14 The Bosnian Crisis: Confrontation between Russia and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans
1. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 196. 2. Diószegi, Hungarians in the Ballhausplatz, 197–200. 3. Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 63, 237. 4. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. I, 372. 5. Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 248–51. 6. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 290. 7. Wank, ‘Aehrenthal’s Programme’, 520–22. 8. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass; see, for example, 385–8. 9. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 371. 10. Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 217. 11. Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 57. 12. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 95. 13. Czernin, In the World War, 50. 14. Williamson, ‘Influence, Power, and the Policy Process’, 431. 15. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 97. 16. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 279; Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 189–90. 17. Diószegi, Hungarians in the Ballhausplatz, 200. 18. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 597–8; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 149–50. 19. Stevenson, Armaments, 82. 20. Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 240; Jelavich and Jelavich, The Establishment, 255–6. 21. Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 239n53. 22. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 774. 23. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 65. 24. Baernreither and Redlich, Fragments, 21–2. 25. Ibid., 35, 44. 26. Ibid., 43–4. 27. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 449–52. 28. Ibid., 599. 29. Bridge, ‘Isvolsky, Aehrenthal’, 326. 30. Bridge, ‘The Entente Cordiale’, 341. 31. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 433. 32. Baernreither and Redlich, Fragments, 37. 33. Bridge, ‘Isvolsky, Aehrenthal’, 326. 34. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 298–9. 35. Lee, Europe’s Crucial Years, 326. 36. McDonald, United Government, 127. 37. Cooper, ‘British Policy in the Balkans’, 262. 38. Taube, La Politique russe d’avant-guerre, 185–7; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 200; Lee, Europe’s Crucial Years, 184–5. 39. Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 225. 40. Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 147–8. 41. Reynolds, Shattering Empires, 22. 42. Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 77; Bridge, ‘Isvolsky, Aehrenthal’, 332–3. 43. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 419. 44. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. I, 373. 45. Bridge, ‘Isvolsky, Aehrenthal’, 334; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 121–2. 46. Bridge, ‘Isvolsky, Aehrenthal’, 335. 47. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 419. 48. Bridge, ‘Isvolsky, Aehrenthal’, 334. 49. Ibid., 339. 50. McMeekin, The Russian Origins, 225. 51. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 437. 52. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 144. 53. McDonald, United Government, 136–51. 54. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 435–6. 55. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. I, 373, 379–80; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 287. 56. Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 296. 57. Steed, Through Thirty Years, 308–14. 58. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 624. 59. Sweet, ‘The Bosnian Crisis’, 178–9. 60. Eby, The Road to Armageddon, 151. 61. Otte, ‘Almost a Law of Nature?’, 92. 62. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 149–50. 63. Menning, ‘Dress Rehearsal for 1914?’, 8. 64. Ibid., 11–15. 65. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. I, 374. 66. Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, vol. III, 78. 67. Stevenson, Armaments, 115–16. 68. Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, vol. III, 93; Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 241–2. 69. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 137. 70. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 123–5; Stevenson, Armaments, 116. 71. Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 124–5, 221–2. 72. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 628. 73. Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 168. 74. Stevenson, Armaments, 117–18, 125–6. 75. Turner, ‘Role of the General Staffs’, 306; Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 629. 76. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 439. 77. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 91. 78. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 118–19. 79. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 142. 80. McDonald, United Government, 141–4; Lee, Europe’s Crucial Years, 193–4. 81. Sweet, ‘The Bosnian Crisis’, 183–4; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 215. 82. Sweet, ‘The Bosnian Crisis’, 182–3; Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 169. 83. Menning, ‘Dress Rehearsal for 1914?’, 7. 84. BD, vol. V, 576, p. 603. 85. Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 81. 86. Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 263. 87. Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 655. 88. Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 224. 89. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 99. 90. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 438. 91. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 174. 92. Carter, The Three Emperors, 371. 93. Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 305. 94. Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 755–64. 95. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 96. 96. Stevenson, Armaments, 122; Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 295. 97. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 726. 98. Fellner, ‘Die “Mission Hoyos”’, 115. 99. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 131. 100. Lieven, Nicholas II, 193–4. 101. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 131. 102. Grey, Twenty-five Years, vol. I, 182. 103. Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 37. 104. Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 470. 105. Stevenson, Armaments, 136. 106. Cooper, ‘British Policy in the Balkans’, 261. 107. Stevenson, Armaments, 131–3; Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, vol. III, 77. 108. Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 244; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 33; Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 46–50; Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 253. 109. Cooper, ‘British Policy in the Balkans’, 279.
15 1911: The Year of Discords – Morocco Again
1. Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 1–2. 2. Mortimer, ‘Commercial Interests and German Diplomacy’, 454. 3. Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 2; Cecil, Albert Ballin, 178; Massie, Dreadnought, 725–7. 4. Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 141; Fischer, War of Illusions, 74–5. 5. Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 31–2. 6. Keiger, ‘Jules Cambon’, 642–3; Keiger, France and the Origins, 31–3. 7. Hewitson, ‘Germany and France’, 591. 8. Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 94. 9. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. III, 12. 10. Cecil, Albert Ballin, 122–3. 11. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 16. 12. Ibid., 43. 13. Ibid., 29n34. 14. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. III, 19. 15. Cecil, Albert Ballin, 122–3. 16. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 68. 17. Ibid., 25–7. 18. Ibid., 27–9. 19. Ibid., 122. 20. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 422. 21. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 509. 22. Rathenau and von Strandmann, Walther Rathenau, 134. 23. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 121. 24. Spitzemberg, Das Tagebuch, 545. 25. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 464. 26. Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 310–12. 27. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 123. 28. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 160. 29. Allain, Joseph Caillaux, 371–7. 30. Hewitson, ‘Germany and France’, 592–4. 31. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 143. 32. Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 127–8. 33. Stevenson, Armaments, 183. 34. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 124; Mommsen, ‘Domestic Factors’, 23. 35. Crampton, ‘August Bebel and the British’, 221–2. 36. Keiger, France and the Origins, 35. 37. Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 64–5. 38. Ibid., 60. 39. Ibid. 40. Keiger, ‘Jules Cambon’, 646; Keiger, France and the Origins, 35. 41. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 153. 42. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 75. 43. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 321. 44. Rose, King George V, 165–6. 45. Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 664. 46. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 318. 47. Wilson, ‘The Agadir Crisis’, 514–15; Dockrill, ‘British Policy’, 274–5. 48. BD, vol. VII, 392, pp. 371–3. 49. The Times, 22 July 1911. 50. Redlich, Schicksalsjahre Österreichs, 95–6. 51. Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 145; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 313–14. 52. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, vol. I, 97–8. 53. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 244–6. 54. Eubank, Paul Cambon, 139; Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 61. 55. Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 99–100. 56. Riezler, Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente, 180. 57. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 124. 58. Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 135. 59. Fischer, War of Illusions, 83. 60. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 70n1. 61. Rathenau and von Strandmann, Walther Rathenau, 157. 62. Eubank, Paul Cambon, 141. 63. Grey, Twenty-five Years, vol. I, 233. 64. Stieve, Der diplomatische Schriftwechsel Iswolskis, 194–5. 65. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 79–80. 66. Ibid., 8
0–81. 67. Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 68. 68. Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 21–9. 69. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 217–21. 70. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 124. 71. Beyens, Germany before the War, 61. 72. Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 148. 73. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 291. 74. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 125. 75. Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 172. 76. Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 852–9. 77. Röhl, ‘Admiral von Müller’, 656. 78. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 81–2; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 131. 79. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 161–6. 80. Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 57. 81. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 342. 82. Bosworth, ‘Britain and Italy’s Acquisition’, 683. 83. Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 10. 84. Ibid., 38–9. 85. Gooch, ‘Italy before 1915’, 222. 86. Ibid., 225–8. 87. Ibid., 206. 88. Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 6–8; Gooch, ‘Italy before 1915’, 216–17. 89. Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 34. 90. Ibid., 36. 91. Gooch, ‘Italy before 1915’, 209. 92. BD, vol. IX, part 1, 257, pp. 289–91. 93. BD, vol. IX, part 1, 241, pp. 278–9. 94. Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 143–4. 95. Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 58–62. 96. BD, vol. IX, part 1, 250, p. 284. 97. Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 35. 98. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 346; Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 144–5. 99. BD, vol. VII, 763, pp. 788–9.
16 The First Balkan Wars
1. Cambon, Correspondance, vol. III, 7. 2. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 357. 3. Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 360–61. 4. Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 105. 5. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 232. 6. Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 72. 7. Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 179–80. 8. Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 110. 9. Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 34–5. 10. Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 80. 11. BD, vol. IX, part 1, 249, pp. 283–4. 12. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 29–30. 13. Ibid., 32–3. 14. Ibid., 33. 15. Thaden, Russia and the Balkan Alliance, 27–8. 16. Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 38–9. 17. Ibid., 45. 18. Ibid., 80–81. 19. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 62–4, 67. 20. BD, vol. IX, part 1, 570, p. 568. 21. Fischer, War of Illusions, 150. 22. BD, vol. IX, part 2, 5, pp. 3–4. 23. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 141–5. 24. Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 65–6. 25. Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 79. 26. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 203–4. 27. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 92. 28. Thaden, Russia and the Balkan Alliance, 116–17; Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 231. 29. Thaden, Russia and the Balkan Alliance, 118; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 412–13. 30. Ignat’ev, Vneshniaia Politika Rossii, 1907–1914, 141. 31. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 328–9. 32. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 92. 33. Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 203. 34. Bodger, ‘Russia and the End’, 84. 35. Thaden, Russia and the Balkan Alliance, 132. 36. Bodger, ‘Russia and the End’, 79. 37. Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 85. 38. Sazonov, Fateful Years, 49–50; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 234n. 39. Taube, La Politique russe d’avant-guerre, 225–7. 40. Sazonov, Fateful Years, 54. 41. BD, vol. IX, part 1, 711, pp. 683–5; Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 154–5. 42. Sazonov, Fateful Years, 78. 43. Ibid., 80. 44. Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 102. 45. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 119. 46. Ibid., 484–5. 47. Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 178. 48. Vermes, Istv’an Tisza, 199. 49. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 246. 50. Csáky, Vom Geachteten zum Geächteten, 129; Leslie, ‘Osterreich-Ungarn’, 663. 51. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 385. 52. Ibid., 383–4. 53. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 176. 54. See for example, Bertie to Grey, 29 August 1912, BD, vol. IX, part 1, 671, pp. 653–5. 55. BD, vol. IX, part 1, 695, pp. 671–3. 56. Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 380. 57. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 214–15. 58. Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, vol. III, 159. 59. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 124. 60. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 153. 61. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 132; Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 276. 62. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 323; Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 731–3; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 127. 63. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 328. 64. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 132. 65. Sazonov, Fateful Years, 78. 66. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 178. 67. BD, vol. IX, part 2, 303, pp. 227–8. 68. Ibid. 69. Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 104–5. 70. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 178. 71. Fischer, War of Illusions, 155–6. 72. Röhl, ‘Admiral von Müller’, 659. 73. Fischer, War of Illusions, 157–8. 74. Röhl, ‘Admiral von Müller’, 664; Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 276–7. 75. The Times, 22 November 1912. 76. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 216. 77. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 120–21. 78. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 130–31. 79. Fischer, War of Illusions, 158–61. 80. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 388. 81. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 130–31. 82. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. I, 256. 83. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 250. 84. Eubank, Paul Cambon, 161. 85. Crampton, ‘The Decline’, 393–4. 86. BD, vol. IX, part 2, 626, p. 506. 87. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 377. 88. Ibid., 381. 89. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 134; Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 282–4. 90. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 136; Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 296–7. 91. Crampton, ‘The Decline’, 395 and fn 12. 92. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 313–14. 93. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 139–40. 94. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 123. 95. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 471. 96. Cambon, Correspondance, vol. III, 27. 97. Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 246–8. 98. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 151. 99. Vermes, Istv’an Tisza, 203. 100. Ibid., p. 131. 101. Stone, ‘Hungary and the July Crisis’, 157. 102. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 323–4. 103. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 498; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 133–4. 104. Crampton, ‘The Decline’, 417–19. 105. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 483–4. 106. Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 428. 107. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 366–7. 108. Ibid., 442. 109. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 154–5. 110. Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 748. 111. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 129. 112. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 513. 113. Ibid., 312. 114. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 179. 115. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 135; Leslie, The Antecedents, 352–3. 116. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 483–4. 117. Crampton, The Hollow Detente, 172. 118. Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 107. 119. Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism, 159–60. 120. Kennan, The Other Balkan Wars, 271.
17 Preparing for War or Peace Europe’s Last Months of Peace
1. BD, vol. X, part 2, 476, pp. 702–3. 2. Rose, King George V, 166–7. 3. McLean, Royalty and Diplomacy, 197. 4. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 295; Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 84. 5. Kieβling, Gegen den ‘Groβen Krieg’?, 195–6. 6. Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, 154. 7. Brusilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 3–4. 8. Gildea, Barricades and Borders, 419. 9. Rogger, ‘Russia in 1914’, 96. 10. Sazonov, Fateful Years, 80. 11. Miliukov and Mendel, Political Memoirs, 284. 12. Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 296. 13. Ibid., 361. 14. Figes, A People’s Tragedy, 216. 15. Ibid., 241–5. 16. Rogger, ‘Russia in 1914’, 95–6. 17. Ibid., 101–2. 18. Geyer, Russian Imperialism, 249–54. 19. Ibid., 274–5. 20. Lieven, Nicholas II, 168. 21. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 371. 22. Hewitson, ‘Germany and France’, 578; Kieβling, Gegen den ‘Groβen Krieg’?, 196. 23. Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 167–8. 24. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 609. 25. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. III, 33; Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 317. 26. Spitzemberg, Das Tagebuch, 563. 27. Stevenson, Armaments, 286–9. 28. Röhl, The Kaiser and His Court, 173–4; Röhl, ‘Admiral von Müller’, 661; Stevenson, Armaments, 252–3. 29. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 145. 30. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 84. 31. Röhl, ‘Admiral von Müller’, 665; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 339–40; Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 169. 32. Stevenson, Armaments, 316–20. 33. Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, ch. 2. 34. Stevenson, Armaments, 221. 35. Doughty, ‘France’, 163. 36. Ibid., 162. 37. Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 97. 38. Ibid., 94–5, 102. 39. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 580. 40. German Foreign Office, Die grosse Politik, vol. XXXIX, 292. 41. Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 40, 82–3. 42. Stevenson, Armaments, 222. 43. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 122–3, 130–31. 44. Ibid., 145. 45. Williams, Tiger o
f France, 286. 46. Ibid., 11–14, 24–7, 154. 47. Ibid., 147. 48. Adamthwaite, Grandeur and Misery, 8; Hughes, Policies and Potentates, 223–7. 49. Hayne, French Foreign Office, 274. 50. Cambon, Correspondance, vol. III, 39. 51. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 151. 52. Hayne, French Foreign Office, 238. 53. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 155–7. 54. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 236–7. 55. Ibid., 238–40. 56. Williamson, ‘German Perceptions’, 206. 57. Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 439. 58. Sazonov, Fateful Years, 56. 59. Rose, King George V, 80. 60. Ibid., 71. 61. Clifford, The Asquiths, 2–3. 62. Ibid., 13–14. 63. Haldane, An Autobiography, 111. 64. Clifford, The Asquiths, 186. 65. Ibid., 145. 66. Adam, Bonar Law, 107–9. 67. Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 115–16. 68. BD, vol. X, part 2, 537, pp. 780–83. 69. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. I, 185; Dangerfield, The Strange Death, 366. 70. Leslie, ‘Osterreich-Ungarn’, 669–70. 71. Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 793–4, 806–8, 810–11. 72. Angelow, Der Weg in die Katastrophe, 26. 73. Wandruszka and Urbanitsch, Die Habsburgermonarchie, 331–2; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 364–5. 74. Bodger, ‘Russia and the End’, 88. 75. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 87. 76. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 117. 77. Sazonov, Fateful Years, 43–4; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 321–3. 78. Stieve, Der diplomatische Schriftwechsel Iswolskis, 17–18. 79. McLean, Royalty and Diplomacy, 67–8. 80. Shatsillo, Ot Portsmutskogo, 272–4; Stevenson, Armaments, 343–9. 81. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. I, 178; Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. I, 269. 82. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. I, 195. 83. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 68. 84. Spring, ‘Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance’, 584; Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 271. 85. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 266–76. 86. Ibid., 252–3, 258–9. 87. Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 103. 88. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 253. 89. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. I, 118. 90. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 274. 91. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. I, 119. 92. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 254–6, 265–6. 93. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. I, 113. 94. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 320–25. 95. BD, vol. X, part 2, 416, pp. 614–15. 96. Esher, Journals and Letters, vol. III, 331. 97. BD, vol. X, part 2, 400, pp. 601–2. 98. Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 285. 99. Rose, King George V, 164. 100. Bridge, ‘The Entente Cordiale’, 350. 101. Angelow, Der Weg in die Katastrophe, 60–61. 102. Stevenson, Armaments, 2–9. 103. Ibid., 4. 104. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 207. 105. Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 862. 106. Kieβling, Gegen den ‘Groβen Krieg’?, 67–8. 107. Heywood, ‘The Most Catastrophic Question’, 56. 108. Förster, ‘Im Reich des Absurden’, 233. 109. Stevenson, Armaments, 358–9; Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 208–11, 242–4. 110. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 88. 111. Brusilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 1. 112. Kieβling, Gegen den ‘Groβen Krieg’?, 43–4. 113. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. I, 292. 114. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 458. 115. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 134; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 252–3; Kronenbitter, ‘“Nur los lassen”’, 39. 116. McDonald, United Government, 199–201. 117. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 334–6, 338–9. 118. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. I, 95. 119. Haldane, Before the War, 33–6. 120. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 172. 121. Cecil, Albert Ballin, 182–96. 122. Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 209–10. 123. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 172–3. 124. House and Seymour, The Intimate Papers, vol. I, 249. 125. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 283–4; Maurer, ‘Churchill’s Naval Holiday’, 109–10. 126. Brinker-Gabler, Kämpferin für den Frieden, 167. 127. Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 108.
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