population 437
and Rumania 506
stirring up resistance 441
trade with Austria-Hungary 387
treaty with Greece 443–44
treaty with Serbia (1912) 443
and the Triple Alliance 531
Bulgaria, king of 62
Bulgarian army 502, P1.28
Bulgarian atrocities 39
Bülow, Prince Bernhard von 47, 67, 189, 188, 196, 354, 360, 403, P1.21
on anti-British feeling in Germany 57
appearance 77
becomes Chancellor 77
becomes Foreign Secretary 73
on Bethmann 416
and Bismarck 76
and building up the navy 94, 95
character 76, 77
conversations at Windsor Castle 44
Daily Telegraph affair 125, 126
dispute with Chamberlain 48
on the Dual Monarchy 200
and ending the naval race 406
and financial crisis 118, 121
Foreign Secretary 76
on German fears that Britain might attack 118
and Germany’s encirclement 356
and Holstein 77, 79
insists on Conference over Morocco 363
marriage 77
and Moltke the Younger 324
and Morocco 56, 359, 368, 369
and naval construction 90
and pacifism 274
‘place in the sun’ speech 55, 80, 97
policy 78
and potential British attack 120
professes loyalty to Austria-Hungary 197
resignation 121, 406
and Russo-Japanese War 362
and Samoa issue 252
and second Hague Peace Conference 283
Weltpolitik speech 80
Burgess, Guy 337
Burián, Baron Stephen von 507
Burns, John 568, 568–69, 585
Burrows, Montagu 36
business slumps (1873–95) 81
Byzantine Empire 382
C
‘Cabinet’ wars 255, 311
Čabrinović, Nedeljko 517
Cadbury, George 277
cadets P1.15
Caillaux, Henriette 544–45
Caillaux, Joseph 422, 428–29, 481–82, 544, 545, 548
Caisse de la Dette 155
Calmette, Gaston 544
Cambon, Jules (French ambassador in Germany) 60, 138, 152, 231, 252, 377, 414, 421, 422, 427, 436, 480, 535, 553, 592
Cambon, Paul (French ambassador in London) 138, 149–52, 231, 370, 414, 427, 436, 569
appearance 152
character 152
distinguished career 152
and the Entente Cordiale 156, 157, 374–75
and Franco-Prussian War 138
French ambassador in London 136, 152–53
and Grey 364, 500–501, 558, 579, 580
and Lansdowne 151, 154, 155, 361, 364
and London conference of ambassadors 459
on Loubet 149
proposals to Britain 151–52
Cameroon 414, 427
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry 194, 282, 364, 367, 371
Camperdown, HMS 111
Canada
conflict between French and English 203
and financing of Royal Navy 114
and Moltke 59, 590
Paris Universal Exposition 1
a temptation to annexationists 16
Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee 26
Canadian navy 114
canal networks 10
Canalejas, José 241
Cánovas, Antonio 241
Canterbury, Archbishop of 587
Cape Mounted Rifles 26
capitalism xxx, 20, 232, 237, 248, 256, 284, 285, 290, 468
Caprivi, Leo von 74, 76, 82
Carbonari 439
Caribbean, US dominance 16, 17, 40
Carlyle, Thomas 52, 91
Carnegie, Andrew xxviii, 267, 275–76, 468, 509
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 276, 468
Carnot, Sadi 241
Carol I of Rumania 386, 505, 506, 531
Carson, Edward 543
Casablanca incident (1908) 400
Cassel, Sir Ernest 507, 508
Cassels family 32
Catherine the Great 181
Catholic Church 213, 240, 432
Caucasus xx, 163, 167, 181, 267, 338, 380, 475
cavalry 26
charges 304
French army’s cavalry school 138
as mounted firepower 310
regiments 303
scouts 298
Cecil, Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury P1.6
Cecil family 108
Cecilienhof, Potsdam 53
Celts 249
Central America, US dominance 16
Central Asia: Great Game between Russian and British 40
Central Powers 297, 597, 598
Cetinje, Montenegro 437, 457, 461
Cézanne, Paul 142
Chamberlain, Joseph 38, 42, 46, 48, 543
becomes Colonial Secretary 26
breaks with Liberals over Home Rule for Ireland 44
and British Empire 44
and British isolation 36, 44
character 43
death 543
dispute with Bülow 48
a highly polished debater 43–44
mayor of Birmingham 43
proposes an alliance with Germany 44–45, 56, 57, 95–96, 103
and Samoa issue 252
a self-made industrialist 43
wants to move away from isolation 136
Chamberlain, Neville 459–60
Charlemagne 204
Chatsworth, Derbyshire 31
Cheltenham Ladies College 93
Chicago World’s Fair (1893) 16
Childers, Erskine: The Riddle of the Sands 104
China
British interests in 41, 46
collapse of dynastic system 27, 39, 41, 83, 166
competition for influence in 41
emergence of Communist rule 166
first Hague Peace Conference 281
first Opium War 14
the Great Game 40
in Great War 597
and imperialism 39, 40
Japan seizes German possessions 597
nationalism 232
Open Door policy 27, 40, 46, 50
Paris Universal Exposition 1, 4
relations with Japan 27, 40–41, 48, 160–61
relations with United States 55
revolution (1911) 252
rise of xxii
Russian interest in 46, 185
sends coolies to help the Allies xx
and Tibet 194
treaty ports 41
US establishes a presence 16
weak and divided 153
Chinese navy 14
Chirol, Valentine 103
Christianity 237
Christians 1, 380, 441
Balkan 382, 440–41
in Macedonia 227
Orthodox 448
under Turkish rule 150, 380, 391, 440–41, 443
Churchill, Lady Randolph 540
Churchill, Sir Winston 54, 110, 127, 134, 245, 374, 424, 426, 496, 499–500, 579, 593
becomes First Lord of the Admiralty 498–99, 593
and mobilisation of navy 569, 584
naval estimates 488, 509
tells the fleet to commence hostilities against Germany 591
cities, improvements in 10
Civil Service Co-operative Society 104
Clarion newspaper 103
Clausewitz, Carl von 316
Clemenceau, Georges 143, 235, 483–84
Cleveland, Grover 40, 41, 43
Cold War xxviii, 95, 116, 183, 314, 496
Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Wilhelm 261
The Nation in Arms 311
Cologne, Germany 298
Colonial
League 97
Colonial Society 82
colonies
assumed to bring wealth and prestige 81
European dominance 13–14
French 149–50, 500
German 81, 91, 115
management and defence costs 82
and naval power 87
Portuguese 507
Russia’s acquisition of 12
scramble for xxi, 54, 412
Treitschke on 81
Committee of Imperial Defence 108, 114, 374, 375, 426
Committee of Union and Progress 394
Communards 140
Comorn (Komárom), Hungary 3
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur 239
Concert of Europe 18–19, 54, 444–45, 453, 465, 467, 471, 496, 536, 537, 545, 554, 555
Congo 82
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Count Franz
on Aehrenthal 383–84
and an attacking war 332
army career 218
attitude to Italy 218–19, 220
attitude to Serbia 219, 391, 454
background 217, 218
becomes chief of staff 227, 383
character 217, 217–18
a convinced hardliner 466
death 603
demands a delay in declaring war 539
deployment of troops 576
Dolomites offensive 596
exchange of letters with Moltke 334
and Franz Ferdinand 220, 458, 467
‘harvest leave’ policy 529–30
and honour 235
influence of 217
marries Gina 602
mobilisation 302, 407
personal turmoil 219–20
reappointed 457
regrets missed opportunity for preventive war 407
regrets not fighting Montenegro 462
and Sarajevo assassinations 519–20
and Scutari 461
and Social Darwinism 247
temporarily dismissed as chief of staff 220, 433
waits for war 504–5
wants military action against Serbia and Montenegro 457–58
war plans 335, 402, 506
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Count Franz (Austria-Hungary chief of staff) xxx, 217, 269, 302, 312, 324, 437, 526, 565, P1.31
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Gina (previously von Reinghaus) 219–20, 457, 519, 602, 603
conscription xxvi, 5, 258, 259, 260, 275, 296, 455, 480, 481, 505, 523, 538
Conservative Party (Britain)
in government 107, 361
and Home Rule for Ireland 154, 490
letter to Asquith 584
and Liberal Unionists 44
and naval race 127–28
Constantinople (now Istanbul) 152, 181, 381–82, 445, 493
Kaiser’s visit 378–80
Paris Universal Exposition 2
unrest in 401
War Minister killed by Young Turks 459
Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (1899) 281
Cook, Thomas 10
Copenhagen, British pre-emptive attack on (1807) 95, 118
Coppée, François 242
Corfu 61, 478
Cornwallis-West, Daisy, Princess of Pless 53, 84–85
corruption
in France 484, 544
in Morocco 153
in Ottoman Empire 39
Sukhomlinov 340, 341, 602
Cosssacks 570
Coubertin, Pierre de 20
Cowes, Isle of Wight 85, 89
Cracow, Poland: Jagiellonian University 201
Crete 444
crisis (1897) 89
Creusot 445
Crimea 176, 542
Crimean War (1853–6) xxiii, 5, 147, 179
Croatia 201, 207, 215, 380, 389, 399, 516, 598
Croat national movement 209
deputies put on trial 399
Cromer, Lord 155
Crowe, Eyre 53, 253, 284, 424, 573–74, 580
and Daily Telegraph crisis 126
memorandum (1907) 115–16
cruisers
attacking merchant shipping 88
British 27, 105, 113, 118, 121, 373, 499
Canada buys 114
cost of 108
German 90, 93, 96, 117
heavy 113, 117, 118, 121
Kaiser’s demands 90
Spithead naval review 27
Tirpitz’s First Navy Law 96
Tirpitz’s view 93
Cruppi, Jean 415
Cuba, US control of 1, 17
Cuban missile crisis (1962) 136, 302, 592
cubism 230
Cunard 112
Curragh Mutiny 491
Curzon, Lord 42, 48–49, 182, 366
Cyrenaica 431
Italians seize (1911) 413
Czech crisis (1938) 460
Czech lands 201
Czechoslovakia 598
Czechs 2, 293, 598
German press attack 223
Czernin, Count Ottokar 214, 475–76
D
Daily Telegraph affair (1908) 124–27, 400, 405, 416
Daimler works, Vienna 201
Dairen (Dalian), China 161
Dalai Lama 194
Dalmatia 2, 211, 222, 389, 455
Danilov, Colonel Yury 168
Danish fleet 118
Danish Virgin Islands 83
D’Annunzio, Gabriele 265
Danzig (later Gdansk) 124
Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of Species 246
de Lesseps, Ferdinand 132, 140
Debussy, Claude: Pelléas et Mélisande 235
Decline and Fall of the British Empire, The (pamphlet) 242
Degas, Edgar 142
Delbrück, Hans 305
Delcassé, Théophile 152, 154, 155, 495, 550, P1.10
ambassador to St Petersburg 486
appearance 148–49
background 148
character 149
and Entente Cordiale 156, 157, 370
and the first Hague Peace Conference 280
and French dominance in Morocco 150–51
and German naval build-up 358–59
Germans want him dismissed 361–62
Moroccan policy attacked 362–63
and relations with Austria-Hungary 224
resignation 148, 363
and Russian Baltic Fleet 186
and Russo-Japanese War 362
steers France into alliance with Britain 148, 151
Denmark: Schleswig-Holstein seized by Prussia 86
Déroulède, Paul 142
destroyers, Spithead naval review 27
Devil’s Island penal colony 141, 143
Diaghilev, Sergei 165, 229, 230, 540
Diamond Jubilee 25–28, 33, 37, 45, 169
Dimitrijević, Colonel Dragutin (‘Apis’)
co-founds Black Hand 515
encourages the plot to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand P1.27
head of Serbian military intelligence P1.27
disarmament 274, 276, 278–81, 283, 285, 289, 293, 509
divorce laws 244
Dodecanese islands 434
Dogger Bank incident (1904) 159–60, 186, 281, 356
Doukhobors 275
Doumergue, Gaston 550
Dreadnought, HMS 113, 117
Dreikaiserbund 137
Dreyfus, Captain Alfred 141, 142, 143, 145, 603
Dreyfus affair (1898) 134, 141–45, 231, 235, 262, 287, 309, 330, 345, 359
Dreyfusards 142, 143, 144, 145
Dual Alliance (1879) 158, 198, 333–36, 339, 393, 398, 405, 409, 505–6, 528, 552, 560, 561, 566
Dual Monarchy 2, 200, 201, 202, 207–16, 220, 383, 388–91, 393, 399, 451, 455, 476, 477, 493, 513, 516, 520, 521, 522, 524, 529, 536, 543, 598, 602
duelling 235–36
Duma 541
Bolsheviks hold majority of workers’ seats 164
Council of the State 474–75
defence spending 408
> divisions between conservatives and radicals 474
the first (1906) 177
and foreign policy 192
freedom of speech in 178
increasingly active in foreign and military affairs 421
and Lamsdorff 192
military spending 476
and Stolypin 178
Tsar’s manifesto (1905) 167
Tsar’s resistance to 173, 177, 473
Duncan, Isadora 229, 230
Durham, Lord 203
Durkheim, Emile 20
Durnovo, P.N. 311, 507
E
East Africa, Britain and Germany compete for influence 34
Eastern Deployment Plan 321
Eastern Front 481, 596
German war plans xviii, 22, 301
map (1914–18) xiv–xv
Eastern Front xix–xx
Echo de Paris 346
Eckardstein, Baron Hermann von 48, 57, 58, 136
Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 289
Economist, The 276–77
Edinburgh 48
education
adult education classes 8
in Germany 53
naval 111
Paris Universal Exposition 8
primary 43
progress in xxviii
spread of universal education and literacy 8
Edward VII, King (previously Prince of Wales) 32, 49, 392, 101, 568, P1.2, P1.3
and Berchtold 452
character 85
coronation (1902) 100
and death of Queen Victoria 58
education 170
and the first Hague Peace Conference 279
on Fisher 109
German suspicions of his plans 118
launches HMS Dreadnought 113
Maclean’s knighthood 154
marriage 171
and Nicholas II 187
notorious love affairs 190, 277
refuses to visit the Paris Exposition 23
Reval meeting 394
Spithead naval review (1897) 27
Spithead naval review (1902) 100
succeeded by George V 486
successful visit to Loubet 132
and the Tangier incident 360, 361
Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee 26
visits Kiel 89–90
visits Paris (1903) 155–56
visits Wilhelm in Kronberg 122–24
Wilhelm on his ‘entirely crazy Dreadnought policy’ 118
and Wilhelm II 61, 85–86, 122–24, 156, 190
Egypt
British control of 35, 131, 149, 151, 157, 357
Caisse de la Dette 155
importance to British links with India and the Far East 34
quarrel between Britain and France 40, 131, 134, 150–51, 361
Eiffel, Gustave 140
Eiffel Tower, Paris 140
Einem, General Karl von 126, 127
Einstein, Albert 20
electricity 6, 15, 30, 167, 201, 232
Eliot, Charles W. 246
Elisabeth, Empress of Austria 205, 206–7, 241
emigration 7, 233
Empire Day 252
Enchantress (Admiralty yacht) 28, 499
Engels, Friedrich 284, 286
The War that Ended Peace Page 87