by John Butman
42 “A Letter from the Councill and Company of the honourable Plantation in Virginia to the Lord Mayor, Alderman and Companies of London,” [Before March 20, 1609], in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:252–53.
43 “The precept of the Lord Mayor of London to the London Companies,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:254.
44 “An assembly of the persons hereunder named holden the xxiiiith of September 1599,” in Stevens and Birdwood, eds., The Dawn of British Trade, 7.
45 Johnson, Nova Britannia, in Quinn, ed., New American World, 5:246.
46 Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:209–28.
47 “Pedro de Zúñiga to Philip III, March 5, 1609,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:243–47; 245–56.
48 Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:206–7.
49 Francis Bacon, “On Plantations,” in his The Essays, ed. with an introduction by John Pitcher (London: Penguin Books, 1987), 162. For his role in drafting the second charter: Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:207.
18. A STAKE IN THE GROUND
1 “Pedro de Zúñiga to Philip III, March 5, 1609,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States 1:243–47; 244; “Virginia Council. ‘Instructions, Orders and Constitucions… To Sir Thomas Gates Knight Governor of Virginia.’ May 1609,” in Samuel M. Bemiss, The Three Charters of the Virginia Company of London, with Seven Related Documents: 1606–1621 (1957; reprint, Baltimore: Clearfield Company, 2007), 55–69; 60.
2 Horn, A Land As God Made It, 305n1.
3 “A Letter of M. Gabriel Archer, touching the voyage of the fleet of ships, which arrived at Virginia, without Sir Tho. Gates and Sir George Summers, 1609 [Aug. 31, 1609],” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:328–32; 331.
4 George Percy, “Trewe Relacyon,” in Mark Nicholls, “George Percy’s ‘Trewe Relacyon’: A Primary Source for the Jamestown Settlement,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113, no. 3 (2005): 212–75; 246.
5 Smith, “The Generall Historie of Virginia,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 2:223.
6 “A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation begun in Virginia,” December 14, 1609, in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:338–52; 347.
7 Susan Myra Kingsbury, ed., The Records of the Virginia Company of London, 4 vols. (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1933), 3: 89; J. Frederick Fausz, “Thomas West, third Baron De La Warr (1577–1618), colonial governor,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
8 “Virginia Council. ‘Instructions, Orders and Constitucions… To… Sir Thomas West, Knight, Lord La Warr.’ 1609/10?,” in Bemiss, The Three Charters, 70–75.
9 “Instructions for such things as are to be sente from Virginia. 1610,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:384–86.
10 “Virginia Council. ‘Instructions, Orders and Constitucions’” (Thomas West), in Bemiss, The Three Charters, 72.
11 “22 June 1607. Letter from the Council in Virginia,” in Barbour, ed. The Jamestown Voyages, 1:79.
12 “Virginia Council. ‘Instructions, Orders and Constitucions’” (Thomas West), in Bemiss, The Three Charters, 73.
13 Percy, “Trewe Relacyon,” in Mark Nicholls, “George Percy’s ‘Trewe Relacyon,’” 248.
14 Ibid., 249.
15 William Strachey, “A true reportory of the wracke and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight; upon, and from, the Ilands of the Bermudas: his coming to Virginia, and the estate of that Colonie then, and after, under the government of Lord La Warre, July 15. 1610,” in Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, 19:5–72; 5 (“tempest”); 6 (“darkness”); 8 (“all that I had,” and “candles”).
16 Ibid., 13. Also Horn, A Land As God Made It, 159.
17 Wesley Frank Craven, “An Introduction to the History of Bermuda,” Part I, The William and Mary Quarterly 17, no. 2 (1937): 176–215; 182.
18 Strachey, “A true reportory,” in Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, 19:23.
19 Ibid., 25–32.
20 Louis B. Wright, A Voyage to Virginia in 1609. Two Narratives. Strachey’s “True Reportory” and Jourdain’s “Discovery of the Bermudas,” rev. ed. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013), xviii–xix.
21 “A circular Letter of his Majestie’s Counsil for Virginia,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:463–65.
22 “Resolution of the States General, granting leave of absence to Captain Dale. Thursday 20th January 1611,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:446.
23 J. Frederick Fausz, “Thomas West, third Baron De La Warr (1577–1618), colonial governor,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
24 Basil Morgan, “Sir Thomas Dale (d. 1619), soldier and administrator,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
25 William Strachey, For the Colony in Virginia Britannia: Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall &c (London: W. Burre, 1612), in Tracts And Other Papers relating principally to the Origin, Settlement and Progress of the Colonies in North America from the Discovery of the Country to 1776. Collected by Peter Force. Volume III (Washington, DC: WM. Q. Force, 1844), No. 2; Horn, A Land As God Made It, 182, 196.
26 “Sir Thomas Dale to the Earl of Salisbury, August 17th, 1611,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:501–8; 503, 505.
27 “Virginia Council. ‘Instructions, Orders and Constitucions’” (Thomas Gates), in Bemiss, The Three Charters, 59–60. Dale was fulfilling the Council’s original instructions to Gates.
28 Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of the Present Estate of Virginia. Reprinted from the London edition, 1615, with an introduction by A. L. Rowse (Richmond: The Virginia State Library, 1957), 30.
29 “Pedro de Zúñiga to Philip III, 5 March 1609,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:246.
30 For the advertisement for the first national lottery, see see “The Great Lottery, 1567,” http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item102765.html.
31 Robert C. Johnson, “The Lotteries of the Virginia Company, 1612–1621,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 74, no. 3 (1966): 259–92; 261; Three Proclamations concerning the lottery for Virginia 1613–1621 (Boston: Merrymount Press, 1907), 1–2.
32 [Robert Johnson], The New Life of Virginea: Declaring the former Successe and present estate of that plantation, being the second part of Nova Britannia. Published by the authoritie of his Maiesties Counsell of Virginea (London: n.p., 1612).
33 Three Proclamations concerning the lottery for Virginia 1613–1621, 2.
34 Ibid., 3.
35 Sir Thomas Dale to Sir Thomas Smith, June 1613, in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 2:639–40.
36 Ibid., 639.
37 Horn, A Land As God Made It, 233.
38 Hamor, A True Discourse, 24.
39 Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 2:772.
40 Kupperman, The Jamestown Project, 280.
41 John Rolfe to Sir Thomas Dale, n.d., in Hamor, A True Discourse, 61–68; 63.
42 “Of the Lottery: Sir Thomas Dales returne: the Spaniards in Virginia. Of Pocahantas and Tomocomo: Captaine Yerdley and Captaine Argoll (both since Knighted) their Government; the Lord La-Warrs death, and other occurrents till Anno 1619,” in Purchas, Hakluyt Posthumus, 19:116–22; 119.
43 Horn, A Land As God Made It, 234.
44 R. Ravin-Heart, Before Van Riebeck: Callers at South Africa from 1488 to 1651 (Cape Town: C. Struik [PTY.] Ltd., 1967), 72.
45 Wesley Frank Craven, Dissolution of the Virginia Company. The Failure of a Colonial Experiment (Oxford University Press, 1932; repr., 1964), 39.
46 K. N. Chaudhuri, The English East India Company. The Study of an Early Joint Stock Company 1600–1640 (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1965), 209.
47 Rolfe, A True Relation, 38–39.
48 The Council for Virginia, “A Brief Declaration from the Virginia Company (1616),”
in Brown, The Genesis of the United States, 2:774–79; 779.
49 Rolfe, A True Relation, 41, 39, 34.
50 The Council for Virginia, “A Brief Declaration,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 2:777.
51 Hamor, A True Discourse, 17.
52 Ibid., 16–17.
53 Craven, The Dissolution of the Virginia Company, 35.
54 The Council for Virginia, “A Brief Declaration,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 2:778.
55 “Virginia Company. Instructions to George Yeardley. (Sometimes called “The Great Charter”). November 18, 1618,” in Bemiss, The Three Charters, 95–108.
56 Ibid., 98, 106.
57 Peter Wilson Coldham, Bonded Passengers to America. Two Volumes in One (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1983), 120.
58 “Virginia Company. Instructions to George Yeardley,” in Bemiss, The Three Charters, 95, 123.
59 Bemiss, The Three Charters, vi.
19. A WEIGHTY VOYAGE
1 William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. and with notes and an introduction by Samuel Eliot Morison (New York: Random House, Modern Library, 1952), 47.
2 William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 31 and n4. The text of the Seven Articles is reprinted in George Bancroft, ed., The Seven Articles from the Church of Leyden 1617 with an introductory letter by George Bancroft (New York: From the Collections of the New York Historical Society, Second Series, Volume 3, n.d.), 9–10.
3 Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and Their World: A New History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 172.
4 A summary of the law and the debate surrounding it can be found in Simonds d’Ewes, “Journal of the House of Commons: April 1593,” in The Journals of All the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1682), 513–21.
5 Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana: or, the Ecclesiastical History of New-England. Book 2, Containing the Lives of the Governours, and Names of the Magistrates of New-England (1702; repr. Hartford: Silas Andrus, 1820), 101.
6 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 10.
7 James Howell, cited in Henry M. Dexter, English Exiles in Amsterdam, 1597–1625 (Cambridge: John Wilson and Son, the University Press, 1890), 4.
8 Bunker, Making Haste, 215.
9 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 27.
10 Ibid., 25.
11 Ibid., 29.
12 George F. Willison, Saints and Strangers: Being the Lives of the Pilgrim Fathers & Their Families, with The Friends & Foes; & an Account of Their Posthumous Wanderings in Limbo, Their Final Resurrection & Rise to Glory, & the Strange Pilgrimages of Plymouth Rock (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1945), 107–8.
13 Ibid., 32–33.
14 Bunker, Making Haste, 29. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 30n3. For a complete biography of Naunton, see Roy E. Schreiber, The Political Career of Sir Robert Naunton 1589-1635 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1981).
15 Willison, Saints and Strangers, 108.
16 Ibid., 109.
17 “Robert Cushman to the Leyden Congregation May 8, 1619,” in Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 356.
18 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 29n2, 34n8.
19 Willison, Saints and Strangers, 111.
20 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 34n8.
21 In earlier days, interlopers acted on their own in violation of the rights of the Merchant Adventurers. By this time, however, an interloper acted with permission to trade in certain commodities and routes, for a royalty.
22 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 38.
23 Smith, “The General Historie of Virginia,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 2:473; Ruth A. McIntyre, Debts Hopeful and Desperate. Financing the Plymouth Colony (Plymouth, MA: Plimouth Plantation, 1963), 19. McIntyre estimates the amount raised “to cover the expedition’s costs” at between twelve and fifteen hundred pounds.
24 Bunker, Making Haste, 259.
25 Ibid., 668.
26 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 39n6.
27 Ibid., 29n2.
28 Ibid., 38.
29 Smith mentions “a few Marchants” in his Description (Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:323), but adds that the voyage was “at the charge” of four people (Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 2:400) in his Generall Historie, published 1624. These were: Captain Marmaduke Roydon, Captain George Langman, Master John Buley, and Master William Skelton. Brown profiles only Roydon as a “great adventurer” to many parts of the world. Brown, The Genesis of the United States, 1:988.
30 Barbour, The Complete Works, 2:400 (value of cargo). “Advertisements For the Experienced Planters of New-England, or any where,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 3: 253–304; writing about and mapping the territory, 278.
31 Richard Arthur Preston, Gorges of Plymouth Fort: A Life of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Captain of Plymouth Fort, Governor of New England, and Lord of the Province of Maine (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, in cooperation with the Royal Military College of Canada, 1953), 158–59.
32 John Smith, “A Description of New England, by Captaine John Smith,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:323–61; 324.
33 John Smith, “The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captaine John Smith,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 3:123–251; 221.
34 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 38–39.
35 Ibid., 36–39.
36 Ibid. There has been much scholarly debate about the Pilgrims’ plan and intended destination. Morison is not convinced they intended to go to New England, even though the majority said they favored that destination, because they did not have the patent to go there (39n7).
37 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 40–41.
38 Willison, Saints and Strangers, 116.
39 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 52n1, 28.
40 Willison, Saints and Strangers, 128; 138.
41 Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History: Settlements, 4 vols. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1934; repr., 1964), 1:331n2.
42 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 120–21.
FORGOTTEN FOUNDERS
1 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 90n8.
2 “Plymouth Oration, December 22, 1820,” in William S. Kartalopoulos (curator), “Daniel Webster: Dartmouth’s Favorite Son: A Hypertext Exhibit on the World Wide Web,” Dartmouth College, https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dwebster/speeches/plymouth-oration.html.
3 Peter J. Gomes, “Pilgrims and Puritans: ‘Heroes’ and ‘Villains’ in the Creation of the American Past,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 95 (1983): 1–16; 2.
4 Gomes, “Pilgrims and Puritans,” 12.
5 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Olivier Zunz and trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: The Library of America, 2004), 35–37.
6 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 23–25.
7 Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War (New York: Penguin, 2006), 7.
8 Kenneth B. Murdock, “The Pilgrims’ Progress,” New York Times Book Review, September 28, 1952, 15. This review is of the Morison edition published by Alfred A. Knopf.
9 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Courtship of Miles Standish (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1910), 64 (Plymouth Rock); 24 (“patient, courageous, strong”); 30 (“modest”); 42 (“great of heart”); 38 (“tender and trusting”); 42 (“noble and generous”); 54 (“austere”).
10 Edward L. Tucker, “Longfellow’s ‘The Courtship of Miles Standish’: Some Notes and Two Early Versions,” Studies in the American Renaissance (1985): 285–321; 292.
11 For a useful overview of the Thanksgiving holiday: Edwin T. Greninger, “Thanksgiving: An American Holiday,” Social Science 54, no. 1 (1979): 3–15.
12 Andrew F. Smith, “N.Y.’s place in Thanksgiving Lore: How Goth
am Is as Central to Our Modern Conception of the Holiday as New England,” New York Daily News, November 25, 2015.
13 Anne Blue Wills, “Pilgrims and Progress: How Magazines Made Thanksgiving,” Church History 72, no. 1 (2003): 138–58; 144.
14 Elizabeth Pleck, “The Making of the Domestic Occasion: The History of Thanksgiving in the United States,” Journal of Social History 32, no. 4 (1999): 773–89; 775.
15 For a discussion of the interpretation of the Pilgrim story, see Wills, “Pilgrims and Progress,” 145; 142.
16 Joseph Hunter, Collections Concerning the Church of Congregation of Protestant Separatists Formed at Scrooby in North Nottinghamshire, in the Time of King James I (London: John Russell Smith, 1854), 2.
17 Abraham Lincoln, “Proclamation 106—Thanksgiving Day, 1863,” October 3, 1863. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=69900.
18 Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Bedford MA: Applewood Books in cooperation with Plimoth Plantation, 1963), 17–18.
19 Pleck, “The Making of the Domestic Occasion,” 779–80.
20 Ibid., 780.
21 Lawrence Willson, “Another View of the Pilgrims,” The New England Quarterly 34, no. 2 (1961): 160–77; 173.
22 Michelle Tirado, “The Wampanoag Side of the First Thanksgiving,” Indian Country Today, November 23, 2011, https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/the-wampanoag-side-of-the-first-thanksgiving-story/.
23 Mark Twain, “Plymouth Rock and the Pilgrims: 22 December 1881,” in Mark Twain’s Speeches, with an Introduction by William Dean Howells (New York: Harper Brothers, 1910), 17–24.
24 Willison, Saints and Strangers, vi.
25 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, xii.
26 Philbrick, Mayflower, xi.
27 Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia. A New Edition (Richmond, Virginia: J. W. Randolph, 1853), 194 (Cabot), 192 (Ralegh).
28 Ibid., 118.
29 N. S. B. Gras and Henrietta M. Larson, Casebook in American Business History (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1939), frontispiece; 29–45.