10 Dreaming of Peace
1. Laurence, ‘Bertha von Suttner’, 184–5. 2. Ibid., 196. 3. Blom, The Vertigo Years, 192. 4. Laurence, ‘Bertha von Suttner’, 186–7; Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 260–61; LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, 43. 5. Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 293. 6. Rotte, ‘Global Warfare’, 483–5. 7. Bloch, The Future of War, xxx. 8. Ibid., lxxi. 9. Ibid., ix. 10. Ibid., xix. 11. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 266. 12. Bloch, The Future of War, xvi. 13. Ibid., xi. 14. Dungen, ‘Preventing Catastrophe’, 456–7. 15. Ceadel, Living the Great Illusion, 4, 20–21. 16. Angell, The Great Illusion, Kindle version, loc. 4285. 17. Ibid., loc. 947–9. 18. Ibid., loc. 633–4. 19. Ibid., loc. 1149. 20. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 142; Ceadel, Living the Great Illusion, 8–12, 22. 21. Offer, The First World War, 250. 22. Laity, The British Peace Movement, 189. 23. Cooper, ‘Pacifism in France’, 360–62. 24. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 383. 25. Chickering, ‘Problems of a German Peace Movement’, 46, 52. 26. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 239–53. 27. Wank, ‘The Austrian Peace Movement’, 42–3; Dülffer, ‘Efforts to Reform the International System’, 28. 28. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 358–60. 29. Patterson, ‘Citizen Peace Initiatives’, 187–92. 30. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 357–8. 31. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 345. 32. Cooper, ‘Pacifism in France’, 366–7. 33. Morris, ‘The English Radicals’ Campaign’, passim. 34. Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 661–2. 35. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 336, 368–9. 36. Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 226. 37. Cooper, ‘Pacifism in France’, 363. 38. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 253–5. 39. Ibid., 255. 40. Morrill, ‘Nicholas II and the Call’, 296–313. 41. Dülffer, ‘Chances and Limits of Arms Control’, 98. 42. Dülffer, ‘Citizens and Diplomats’, 30–31. 43. Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 258. 44. Massie, Dreadnought, 429. 45. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 225. 46. Dülffer, ‘Citizens and Diplomats’, 25. 47. Laurence, ‘The Peace Movement in Austria’, 55. 48. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 121. 49. BD, vol. I, 274, pp. 224–5; 276, p. 226. 50. White, The First Hague Conference, 114. 51. Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 252. 52. BD, vol. I, 282, pp. 229–31. 53. White, The First Hague Conference, 8. 54. Ibid., 18–19. 55. Dülffer, ‘Citizens and Diplomats’, 24. 56. Dülffer, ‘Chances and Limits of Arms Control’, 102. 57. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 227. 58. Ibid., 228. 59. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 388. 60. Stevenson, Armaments, 109. 61. Laity, The British Peace Movement, 171–2. 62. Laurence, ‘The Peace Movement in Austria’, 29. 63. Stevenson, Armaments, 109–10. 64. Ceadel, Semi-Detached Idealists, 166. 65. Charykov, Glimpses of High Politics, 261. 66. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 133. 67. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 229–30. 68. Steiner, ‘Grey, Hardinge and the Foreign Office’, 434–5. 69. Dülffer, ‘Efforts to Reform the International System’, 40. 70. Howorth, ‘French Workers and German Workers’, 85. 71. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 269. 72. Laurence, ‘Bertha von Suttner’, 194. 73. Joll, The Second International, 107. 74. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 267–9; Joll, The Second International, 89–90. 75. Groh, ‘The “Unpatriotic Socialists”’, 153–5. 76. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 272. 77. Joll, The Second International, 100–105; Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 329–30. 78. Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 13. 79. Ibid., 63–5. 80. Ibid., 15, 375; Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 327–8. 81. Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 385. 82. Porch, The March to the Marne, 247–9. 83. Joll, The Second International, 126–43, 197. 84. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 275; Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 90–91, 107. 85. Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 67–8. 86. Ibid., 64. 87. Ibid., 91–2; Joll, The Second International, 152–7. 88. Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 102–3. 89. Joll, The Second International, 70. 90. Howorth, ‘French Workers and German Workers’, 75; Chickering, ‘War, Peace, and Social Mobilization’, 16–17. 91. Joll, The Second International, 49–54; Howorth, ‘French Workers and German Workers’, 78–81. 92. Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 68–9. 93. Ibid., 69–70. 94. Joll, The Second International, 123–4. 95. Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 64–6. 96. Ibid., 77. 97. Ibid., 114; Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 435–8. 98. Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism, 171. 99. Ibid., 165–7. 100. Chickering, Imperial Germany, 317. 101. Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 676; Chickering, Imperial Germany, 118. 102. Cooper, ‘Pacifism in France’, 365. 103. Angell, The Great Illusion Kindle version, loc. 2928–30.
11 Thinking about War
1. Howard, ‘The Armed Forces’, 217. 2. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 167–8; Herwig, ‘Conclusions’, 232. 3. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War, 14. 4. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 167. 5. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 146–7, 229, 232. 6. Ibid., 150. 7. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 171. 8. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 197n3. 9. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 64–6. 10. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 216. 11. Moltke, Erinnerungen, 11. 12. Herwig, ‘Conclusions’, 231. 13. Showalter, ‘Railroads’, 40. 14. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 192–3. 15. Evera, ‘The Cult of the Offensive’, 73–6. 16. Hamilton, ‘War Planning’, 13. 17. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 90. 18. Herwig, ‘From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan’, 57. 19. Tirpitz, My Memoirs, vol. II, 290. 20. Bond, The Victorian Army and the Staff College, 133. 21. Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 88. 22. Echevarria, ‘Heroic History’, 573–90. 23. Echevarria, ‘On the Brink of the Abyss’, 31–3. 24. Howard, ‘The Armed Forces’, 206–9. 25. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 268. 26. Welch, ‘The Centenary’, 273–94. 27. Bloch, ‘The Wars of the Future’, 307. 28. Ibid., 314–15. 29. Cairns, ‘International Politics’, 280–81. 30. Bloch, ‘The Wars of the Future’, 314. 31. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 273–4. 32. Burkhardt, ‘Kriegsgrund Geschichte?’, 72–4. 33. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 52n10. 34. Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 26–30; Evera, ‘The Cult of the Offensive’, passim. 35. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 271n22. 36. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory, 25. 37. Howard, ‘Men Against Fire’, 10–11. 38. Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 119. 39. Porch, ‘The French Army’, 120. 40. Ibid., 118. 41. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 95. 42. Echevarria, ‘On the Brink of the Abyss’, 27–8, 30–31. 43. Foley, German Strategy, 41. 44. Howard, ‘Men Against Fire’, 8–10. 45. Cairns, ‘International Politics’, 282. 46. Foley, German Strategy, 28–9. 47. Kieβling, Gegen den ‘Groβen Krieg’?, 43–50, 139; McDonald, United Government, 199–201; Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 139. 48. Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 126–31. 49. Förster, ‘Dreams and Nightmares’, 345, 360. 50. Maurer, The Outbreak of the First World War; see, for example, ch. 1. 51. Förster, ‘Der deutschen Generalstab’, 61–95. 52. Csáky, Vom Geachteten zum Geächteten, 137. 53. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 59.
12 Making the Plans
1. Steinberg, Bismarck, 57–60; Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 110–13. 2. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 120–21. 3. Ibid., 127. 4. Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 134. 5. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 130–31. 6. Ibid., 124, 129–31. 7. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 277. 8. Echevarria, ‘Heroic History’, 585; Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 52n10. 9. Snyder, ‘Civil–Military Relations’, 35. 10. Förster, ‘Dreams and Nightmares’, 359–60. 11. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 277. 12. Herwig, The Marne, 33. 13. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 100–105; Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 117. 14. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 301–2. 15. Foley, German Strategy, 6–7. 16. Herwig, ‘From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan’, 55. 17. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 317. 18. Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 206. 19. Ibid. 20. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 46. 21. Ibid., 42–6. 22. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 300. 23. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 201–2. 24. Maurer, The Outbreak of the First World War, 37. 25. Herwig, ‘From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan’, 59. 26. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 59. 27. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 223–5. 28. Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 311. 29. Hull, The
Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 240. 30. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 658; Foley, ‘Debate – the Real Schlieffen Plan’, 222. 31. Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 203. 32. Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 84. 33. Fischer, War of Illusions, 55. 34. Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 258–9; Afflerbach, Falkenhayn. Politisches, 79. 35. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 165. 36. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 263–4. 37. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 57. 38. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 280. 39. Showalter, ‘From Deterrence to Doomsday Machine’, 696. 40. Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 152. 41. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 88–9. 42. Fischer, War of Illusions, 390. 43. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 84–5. 44. Fischer, War of Illusions, 225–9; Beyens, Germany before the War, 36–8. 45. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 48–79. 46. Fischer, War of Illusions, 390. 47. Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 118. 48. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 96–7. 49. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 210. 50. Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 131–3; Hewitson, ‘Images of the Enemy’, passim. 51. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 132–3. 52. Ibid., 84. 53. Ibid., 91–5. 54. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 57. 55. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 71. 56. Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 273. 57. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 101. 58. Gooch, ‘Italy before 1915’, 211–22; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 167–9. 59. Maurer, The Outbreak of the First World War, 33; Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 271–2; Ritter, ‘Zusammenarbeit’, 535. 60. Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 271n9. 61. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 87–8. 62. Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 282. 63. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 201–2 and passim. 64. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 85. 65. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 181–2. 66. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 204n7. 67. Kronenbitter, ‘“Nur los lassen”’, 39. 68. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 234, 237. 69. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 213–14. 70. Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 278. 71. Menning, ‘The Offensive Revisited’, 226. 72. Armour, ‘Colonel Redl: Fact and Fantasy’, 175–6. 73. Ibid., 179–80; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 124–7. 74. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 177–8; Heywood, ‘The Most Catastrophic Question’, 46, 54. 75. Menning, ‘The Offensive Revisited’, 224. 76. Menning, ‘Pieces of the Puzzle’, 782. 77. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 109, 122–4. 78. Shatsillo, Ot Portsmutskogo, 199. 79. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 110. 80. Stevenson, Armaments, 151–6. 81. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 427–33. 82. Brusilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 11. 83. Fuller, The Foe Within, 46–8. 84. Turner, ‘Role of the General Staffs’, 317; Paléologue, Ambassador’s Memoirs, vol. I, 83. 85. Rich, The Tsar’s Colonels, 221. 86. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 100–101. 87. Spring, ‘Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance’, 568–9, 578–9 and passim. 88. Menning, ‘The Offensive Revisited’, 219. 89. Airapetov, Poslednyaya Voina Imperatorskoi Rossii, 174–5; Shatsillo, Ot Portsmutskogo, 65–7. 90. Menning, ‘Pieces of the Puzzle’, 788. 91. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 111–12, 118–21. 92. Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 178. 93. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 111–13; Menning, ‘The Offensive Revisited’, 225. 94. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 440–41. 95. Menning, ‘Pieces of the Puzzle’, 796. 96. Menning, ‘War Planning’, 121. 97. Airapetov, ‘K voprosu o prichinah porazheniya russkoi armii’; Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 189–94. 98. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 110–11. 99. Airapetov, ‘K voprosu o prichinah porazheniya russkoi armii’; Menning, ‘War Planning’, 122–5. 100. Andrew, ‘France and the German Menace’, 147. 101. Ignat’ev, 50 Let v Stroyu, 390–91. 102. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 182–3. 103. Ignat’ev, 50 Let v Stroyu, 392. 104. Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 118n1; Porch, The March to the Marne, 184–5. 105. Porch, The March to the Marne, 216–23. 106. Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 163. 107. Doughty, ‘France’, 160. 108. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory, 26. 109. Doughty, ‘France’, 159. 110. Becker, 1914, Comment les Français, 43n174. 111. Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 164. 112. Porch, The March to the Marne, 129–32. 113. Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 137. 114. Doughty, ‘France’, 154. 115. Ibid., 154; Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 156. 116. Doughty, ‘France’, 153. 117. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 70. 118. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 165–7. 119. Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 163. 120. Ibid., 159. 121. Ibid., 166. 122. Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 102–3. 123. Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 170–71. 124. Doughty, ‘France’, 163. 125. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 226. 126. Doughty, ‘France’, 165–8; Doughty, ‘French Strategy in 1914’, 434. 127. Doughty, ‘France’, 165. 128. Porch, The March to the Marne, 232–3. 129. Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 179.
13 The Crises Start: Germany, France and Morocco
1. Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 20; Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol. II, 694. 2. Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 22–3. 3. BD, vol. III, 71, p. 62. 4. Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 255. 5. Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol. II, 695. 6. Hewitson, ‘Germany and France’, 579. 7. Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol. II, 691–3. 8. Ibid., 702n1. 9. Hewitson, ‘Germany and France’, 585–6. 10. Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol. II, 680–81. 11. Ibid., 683, 684. 12. Morris, Theodore Rex, 334–5. 13. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 269–70. 14. Ibid., 272. 15. Kaiser, ‘Germany and the Origins’, 453. 16. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 162. 17. Kaiser, ‘Germany and the Origins’, 453. 18. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 285. 19. Lee, Edward VII, vol. II, 340. 20. The Times, 31 March 1905. 21. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 116. 22. Monger, The End of Isolation, 192. 23. Ibid., 187. 24. Ibid., 190. 25. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 287–8. 26. Ibid., 281, 283, 285. 27. Ibid., 286. 28. Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 265. 29. Monger, The End of Isolation, 224 and n2. 30. Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 119. 31. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 291–2. 32. Ibid., 299. 33. Ibid., 292–3. 34. Ibid., 296–7. 35. Ibid., 289. 36. Ibid., 276–8, 278–9. 37. Ibid., 296–301. 38. Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 31. 39. Monger, The End of Isolation, 202. 40. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 135, 138. 41. Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol. II, 707. 42. Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 122. 43. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 303. 44. Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 32. 45. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 40–41. 46. Ibid., 42. 47. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 117. 48. Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol. II, 731. 49. Grey, Twenty-five Years, vol. I; see for example his letter of 31 January 1906, 176–9. 50. Otte, ‘Almost a Law of Nature?’, 82–3. 51. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 13. 52. Grey, Twenty-five Years, vol. I, 128. 53. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. I, 91. 54. Gilmour, Curzon, 26n. 55. Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 23–4, 29. 56. Massie, Dreadnought, 585. 57. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 41–2. 58. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 35. 59. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 42–3. 60. Otte, ‘Almost a Law of Nature?’, 79. 61. BD, vol. III, 200, p. 162. 62. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. I, 98. 63. Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, vol. II, 733. 64. Oppel, ‘The Waning of a Traditional Alliance’, 324. 65. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 281–2. 66. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 363. 67. BD, vol. III, 401, pp. 337–8. 68. Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 147–8. 69. Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 262; Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 144. 70. Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 264. 71. Otte, ‘Almost a Law of Nature?’, 83. 72. Foley, ‘Debate – the Real Schlieffen Plan’, 44–5. 73. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 284–5. 74. Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 197. 75. Oppel, ‘The Waning of a Traditional Alliance’, 325–6. 76. Dumas, The Franco-British Exhibition, 4. 77. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 38–40. 78. BD, vol. III, 299, pp. 266–8. 79. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 76. 80. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. I, 49–50. 81. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 85–7. 82. Ibid., 93–6. 83. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 90–92. 84. Kennedy, ‘Great Britain before 1914’, 173. 85. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 125. 86. Offer, The First World War, 303. 87. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victor
y, 39. 88. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 384–8. 89. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 126; Fisher and Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought, vol. II, 232. 90. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 246–7. 91. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 106–7. 92. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 213. 93. Neilson, ‘Great Britain’, 183–5; Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 187–93. 94. Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 96–7. 95. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 196. 96. Porch, The March to the Marne, 228. 97. Eubank, Paul Cambon, 114, 123, 155 and passim. 98. Doughty, ‘French Strategy in 1914’, 435. 99. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 138–41. 100. Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 37. 101. Williamson, ‘General Henry Wilson’, 91. 102. Ibid., 94–6. 103. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, vol. I, 89. 104. Ibid., 78–9. 105. Andrew, ‘France and the German Menace’, 137. 106. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, vol. I, 105. 107. Keiger, ‘Jules Cambon’, 642.
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