.

  20 Ibid., 10.

  21 Gilbert, “A Discourse how Hir Majestie may Annoy the King of Spayne,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:172–80: for this paragraph and the remaining paragraphs in this section.

  22 Eldred, “The Just Will Pay for the Sinners,” 14. Also, Pauline Croft, “Trading with the Enemy, 1585-1604,” The Historical Journal 32, no. 2 (1989): 281–302.

  23 See Conyers Read, “Queen Elizabeth’s Seizure of the Duke of Alva’s Pay-Ships,” The Journal of Modern History 5, no. 4 (1933): 443–64; 443–46.

  24 Pauline Croft, “Introduction: The First Spanish Company, 1530–1585,” Pauline Croft, ed., The Spanish Company (London: London Record Society, 1973), vii–xxix; vi.

  25 Ibid., xiii–xiv.

  26 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” February 20, 1580, in Calendar of Letters and State Papers Relating to English Affairs preserved principally in the archives of Simancas, Volume 3, Elizabeth: 1580–1586, ed. Martin A. S. Hume (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1896), #6, 8–9; 8.

  27 John Dee, “Unto your Majesties Tytle Royall to these Forene Regions & Ilandes do appertayne 4 poyntes,” in Dee, The Limits of the British Empire, eds., MacMillan with Abeles, 18; 43.

  28 Ibid., 43–49.

  29 “11 June 1578. Letters Patent to Sir Humphrey Gilbert,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:188–94; 188.

  30 Ibid., 188–89.

  31 Ibid., 191–92.

  32 “Sir Humphrey Gylberte to Secretary Sir Francis Walsingham,” September 23, 1578, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 9, 1675–1676 and Addenda 1574–1674, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1893), #4, 3.

  33 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” June 3, 1578, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 2, Elizabeth: 1568–1579, #503, 591.

  34 “Castelnau de Mauvissiere to Henry III, 7 July 1578,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:195–97; 195.

  35 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” May 16, 1578, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 2, Elizabeth: 1568–1579, #496, 583.

  36 For the list of investors, see Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:332–33.

  37 “20 December 1578. Sir John Gilbert to Sir Francis Walsingham,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:215.

  38 “Gylberte to Walsingham,” in CSP-Colonial, America & the West Indies, Volume 9, #4, 3.

  39 “Sir Humphrey Gilbert to Sir Francis Walsingham, 12 November 1578,” in CSP-Colonial, America & the West Indies, Volume 9, #5, 4.

  40 Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:44–45.

  41 “The Privy Council Writes to the Sheriff Etc. of Devonshire, 28 May 1579,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:221–22; 222.

  10. NOVA ALBION

  1 K. R. Andrews, “The Aims of Drake’s Expedition of 1577–1580,” The American Historical Review 73, no. 3 (1968): 724–41; 739.

  2 For Drake’s early life: John Sugden, Sir Francis Drake (London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1990; paperback ed., Pimlico, 2006), 1–38; Harry Kelsey, Sir Francis Drake: The Queen’s Pirate (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 3–39.

  3 John Hawkins, “The third troublesome voyage made with the Jesus of Lubeck, the Minion, and foure other ships, to the parts of Guinea, and the West Indies, in the yeeres 1567 and 1568 by M. John Hawkins,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 10:64–74; 69.

  4 Ibid., 71.

  5 Ibid., 71 (“without mercy”); 72 (Minion and Judith’s escape).

  6 E. G. R. Taylor, “The Missing Draft Project of Drake’s Voyage of 1577–80,” The Geographical Journal 75, no. 1 (1930): 46–47.

  7 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” October 23, 1580, in CSP-Spain (Simancas) Volume 3, 1580–1586, #49, 60–62; 62.

  8 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” October 16, 1580, in Martin A. S. Hume, ed., CSP-Spain (Simancas) Volume 3, 1580–1586, #44, 54–56; 54–55.

  9 Ibid., 54–55.

  10 For the two primary accounts of Drake’s voyage: Hakluyt’s account, see “The famous voyage of Sir Francis Drake into the South sea, and therehence about the whole Globe of the earth, begun in the yeere of our Lord, 1577,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 11:101–33; Fletcher’s account, see Francis Fletcher, The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (1628; repr. Amsterdam: Da Capo Press, 1969). For Drake’s pace compared to Magellan, see A. L. Rowse, The Expansion of Elizabethan England (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1955), 201.

  11 Fletcher, The World Encompassed, 35. For Drake’s prostration: James A. Williamson, ed., The Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins Knight, in his voyage into the South Sea, Anno Domini 1593 (London: The Argonaut Press, 1933), 96. For the penguins: Derek Wilson, The World Encompassed: Francis Drake and His Great Voyage (New York, Harper & Row, 1977), 97.

  12 Sugden, Sir Francis Drake, 128.

  13 Fletcher, The World Encompassed, 64.

  14 “The famous voyage of Sir Francis Drake,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 11:118–19.

  15 In Hakluyt, “The famous voyage,” the latitude given is 43 degrees north (118). In Fletcher, it is 48 degrees north (64). Helen Wallis notes, “One of the most authoritative pieces of cartographic evidence, Molyneux’s terrestrial globe of 1592, supports the more northerly limit.” See her: “The Cartography of Drake’s voyages,” in Norman J.W. Thrower, Sir Francis and the Famous Voyage, 1577–1580 (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1984), 121–163: 130.

  16 Fletcher, The World Encompassed, 64; 67.

  17 Ibid., 64. Exactly where this bay lies is a matter of heated debate, although the consensus is that it is, indeed, Drake’s Bay, just north of San Francisco.

  18 Ibid., 69.

  19 “The famous voyage,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 11:121–22. Also, Fletcher, The World Encompassed, 76.

  20 “The famous voyage,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 11:122. Also, Fletcher, The World Encompassed, 77.

  21 “The famous voyage,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 11:123. Also, Fletcher, The World Encompassed, 80.

  22 “The famous voyage,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 11:123.

  23 Fletcher, The World Encompassed, 85, 89; “The famous voyage,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 11:127; Wilson, The World Encompassed, 175.

  24 Sugden, Sir Francis Drake, 128.

  25 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” October 16, 1580, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth: 1580–1586, #44, 55.

  26 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” January 9, 1581, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth: 1580–1586, #60, 73–75; 74–75.

  27 “Letter from Queen Elizabeth to Edmund Tremayne ordering that the sum of £10,000 was to be left in the hands of Francis Drake,” 22 October 1580, in Zelia Nuttall, ed. and trans., New Light on Drake. A Collection of Documents Relating to his Voyage of Circumnavigation 1577–1580 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1914), 429–30.

  28 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” January 15, 1581, in Hume, ed., CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #65, 80.

  29 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” April 6, 1581, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #77, 93–95; 95.

  30 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” July 14, 1581, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #113, 147–48.

  31 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” November 7, 1581, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #159, 208–9; 208.

  32 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” January 9, 1581, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Eli
zabeth, 1580–1586, #60, 74 (“50,000 crowns”); 75 (“300 crowns”).

  33 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” October 20, 1581, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #146, 185–90; 188, 190.

  34 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” October 16, 1580, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #44, 56.

  35 “A Proiect of a Corporatyon of Soche as Shall Venteur vnto Soche Domynions and Contreys Sytuate Bayonde The Equynoctyall Line,” in Nuttall, ed. and trans., New Light on Drake, 430.

  36 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” October 16, 1580, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #44, 55.

  37 Parker, Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014; paperback ed., 2015), 276.

  38 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” October 16, 1580, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #44, 55–56.

  39 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” February 9, 1582, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth, 1580–1586, #211, 283–85; 283.

  40 Ibid., 285.

  41 “Narrative of William Hawkins, 6 July 1583,” in E. G. R. Taylor, The Troublesome Voyage of Captain Edward Fenton 1582–1583 (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1959), 277–286; 278.

  42 “Captain Edward Fenton to Lord Treasurer Burghley,” June 29, 1583, in CSP-Colonial, East Indies, Volume 2, 1513–1616, #225, 88–89.

  43 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” October 16, 1580, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth: 1580–1586, #44, 55.

  44 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” April 20, 1582, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth: 1580–1586, #248, 340–42; 341. Also in 1582, Spain learned the full story of Drake’s commercial deal with the Sultan from Francisco de Dueñas, a spy who was sent out to learn about the Portuguese-claimed Moluccas after Philip II seized control of the Portuguese throne. See Dueñas’s report: Henry R. Wagner, Sir Francis Drake’s Voyage Around The World: Its Aims and Achievements (San Francisco: John Howell, 1926), 180.

  11. TO HEAVEN BY SEA

  1 “6 June 1582. Agreement between Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir George Peckham, and Sir Thomas Gerrard,” in David Beers Quinn, The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 2 vols. (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1940), 2:245–50; “9 June 1582. Agreement between Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir George Peckham and Sir Thomas Gerrard,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:256–57.

  2 “8 July 1582. Grant of authority by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Regarding his Rights in America, to Sir John Gilbert, Sir George Peckham and William Aucher,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:266–78; 276–77.

  3 “Sir Humphrey Gylberte to Secretary Sir Francis Walsingham,” July 11, 1581, in CSP-Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 9, Addenda 1574–1674, #12, 7–88; 7.

  4 “7 July 1582. Agreement between Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Philip Sidney,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:260–66. Sidney seems to have got involved in or before May, when Hakluyt dedicated to him Divers Voyages, the book designed to promote Gilbert’s voyage.

  5 “Don Bernardino de Mendoza to Philip II, 11 July 1582,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:278–79.

  6 “6 June 1582. Agreement between Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir George Peckham, and Sir Thomas Gerrard,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:245–50.

  7 James McDermott, “Sir George Peckham (d. 1608), colonial adventurer,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:332, 334.

  8 “Second book and offer of Sir Thomas Gerrarde and companions…,” in Hamilton, ed., CSP-Ireland, 1509–1573, #32, 428.

  9 “Don Bernardino de Mendoza to Philip II, 11 July 1582,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:278.

  10 Roger Bigelow Merriman, “Some Notes on the Treatment of English Catholics in the Reign of Elizabeth,” The American Historical Review 13, no. 3 (1908): 480–500; 493.

  11 Ibid. 494.

  12 Susan Brigden, New Worlds, Lost Worlds. The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603 (London: Penguin Books, 2001), 216.

  13 James Ellison, “‘Measure for Measure’ and the Execution of Catholics in 1604,” English Literary Renaissance 33, no. 1 (2003): 44–87; 53.

  14 For the land grants, see Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:60n (all land grants); 2:245–50 (first land grant); 2:256–57 (second land grant); 2:341–46 (third land grant). For an additional grant of 500,000 acres to Peckham: 2:250–54.

  15 “[June 1582]. Petition of Sir George Peckham and Sir Thomas Gerrard to Sir Francis Walsingham,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:255–56.

  16 “Don Bernardino de Mendoza to Philip II, 11 July 1582,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:278–279.

  17 “John Dee’s Dealings with Sir George Peckham, 16 July 1582,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:280.

  18 Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:62–64.

  19 Richard Hakluyt, “A Discourse of the Commodity of the Taking of the Straight of Magellanus,” in E. G. R. Taylor, ed., The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, 2 vols. (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1935), 1:139–46; 140.

  20 Richard Hakluyt, “The Epistle Dedicatorie in the First Edition, 1589. To the Right Honorable Sir Francis Walsingham Knight, Principall Secretarie to her Majestie, Chancellor of the Duchie of Lancaster, and one of her Majesties most honourable Privie Councell,” in Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1:xvii–xxii; xvii.

  21 Richard Hakluyt, “Epistle Dedicatorie in the First Edition, 1589,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1:xviii.

  22 Richard Hakluyt, Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America and the Islands Adjacent, ed. John Winter Jones (London: Hakluyt Society, 1850), title page (“1582”); 8 (Philip Sidney).

  23 Ibid., 8.

  24 Ibid., 9.

  25 Ibid., 8.

  26 Ibid., 18.

  27 “A letter of Sir Francis Walsingham to M. Richard Hakluyt then of Christchurch in Oxford, incouraging him in the study of Cosmographie, and of furthering new discoveries, &c,” in Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 8:131.

  28 See “8 July 1582. Grant of Authority by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Regarding His Rights in America, to Sir John Gilbert, Sir George Peckham and William Aucher,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:266–278; 274–75.

  29 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” April 26, 1582, in CSP-Spain (Simancas) Volume 3, Elizabeth: 1580–1586, #254, 349.

  30 The adventurers in Gilbert’s voyage are listed in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:329–33.

  31 As Quinn puts it: “It is safe to say that the expedition was under-capitalized,” Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 1:81–2.

  32 “Sir Humphrey Gylberte to Sec. Sir Francis Walsingham,” February 7, 1583, in CSP-Colonial: America and West Indies, vol. 9, #21, 17–18; 17.

  33 Walter Ralegh to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 16 March 1583, in Quinn, ed., Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:348.

  34 Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 228–30; Edward Hayes, “[October 1583?] Edward Hayes’ Narrative of Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s Last Expedition,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:385–423.

  35 Hayes, “Gilbert’s Last Expedition,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:396.

  36 Ibid., 2:397.

  37 Ibid., 2:402–3.

  38 See Ken MacMillan, “Sovereignty ‘More Plainly Described’: Early English Maps of North America, 1580–1625 ,” Journal of British Studies 42, no. 4 (2003): 413–47; 428.

  39 Hayes, “Gilbert’s Last Expedition,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:408.

  40 Ibid., 2:415.

  41 Ibid., 2:419.

  42 Ibid., 2:420. For the link to More, see: J. Holland Rose, “The Spirit of Adventure,” in The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume I, The Old Empire from t
he Beginnings to 1783, eds. J. Holland Rose, A. P. Newton, and E. A. Benians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929), 93–114; 107.

  43 Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. Volume II: The New World (London: Cassell & Co., 1956; paperback edition, Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), 98.

  12. WESTERN PLANTING

  1 George Peckham, “A True Reporte, Of the late discoveries, and possession, taken in the right of the Crowne of Englande, of the Newfound Landes: By that valiaunt and worthye Gentleman, Sir Humfrey Gilbert Knight,” in Quinn, The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 2:435–80.

  2 Christopher Carleill, “A Briefe and Summary Discourse upon the Intended Voyage to the Hithermost Parts of America, April 1583,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:351–64. A second edition was published in late 1583 or early 1584: David B. Quinn, ed., New American World, 5 vols. (New York: Arno Press and Hector Bye, 1979), 3:262–63. For Carleill’s deliberations with the Muscovy Company: Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:365–69.

  3 Thomas Fuller, The History of the Worthies of England: A New Edition, ed. P. Austin Nuttall, 3 vols. (London: Thomas Tegg, 1890), 2:419.

  4 Victor von Klarwill, ed., Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners Being a series of hitherto unpublished letters from the archives of the Hapsburg family. Authorized translation by Professor T.H. Nash (London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1928), 338.

  5 Robert Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia; or Observations on Queen Elizabeth, Her Times and Favourites, ed. John S. Cerovski (Washington, DC: Folger Books, 1985), 73.

  6 Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. Clark, 2: 180 (“proper”), 184 (“white satin”), 182 (“trunk of books”); Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia, 73 (“an indefatigable reader”); John Aubrey, Brief Lives by John Aubrey, ed. Richard Barber (London: The Folio Society, 1975), 265 (“loved a wench” and “up against a tree”).

  7 “[Sir Henry] Wallop to Burghley,” February 11, 1582, in Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland, of the Reign of Elizabeth, Volume II: 1574–1585, ed. Hans Claude Hamilton (London: Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer, 1867), vol. 139, #26, 349.

  8 Mark Nicholls and Penry Williams, Sir Walter Raleigh in Life and Legend (London: Continuum International Publishing, 2011), 29–30.