English Channel 499
English Civil War (1642–51) 165
Entente Cordiale (1904) xxix, 132, 155–58, 187, 188, 255, 356, 357, 359, 360, 363, 364, 367, 370, 372, 375, 424, 428, 471, 500, 501
Enver Pasha 459
Eritrea 431
Esher, Lord 501
Essad Pasha Toptani 461, 462
Esterhazy, Commandant Ferdinand 141, 142
Ethiopia 133, 431
eugenics movement 245–46
Eulenberg, Philip 62, 63, 64, 66, 76, 77, 244, 369
Europe
British fear of a single power dominating Europe xxvii
economy 232–33
emigration 7, 233
growth of cities and towns 7
imports 7
interdependence 14, 269
map (1914) x–xi
population 7, 296
pre-war alliance systems xxi, xxvi, xxix, 22, 33, 50, 145–46, 187, 217, 220, 221–22, 312, 496
strikes 233
war fatally undermines its dominance of the world xxiii
weakened and poorer after Great War xx
working conditions 233
European Union 270, 293
evolution 246, 268, 269
F
Fabians 540
Falkenhayn, General Erich von 234, 236, 324, 326, 523, 561, 568, 574, 575, 601
Fallodon estate 365, 366, 367, 424
Far East
British naval presence in 48
imperialism in 39
Russian interests in 172, 174
fascism, fascists 247, 600
fashion 10–11
Fashoda (now Kodok), South Sudan 135
crisis in 131, 133–36, 145, 147, 148, 150, 157, 357
Faure, Felix 136, 140, 142
Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 204
Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria 379, 388, 397, 404, 442, 444, 445, 449, 469, 506, 598–99, 603
Ferry, Abel 582
Fez, Morocco 358, 359, 361, 415
Finland 180
Finns 164
First Balkan War (1912) P1.28
First International 284
Fischer, Fritz xxxi, 527
Fisher, Admiral John (Jacky) 108–13, 273, 303, P1.9
appearance 109–10
background 109
belief in God and country 110
on the British Empire 104–5
character 109, 110
committee 112–13, 117
and the first Hague Peace Conference 281
Reval meeting 394
Royal Navy reforms 109, 110–12
succeeded by Wilson 373
suggests taking out the German fleet 119
and the Tangier incident 360
war plans 373–74
Wilhelm on his ‘entirely crazy Dreadnought policy’ 118
Fiske, John 269
Flaubert, Gustave 140
Foch, Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand
friendship with Henry Wilson 376
and the offensive 308
food
cheap 32, 233
prices 11
scarcity of 106
stockpiling supplies 106
foreign correspondents 102
Foreign Ministry (Austria-Hungary) 399, 452, 532, 534
Foreign Ministry (France) 143, 348, 422, 484
Foreign Ministry (Germany) 125, 158, 411, 412
Foreign Ministry (Prussia) 68
Foreign Ministry (Russian) 147
Foreign Office (Austria-Hungary) 211, 484
Foreign Office (Belgian) 586
Foreign Office (Britain) 42, 48, 53, 115, 126, 154, 182, 192, 195, 253, 360, 399, 406, 423–24, 458, 543, 555, 587, 590–91
Foreign Office (Germany) 65, 69, 74, 188, 190, 279, 317, 323, 328, 353, 419, 520, 525
press section 102, 369–70
Foreign Office (Russian) 174, 195, 403
France
aftermath of Franco-Prussian War 261
agreement with Spain over Morocco 358, 361
air show accident (1911) 422
alliance with Russia (from 1894) xxvi, xxix, 22, 137, 145–48, 149, 158, 162, 175, 185–86, 192, 318, 356, 370, 400, 485–86, 496, 497, 524, 546, 547, 548, 561–62
anti-militaristic tradition 261, 262
birth rate 244
and Bismarck 137–38, 145, 146
Boulanger’s attempted coup (1889) 139, 262
and British control of Egypt 131–32
colonies 149–50, 500
devastation of north of xix
divisions in French society 140, 142, 144, 261, 262, 330, 483
Dreyfus affair divides France 134
economy 254
Fashoda crisis 131, 134
fear of Germany xxvii
and the first Hague Peace Conference 280
First Republic 140
French influence in Ottoman Empire 149
German invasion of xviii
imports and exports 270
influence in Morocco 138, 150–51, 156, 157, 413
loans to Serbia 409
memories of past glories and past humiliations 136–37
nationalism 262, 351
occupation and large indemnity 137
patriotism in education 250
peace movement 275, 280
Poincarë’s state visit to Russia 546–49
population xxv–xxvi, 67, 146, 254, 481, 547
post-war German indemnity 137
pre-war desire for revenge xxi, 139, 306
the press 144, 415, 482
pretensions to lead European civilisation 21–22
Provisional Government 140
relations with Austria-Hungary 145, 224
relations with Britain xxix, 4, 37, 38, 44, 51, 75, 79, 101, 103, 113, 125, 129, 130, 134–36, 148, 152, 283, 321, 355, 356, 361, 377, 471
relations with Germany 6, 51, 52, 126, 145, 252, 253–55, 312, 333, 357, 364, 415, 477–78, 492
relations with Italy 145, 221–22, 332, 357
relations with Russia 38, 224, 283, 362
relations with Spain 145, 150
republicanism and anti-clericalism 147
revitalisation 477
and second Hague Peace Conference 283
secret military agreement with Russia (1894) 74
short-lived bataillons scolaires 261–62
strikes in 262, 599
surrender of 594
terrorism in 241
Third Republic 140, 141, 143, 144, 148, 224, 254, 262, 345, 415, 481, 484
Three Year Law 481, 502
trade unions 8
Triple Entente 150, 196, 198, 312
and Tunisia 34
Franco-British Exhibition (1908) 370
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) xxiii, 4, 5–6, 13, 48, 137, 138, 139, 148, 149, 253, 261, 274, 287, 296, 306, 327, 357, 358, 376, 471, 547, 594, 595
Frankfurt, Treaty of (1871) 138
Franz, Emperor of Austria 204
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (1863–1914) 339, 452
anti-Hungarian 477
appearance 213
assassinated in Sarajevo xix, xxii, xxiii, xxvii, 238, 430, 492, 510, 511, 512, 513, 515–18, 519, 532, 533, 541, 542, 543, 545, 542, 559, 601, P1.27, P1.29
and Bosnia-Herzegovina annexation 399
character 213, 214
and Conrad 218, 220, 458, 467
foreign policy views 214–15
Franz Joseph’s dislike of 206, 213, 214
funeral 493, 518–19
heir presumptive to the throne 206, 212, 213, 383
and Jews 234
marriage 213–14
memorial service 525
opposes war against Serbia xxvii, 454, 460, 467
responsibilities 214
seeks German support 456, 457
and Transylvania 386
at Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee 26
wants Conrad’s warmongering curbed 402–3
&nbs
p; Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria 217, 248, 256, 406, 437, 444, 452, 521, 542, 602, P1.5
appearance 204
appoints Conrad and Aehrenthal 383
bellicose letter to Wilhelm 522
and breaking off relations with Serbia 539
character 205
death 601
decision for peace (December 1912) 458
dislike of Franz Ferdinand 206, 212, 213
and Duchess Sophie 386–87
education 204
failing health 208
and Ferdinand 388
and Franz Ferdinand’s death 518
lives in grandeur 204–5
love of the military 205
marriage 206
plot to assassinate him 440
power of 169, 202
as a Prussian soldier 333–34
seizure of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908) 379, 397
strict and spartan routine 205–6, 208
titles 203
and the ultimatum to Serbia 536
Frederick the Great xxvi, 2, 48, 52, 58, 59, 60, 61, 91, 195, 298, 304, 429, 430
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 429, 430
Frederick William I, King of Prussia 429
Fredericksburg, Battle of (1862) 306
Freemasons 213, 224, 244, 262, 346, 439, 449, 475
Freiburg 513
French army
and Bergson’s ideas 239
cavalry school 138
and compulsory military service 544
conformity rewarded and talent passed over 144
conscription 262, 481
decrease in applicants for the officer corps 144
Dreyfus affair 141, 142, 143, 262, 309, 331, 359
education 144
Franco-Prussian War 6
German view of 330–31
heavy field artillery 351, 528
Jaurès’ ideas rejected 289
leadership 345
losses 595, 596–97
mobilisation 583
morale and prestige damaged 144
new tactical regulations (1913) 347
promotions 144
reforms 263, 345
talks with British army 371, 375, 426, 428, 500, 554
training 346, 528
uniforms 346
French Congo 414, 421, 424, 426, 428
French empire 131, 135, 157, 414–15
French Foreign Legion 400
French Indochina 5, 135
French national police 348
French navy 94, 113
and co-operation with Royal Navy 364
fleet visits Kronstadt 148
talks with Royal Navy 371
French Revolution (1789–99) 5, 7, 140, 167, 183, 220, 233–34, 250, 261, 274, 277, 289, 294, 316
French Socialist Party 289
Freud, Sigmund 20
Civilization and Its Discontents 210
The Interpretation of Dreams 20
Freytag-Loringhoven, Hugo von 309
Friedjung, Dr Heinrich 399, 404
Friedrich Wilhelm (Frederick III), Kaiser 65–66, 86, 115, 190
Futurists 247
G
Galicia 201, 210, 216, 302, 343, 455, 492
Gambetta, Léon 149
Gambia 156, 157
Gandhi, Mahatma 597
Gardiner, Alfred 109–10
Garvin, J.L.: ‘The German Peril’ (published anonymously) 121–22
Gascoyne-Cecil, Lady Gwendolen 30
George, Stefan 237
George III, King 31
George V, King (1865–1936) 85, 542
Albert I asks for help 587
appearance 171, 487
character 487
coronation 423
education 170
and Franz Ferdinand’s assassination 543
and imminent war 544
naval career 169
in Paris 501–2
at wedding of Kaiser’s daughter 469, 471
on Wilhelm II 71
Georgia 380
Georgia Island 596
Gérard, Henry 289
German army 13, 89, 121, 257, 262, 315, 595
budget 291
Chamberlain’s ‘insult’ 48
conscription 259, 261
dominated by Junker families 69
drill and field manoeuvres 329–30
First Army 328
general staff 299–300
‘harvest leave’ 529–30
invasion of Belgium (1914) 300, 302–3, 313, 329, 336
Landsturm 321
losses at Ypres 595
mobilisation 321–22, 338, 575, 578
pessimism of officer corps 234
poor physical condition of recruits 243
Railway Section 299
and the Reichstag 263
and Schlieffen Plan 322
Second Army 328
size of 285, 296, 322, 430, 478, 480, 482
training 67
transport 299
Voigt’s exploit 263
Zabern incident 229
German Confederation 204
German Conservative Party (DKP) 98
German embassy, Paris 591
German Empire xx, 82
German navy 191, 498, 579
able to concentrate its fleet 93
blue-water fleet 87, 129
China squadron 76
‘danger zone’ 94–95, 98, 118
East Asian Squadron 90
Fisher’s suggestion 119
fleet doubled 98
fleet manoeuvres 70
High Seas Fleet 117
mobilisation 457
Naval Command 91
naval spending 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 322, 416
protective role 87
and Schlieffen Plan 322
ships of the line (capital ships) 96, 98
submarine warfare 88, 373
Wilhelm on 126
German South-West Africa 260, 286
German Wars of Unification 250, 255, 265, 287, 295
Germany
alliance with Austria-Hungary (1879) 221, 394, 466
ambition as a rising nation xxi
attacks France xxiv
attitude to Russia xxvii
birth rate 81, 244–45
‘blank cheque’ issued 523, 527, 529, 545
breaks off relations with Russia 580
Budget 68, 118
Bundesrat 68
colony acquisition 81, 91, 115, 129, 421, 423
competes with Britain 34, 59, 129
constitution 68, 69, 71, 72, 89, 130, 264
defence spending 502
demand for a place in the sun 55, 80, 81, 91, 97, 252, 471, 546
Dreikaiserbund 137
economy 13, 52, 55, 223, 254, 257, 315, 315, 318
education 53, 73–74
election of 1907 286
encirclement issue 199, 312, 314, 315, 326, 356, 392, 394, 412, 429, 477, 523, 525, 546
and the first Hague Peace Conference 279, 281, 282
growth of power 373
imperialism in Africa 131
imports and exports 269–70
industries 37–38, 55
insecurities and ambitions as a rising world power 54–55
investment 13, 87
isolation in Europe 120
Japan declares war on Germany (1914) 597
labour unrest 67
league for German youth 261
Mahan’s theories 88–89
mobilisation 497–8, 566, 567, 568, 570, 574, 577, 584, P1.30
national debt 121
old institutions in 165
and Ottoman Empire 99, 185, 378, 456–57, 494
Paris Universal Exposition 2
patriotism in education 250–51
peace movement 274
political system 68–69
population xxvi–xxvii, 67, 145, 254, 480, 547
post-war indemnity to France 137
/> protective tariffs 99, 185, 223
Reinsurance Treaty with Russia 74, 79, 137, 146, 147
relations with Austria-Hungary xxxi, 22, 146, 197, 198, 200, 202–3, 214, 220, 222–24, 225, 334, 425, 492
relations with Britain 35, 44–45, 47, 50, 51–59, 75–76, 78, 79, 83–84, 99, 103–4, 113, 114–15, 120, 122, 124, 129, 130, 145, 151, 158, 252, 253, 312, 315, 321, 367, 375, 423, 436, 458, 479, 492
relations with France 6, 126, 145, 252, 253–55, 312, 333, 357, 364, 415, 477–78, 492
relations with Russia 75–76, 79, 152, 184–85, 312, 357–58, 407–8, 419, 471, 494, 495
reparations issue xxx
Russia goes to war with xxiv
in Russo-Japanese War 184
and second Hague Peace Conference 283, 284
similarities between German and English peoples 52–53
socialist movement 69, 78
and Spithead naval review 27
spread of franchise 263
stand-off between crown and parliament 231–32
strikes in 67–68
taxation 417
trade 13, 55, 67, 87
trade unions 67–68
in Triple Alliance xxix, 38, 45, 74, 75, 78, 147, 187, 196, 216, 221, 222, 312, 493
ultimatum to France 575
ultimatum to Russia 575
unification (1871) 2, 51–2, 52, 67, 200, 271, 306, 418, P1.4
and Venezuela crisis 151
veterans associations 249, 259
Wandervogel 240
welfare state 9, 67
Gibraltar 157, 499
Giesl von Gieslingen, Baron Wladimir 534, 536, 538, 539
Giolitti, Giovanni 432, 434
Girl Guides 260
Gladstone, William Ewart 33–34, 39, 490
Gołuchowski, Count Agenor 216, 223–24, 226, 227, 280, 383
Gordon, General Charles 132
Goremykin, Ivan 474, 550, 552
Goschen, Sir Edward 56, 435, 469, 579, 590
Goschen, Lord, First Lord of the Admiralty 36
Gourmont, Remy de 139
Grace, W.G. 30
Grandmaison, Colonel Louis de 308–9, 347
Graves, Robert 53
Great Game 40, 194
Great War
balance tilts against Germany 595
casualty statistics xix, xx, xxiii
family connections to xxi
German invasion (1914) 302–3
Isonzo Front 219
Japan declares war on Germany (1914) 597
losses 597
ordnance still buried in battlefields xxi
Russian summer offensive 596
starts in Sarajevo with archduke’s assassination see under Franz Ferdinand, Archduke
a two-front war xviii, 22, 323, 326, 478, 564
Greater Serbia 389, 390, 401, 409, 410, 440, 530, 531
Greece 199, 225–26, 245, 333, 380, 381, 386, 437, 440, 505
Bulgaria attacks (1913) 462
in Great War 597
response to Serbia’s plea for support 537
stirring up resistance 442
treaty with Bulgaria 443–44
The War that Ended Peace Page 88