by John Butman
9 Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. Clark, 2:183.
10 John W. Shirley, Thomas Harriot: A Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), 51–52.
11 “Sir Edward Stafford to Walsingham,” September 29, 1583, in Calendar of State Papers Foreign: Elizabeth, Volume 18, July 1583–July 1584, ed. Sophie Crawford Lomas (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1914), #138, 117–18.
12 “Richard Hakluyt, Preacher [with Sir Edward Stafford], to Sec. Sir Francis Walsingham,” January 7, 1584, in CSP-Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 9, #31, 24; David B. Quinn, ed., The Hakluyt Handbook, 2 vols. (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1974), 1:280–84.
13 “Hakluyt to Walsingham,” January 7, 1584, in CSP-Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 9, #31, 24; Quinn, ed., Hakluyt Handbook, 1:284.
14 Richard Hakluyt, A Particular Discourse Concerning the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties That Are Like to Growe to This Realm of Englande by the Western Discoveries Lately Attempted, ed. David B. Quinn and Alison M. Quinn (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1993), 12–15. The rest of the section is based on this publication: 16–28 (“commodities”); 28–35 (“employments”); 43 (“mortally hate”); 44 (“laughing stock”); 76 (“fair”) and (“doubtful friends”).
15 “‘Articles out of Walter Raleigh’s Letters Patent,’” March 25, 1584, in Sainsbury, ed., CSP-Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 9, #33, 26.
16 Klarwill, ed., Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners, 323.
17 “Arthur Barlowe’s Discourse of the First Voyage,” in David Beers Quinn, The Roanoke Voyages 1584–1590, 2 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1955), 1:91–116; 1:94 (claimed possession); 96–7 (“goodly woods”, “reddest cedars”); 108 (“earth bringeth”). Also, David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 28–29.
18 Ibid., 1:99 (“Winganacoia”); 98 (“shirt”); 101 (“tin dish”).
19 Ibid., 1:108.
20 Ibid., 1:106 (Roanoke); 115 (“fertile”), (“goodly cedars”), (“sweet woods”).
21 David Beers Quinn, “Preparations for the 1585 Virginia Voyage,” The William and Mary Quarterly 6, no. 2 (1949): 208–36; 230. Also Simonds d’Ewes, The Journals of All the Parliaments during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (Shannon, Ire: Irish University Press, 1682), 339–341.
22 Shirley, Thomas Harriot, 100–105.
23 Ibid., 107–12; Alden T. Vaughan, “Sir Walter Ralegh’s Indian Interpreters, 1584–1618,” The William and Mary Quarterly 59, no. 2 (2002): 341–76; 347.
24 Ruth A. McIntyre, “William Sanderson: Elizabethan Financier of Discovery,” The William and Mary Quarterly 13, no. 2 (1956), 184–201; 189.
25 For Walsingham’s inheritance of Muscovy Company shares, his licenses, and his profits from Drake’s voyage: Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3 vols. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1925), 3:370–71, 381–82, 394–96.
26 Peckham, “A True Report,” in Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 2:466.
27 Anthony Bagot, cited in A. L. Rowse, Ralegh and the Throckmortons (London: Macmillan & Co., 1962), 139n1.
28 Rowse, A. L., Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge. An Elizabethan Hero (London: Jonathan Cape, 1937), 26–47; 83–112.
29 Richard Hakluyt, “Inducements to the Liking of the Voyage intended towards Virginia in 40 and 42. degrees of latitude, written 1585,” in Taylor, The Original Writings, 2:327–38; 338.
30 Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke, 23, 183–84.
31 “Ralegh on the naming of ‘Wingandacon,’” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:116–17; 117.
32 “Ralph Lane to Sir Francis Walsingham, 12 August 1585,” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1: 199–204; 201.
33 Nicholas Hilliard, cited in Kim Sloan, “Knowing John White: The Courtier’s ‘Curious and Gentle Art of Limning,’” in Kim Sloan, ed., A New World: England’s First View of America (London: British Museum Press, 2007), 23–37; 29.
34 Kim Sloan, “John White’s Watercolours of the North Carolina Algonquians,” in Sloan, ed., A New World, 107.
35 Christian F. Freest, “John White’s New World,” in Sloan, ed., A New World, 65–78; 68.
36 For Harriot’s commercial and ethnographical study: Harriot, “A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588),” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:317–87.
37 “Lane to Walsingham, 12 August 1585,” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:199 (“kingdom”); 200 (“Nature”) and (“vast and huge”); 203 (“lose,” “noble,” “worthy,” “conquest”).
38 “Ralph Lane to Sir Philip Sidney,” August 12, 1585, in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:204–6; Ralph Lane, “An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Sir Richard Greenevill under the charge of Master Ralfe Lane,” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:255–94; 273.
39 “A summarie and true discourse of sir Francis Drakes West Indian voyage, begun in the yeere 1858. Wherein were taken the cities of Sant Iago, Santo Domingo, Cartagena, and the towne of Saint Augustine in Florida; Published by M. Thomas Cates,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 10:97–134.
40 Ibid., 131.
41 Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:469.
13. PRINCIPAL NAVIGATIONS
1 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” June 9, 1586, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth: 1580–1586, #444, 583–84; 583.
2 Kenneth R. Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering during the Spanish War, 1585–1604 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), 4–5.
3 “Bernardino de Mendoza to the King,” November 8, 1586, in CSP-Spain (Simancas), Volume 3, Elizabeth: 1580–1586, #503, 648–50; 649.
4 Mark Nicholls and Penry Williams, Sir Walter Raleigh in Life and Legend (London: Continuum International Publishing, 2011), 32.
5 “Lord Deputy Perrot to the Privy Council,” January 31, 1585/6, in Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1586–1588, July, ed. Hans Claude Hamilton (London: Longman & Co., 1877), vol. 122, #59, 16–19; 16, 17.
6 “Note of the profit and advancement that may grow to the younger houses of English gentlemen by planting in Munster,” December 1585, in CSP-Ireland, 1574–1585, vol. 121, #61, 590.
7 “Mr. George Carew to [Walsyngham],” February 27, 1585/6, in CSP-Ireland, 1586–1588, July, vol. 122, #86, 33.
8 David B. Quinn, Ralegh and the British Empire (Harmondsworth: Pelican Books, 1973), 106–7.
9 “20 February 1591. The Case of the Cape Merchant, Thomas Harvey,” in Quinn, The Roanoke Voyages, 1:232–34.
10 Harriot, “A Briefe and True Reporte,” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:322–23.
11 Lane, “An account,” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:256–57, 273–75.
12 “22 February 1587. Dedication by Richard Hakluyt to Raleigh,” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 2:514–15.
13 “The fourth voyage made to Virginia with three ships, in the yere 1587. Wherein was transported the second Colonie,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 8:386–402; 386.
14 Ibid., 391.
15 “John White’s Narrative of His Voyuage” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 2:533 (“great discredit”); 2:534 (“stuff and goods”); 2:535 (“extreme intreating”).
16 “A briefe relation of the notable service performed by Sir Francis Drake upon the Spanish Fleete prepared in the Road of Cadiz… in the yeere 1587,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 6:438–43; 438.
17 Ibid., 439.
18 De Lamar Jensen, “The Spanish Armada: The Worst-Kept Secret in Europe,” The Sixteenth Century Journal 19, no. 4 (1988): 621–41; 636.
19 Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 2:567.
20 Susan Brigden, New World, Lost Worlds. The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603 (London: Penguin Books, 2001), 291.
21 “Gold and Ruby Salamander Pendant,” in the Ulster Museum Collections, World Cultures; National Museums of Northern Ireland, 2014, https://nmni.com/um/Collections/World-Cultures
/The-Armada-Collection .
22 Roy Strong, Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (London: Thames & Hudson, 1987), 131–33.
23 Neil MacGregor, Shakespeare’s Restless World (London: Allen Lane, 2013), 16.
24 Hakluyt, “The Epistle Dedicatorie in the First Edition, 1589: To the Right Honorable Sir Francis Walsingham,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1:xviii–xix.
25 “Richard Hakluyt to the favourable Reader,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1:xxiii–xxiv.
26 Quinn, Hakluyt Handbook, 1:289 (Spanish soldier: July 1586); 290 (Ralegh: December 1586; Grenville: 1596–9); 294–5 (Spanish and Portuguese documents, c. 1587 and after); 302 (Frobisher: c. 1589; Jenkinson, c. 1589; Butts: c. 1589).
27 Ibid., 265–331; 313.
28 Hakluyt, “The Epistle Dedicatorie,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1:xix.
29 Quinn, Hakluyt Handbook, 1:101–3.
30 Hakluyt, “The Epistle Dedicatorie,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1:xxii.
31 Quinn, Hakluyt Handbook, 1:226–27.
32 E.K. Chambers, William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems, vol. 1 (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), 270.
33 Hakluyt, “The Epistle Dedicatorie,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1:xx.
34 “7 March 1589. Agreement between Sir Walter Raleigh, Thomas Smythe etc., and John White etc, for the continuance of the City of Raleigh venture,” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 2:569–76.
35 Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke, 311–12.
36 “To the Worshipful and my very friend Master Richard Hakluyt,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 8:404–6; 405.
37 “The fifth voyage of M. John White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 8:406–22; 414.
38 Ibid., 416 (“curiously carved,” “fair Roman letters,” “secret token,” “signify the place”); 418 (“the place where Manteo”); 417 (“a Cross,” “taken down”); 418 (“torn from the covers,” “almost eaten through,” “goods”).
39 On White living on Ralegh’s Ireland estate, see Nicholas Canny, “Raleigh’s Ireland,” in H. G. Jones, ed., Raleigh and Quinn: The Explorer and His Boswell (Chapel Hill: North Caroliniana Society, 1987), 87–101; 95.
40 [White], “To the Worshipful,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 8:404–6.
14. THE OLD EAST AND THE NEW WEST
1 Stowe, Annales, or a General Chronicle of England (London, 1631), 766, 769, 770. Also, Guy, Elizabeth, 193, 195, 199.
2 George Bruner Parks, Richard Hakluyt and the English Voyages (New York: The American Geographical Society of New York, 1928), 124–45; 174n4. Also Quinn, Hakluyt Handbook, xxv; 101–3.
3 Pauline Croft, “The Reputation of Robert Cecil: Libels, Political Opinion and Popular Awareness in the Early Seventeenth Century,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1 (1991): 43–69; 46.
4 Pauline Croft, “Can a Bureaucrat Be a Favourite?,” in J. Elliott and L. Brockliss, eds., The World of the Favourite, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 81–95; 94n9.
5 Richard Hakluyt, “The Epistle Dedicatorie in the Second Volume of the Second Edition, 1599: To the Right Honorable Sir Robert Cecil Knight, principall Secretarie to her Majestie, master of the Court of Wardes and Liveries, and one of her Majesties most honourable privie Counsell,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, Voyages, 1:lxxiii.
6 Ibid., 1:lxxii.
7 “Certain Reesons why the English Merchants may trade into the East Indies, especially to such rich kingdoms and dominions as are not subject to the kinge of Spayne & Portugal: together with the true limits of the Portugals conquest & Jurisdiction in those oriental parts,” in Taylor, The Original Writings, 2:465–68.
8 Adams, Simon. “Elizabeth I and the Sovereignty of the Netherlands 1576–1585,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 4 (2004): 309–19.
9 Claudia Schurmann, “‘Wherever profit leads us, to every sea and shore…’: The VOC, the WIC, and Dutch Methods of Globalization in the Seventeenth Century,” Renaissance Studies 17, no. 3 (2003): 474–93; 477.
10 William Foster, England’s Quest of Eastern Trade (London: A&C Black, 1933), 142–44.
11 Henry Stevens and George Birdwood, eds., The Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies As Recorded in the Court Minutes of the East India Company, 1599–1603 (London: Henry Stevens & Son, 1886), 1–7.
12 Kenneth R. Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering During the Spanish War, 1585–1603 (1964; repr., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 218, 128.
13 Stevens and Birdwood, eds., The Dawn of British Trade, 5.
14 Ibid., 8.
15 Ibid., 10–11.
16 Alfred P. Beaven, “Chronological List of Aldermen: 1501–1600,” in The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III–1912 (London: Corporation of the City of London, 1908), 20–47.
17 Willan, Early History of the Russia Company, 286; Alfred C. Wood, A History of the Levant Company (London: Routledge, 2013), appendix 4.
18 “Colemanstreete warde,” in Stow, A Survey of London, 1:276–285; 283. Foster, England’s Quest for Eastern Trade, 148; Stevens and Birdwood, eds., The Dawn of British Trade, 62. For Smythe: Basil Morgan, “Sir Thomas Smythe (c.1558–1625), merchant,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
19 “A Priviledge for fifteene yeeres granted by her Majestie to certaine Adventurers, for the discoverie of the Trade for the East-Indies, the one and thirtieth of December, 1600,” in Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, 2:366–91; 368.
20 Stevens and Birdwood, eds., The Dawn of British Trade, 123–24; Richard Hakluyt, “The chief places where sundry sorte of spices do growe in the East Indies, gathered out of sundry the best and latest authours,” in Taylor, The Original Writing, 2:476–82.
21 “The first Voyage made to East-India by Master James Lancaster, now Knight, for the merchants of London, Anno 1600. With foure tall Shippes, (to wit) the Dragon, the Hector, the Ascension and Susan, and a Victualler called the Guest,” in Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, 2:392–437; 393.
22 K. R. Andrews, “Christopher Newport of Limehouse, Mariner,” The William and Mary Quarterly 11, no. 1 (1954), 28–41; 32.
23 Cited in Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 444.
24 Hakluyt, “The Episte Dedicatorie… to Sir Robert Cecil,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1:lxvii.
25 Ibid., 1:lxvi–lxvii.
26 “A briefe Note of the sending another barke this present yeere 1602. by the honorable knight, Sir Walter Ralegh for the searching out of his Colonie in Virginia,” in David Beers Quinn and Alison M. Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 1602–1608, (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1983), 166–67.
27 For Gosnold’s privateering: David S. Ransome, “Bartholomew Gosnold (d. 1607), sea captain and explorer,” in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Also, Warner F. Gookin, Bartholomew Gosnold. Discoverer and Planter. New England, 1602. Virginia, 1607, completed by Philip L. Barbour (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1963).
28 William Strachey, The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania (1612), by William Strachey, gent, ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia Freund (London: Hakluyt Society, 1951), 150.
29 “The Relation of John de Verrazzano a Florentine 1524,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 8:423–38. The word “refugio” appears in a handwritten footnote. See “The Written Record of the Voyage of 1524 of Giovanni da Verrazzano” as recorded in a letter to Francis I, King of France, July 8th, 1524. Adapted from a translation by Susan Tarrow of the Cellere Codex, in Lawrence C. Wroth, ed., The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–1528 (Yale, 1970), 133–43.
30 “7 September 1602. Bartholomew Gosnold to Anthony Gosnold,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 208–11.
31 There are two accounts of the voyage: Gabriel Archer, “The Relation of Captaine Gosnolds Voyage to the North Part of Virginia… delivered by Gabriel Archer, a Gent
leman of the said voyage,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 114–38; and John Brereton, “A Briefe and Trve Relation of the Discoverie of the North Part of Virginia… made this present yeere 1602, By Captaine Bartholomew Gosnold…,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 143–59.
32 Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 146 (“basks”); 158 (“how now Sirrah” and “scholar”). Archer in ibid., 117 (“Christian words”).
33 See Bruce J. Bourque and Ruth Holmes Whitehead, “Tarrentines and the Introduction of European Trade Goods in the Gulf of Maine,” Ethnohistory 32, no. 4 (1985): 327–41.
34 Brereton, “A Briefe and Trve Relation,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 147.
35 Ibid., 150.
36 Ibid., 150–51, 156.
37 Archer, “Captaine Gosnolds Voyage,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 134.
38 Ibid., 135–38.
39 “21 August 1602. Sir Walter Ralegh to Sir Robert Cecil” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 205–8.
40 Ibid., 206.
41 J. Worth Estes, “The European Reception of the First Drugs from the New World,” Pharmacy in History 37, no. 1 (1995): 3–23; 8.
42 Harriot, “A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588),” in Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 1:329.
43 Estes, “The European Reception,” 8.
44 David B. Quinn, “Thomas Hariot [sic] and the Virginia Voyages of 1602,” The William and Mary Quarterly 27, no. 2 (1970): 268–21; 278.
45 Brereton, “A Briefe and Trve Relation,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 159.
46 Raleigh Trevelyan, Sir Walter Raleigh: Being a True and Vivid Account of the Life and Times of the Explorer, Soldier, Scholar, Poet, and Courtier—The Controversial Hero of the Elizabethan Age (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), 357–65.
47 “The Letters Patent, Granted by the Queenes Majestie to M. Walter Raleigh…,” in Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 8:289–96.
15. TWO VIRGINIAS
1 “A Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Alliance between Philip the III. King of Spain, and the Archduke and Archduchess Albert and Isabella on the one side, and James the I. King of England on the other side. Made in the Year 1604,” in A General Collection of Treatys, Manifesto’s, Contracts of Marriage, Renunciations, and other Publick Papers, from the Year 1495, to the Year 1712, vol. 2 (London: J. J. and P. Knapton, J. Darby et al., 1732), 131–46; 131.