The War that Ended Peace
Page 92
‘empty science’ 239
faith in 14, 20, 268
in Germany 53
and an orderly universe 20
Salisbury’s experiments 30
scouts P1.15
Scutari (now Shkodër, Albania)
agreement that to be included in Albania 460
a centre of Catholic influence 460
Montenegrins leave 462
success of bluff 528
surrendered to the Montenegrins 461
under siege by Montenegro and Serbia 461
Second International xxviii 256, 284, 286, 287, 290, 293, 434, 581, P1.13
1904 Amsterdam congress 287, 289
1907 Stuttgart congress 290, 292
1912 Basle congress 291, 468
manifesto condemning arms race 291
and nationalism 291–92, 293
Second World War xxxi, 16, 105, 295, 310, 605
secret societies 440
Sedan, Battle of (1870) 6, 137, 307, 310, 311, 318, 319, 327
Seely, Sir John 491
Selborne, Lord 48, 104, 105–6, 108, 117
Serbia 199, 201, 225–26, 227, 380, 386, 396, 437
agreement with Montenegro 444
agrees to divide Sanjak with Montenegro 465
arms contracts with Schneider 388–89
Austria-Hungary declares war xxiv, xxvii, 464, 512, 539, 545, 555, 562, 568
Austria-Hungary determined to destroy Serbia xxiv, xxxi
Austria-Hungary gives ultimatum 531–32, 533, 534–38
Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum requiring Serbia to withdraw from Albania 464–65, 466
Berchtold favours destruction of P1.32
Bulgaria attacks (1913) 462
Bulgarian socialists turn on Serbs 292
capitulates after ultimatum from Austria-Hungary 465, 466
caves in over Bosnia-Herzegovina annexation 405–6
Conrad’s desire for war 219
customs arrangement with Bulgaria 388
demands of 401, 404, 454
Franz Ferdinand on xxvii, 215, 460
grows in strength 219, 477
Hartwig’s support 442
independence 381, 549
land-locked 390
loans from France 409
murder of Alexander 388
national movement 209, 215, 238, 465
‘Pig War’ 389
population 437
press 465–66
quasi-military and conspiratorial organisations in 514
the Radicals 438–39
relations with Austria-Hungary 388, 409
relations with Russia 410
response to Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum 538, 540, 542, 559, 561
revolt of Albanian Muslims 462–63
size doubled 462
stirring up resistance 441
Tisza supports war on Serbia P1.33
told of the war declaration by telegram 562
treaty with Bulgaria (1912) 443
and Triple Entente 224
Yugoslavia formed 598
Serbian army 401, 409, 502, 531, 537
Sergei, Grand Duke 241
Seven Years War (1754–63) 87, 104, 295
Shackleton, Ernest 596
Shantung (Shandong) peninsula, China 46, 83
Shaw, George Bernard 229, 277
Siam (now Thailand) 1, 135, 154, 156
Silesia 457
Singapore 112
Sino-Japanese War, First (1894–5) 48, 49, 160–61
Slavonia 389
Slavs
South see South Slavs
struggle with Teutons 479, 524
Slovakia 201, 207
Slovenia 201, 210, 215, 598
Smiley, Albert 275
Social Darwinism xxi, 93, 246–47, 252, 264, 306, 433, 519, 524, 605
Social Democratic Party (SPD) (Germany) 68, 119, 251, 261, 263, 284, 285, 286, 291, 417, 473, 477, 529, 570, 581
Social Democrats (Hungary) 476
social protest movements 22
socialism 19, 285, 288, 292, 293, 384, 487
Socialist Party (France) 589
Socialist Party (Italy) 473
socialists
and arbitration 285
Austrian 292
in Balkans 292
Bismarck’s anti-socialist laws 286
British 107
Bulgarian 292
and disarmament 283, 285
French 287, 291, 293, 468, 548
German 90, 286, 290, 292, 293, 369, 468
Italian 433
and the military 258
and Nietzsche 238
and the peace movement 285
Russian 182
and Suttner 285
weapons against war 290
Socialists (French) 284
Sofia, Bulgaria 442
Sokol gymnastic movement 257
Solomon Islands 76
Somaliland 431
Somme, Battle of the (1916) 596
Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (née Chotek; wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand) 213–14, 223, 386–7, 511, 516, 518, P1.29
South Africa, and financing of Royal Navy 114
South Slavs xxii, 212, 214, 219, 227, 381, 384, 389, 391, 399, 448, 449, 451, 459, 461, 465, 514, 519, 520, 598
South Tyrol 215, 218, 222
Soviet Union
collapse of regime 168–69, 601
Cuban missile crisis 302, 592
Soviet of Workers Deputies 167
Spain
agreement with France over Morocco 358, 361
relations with France 145, 150
strikes in 412
terrorism in 241
Spanish-American War (1898) 16, 17
charge at San Juan Hill 17
Spencer, Herbert 15, 246
Spender, J.A. 43, 44
Spengler, Oswald: The Decline of the West 246
Spion Kop, Battle of (1900) 45–46
spiritualism 238–39
Spithead naval review (1897) 27–28, 37, 113
Spithead naval review (1902) 100, 104, 105
Spitzemberg, Baroness 157–58
sport 20, 242–43
standing armies 296–97
Stanislavsky, Constantin 165
Stanley, Venetia 492, 543, 579, 585, 587
Stapleton-Bretherton, Evelyn 53
Starvation xx, 106, 164
Stead, William Thomas 271, 283
Steiner, Rudolf 325
Stengel, Karl von 279
Stinnes, Hugo 257, 315
Stolypin, Peter 193, 339, 403, 449
and annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 398
chair of Council of Ministers 178
character 178
courage when attacked by terrorists 178
determined to avoid provocative international moves 179
and the Duma 178
favours détente with Britain 192
murder of 179, 241, 473
Nicholas II’s attitude to 179
Reval meeting 394
and support of Serbia 405
Straits, the 181, 182, 195, 225, 226, 342, 381, 387, 392, 393–97, 400, 401, 435, 447, 448, 476, 493, 507
Strasbourg, Alsace: Paris statue P1.36
Strauss, Richard 477–78, 495
Der Rosenkavalier 229
Salome 61
strikes
in Austria-Hungary 202
in Britain 107, 412, 424, 473, 599
in France 262, 599
in Germany 67–68
in Italy 473, 599
in Portugal 412
in Russia 164, 167, 202, 475, 541, 542, 548
and socialists 290
in Spain 412
upswing in strikes in Europe 233
Stuart-Wortley, Colonel Edward 124, 125
Stürgkh, Prime Minister 530
submarines 88, 373, 502, 598
Sudan 133
Britain assumes Egypt’s interests in 131
civ
il wars 135
Kitchener ordered to retake 134
lost to Egypt (1885) 132
Suez Canal 34, 39, 110, 132, 162, 499
Sukhomlinov, General Vladimir 339–43, 455–6, 472, 550, 553, 562, 566, 567, 602, P1.19
Sunaric, Dr Josip 517
Suttner, Arthur von 266, 267
Suttner, Countess Bertha von (née Kinsky) 279, 509–10, 594, P1.14
Austrian Peace Society 267
awarded Nobel Peace Prize 268
background 266
elopes with Suttner 267
first Hague Peace Conference 281
Nobel’s secretary 266
publicist and lobbyist 267
second Hague Peace Conference 283
and socialists 285
talent for writing 267
her views 268–69
Lay Down Your Arms! 267
Suttner family, Von 266
Swinemunde, Germany 426
Switzerland 122, 216
citizens’ militia 289
Paris Universal Exposition 1
Syria 493
Szapáry, Friedrich 549
Szögyény, Count Lidislaus 398, 522, 523
T
Taft, William 414
Taiwan 161
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de 200
Tangier, Morocco: the Kaiser’s visit 353–56, 359, 360, 361, 363, P1.22
Tannenberg, Battle of (1914) 596
Tartars (Mongols) 179, 180
Tatiana Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess of Russia, murdered by the Bolsheviks 601, P1.11
Taube, Baron Marcel 129, 187, 193, 449
technology xxv, xxviii, 5, 12, 15, 38, 101, 107–8, 112, 183, 304, 327
military 168, 271, 294, 308, 373
telegraph 9, 38, 55, 102, 110, 134, 167, 222, 264, 498
terrorism 240–41, 242
Teutons 222, 249, 253, 336, 476, 479, 524, 541
Thailand see Siam
Theosophy 239, 325
Thiers, Adolphe 139
Thomas Cook and Sons 104
Thrace 226
Tibet 40, 183, 192, 194, 239
Tientsin (Tianjin), China 46
Tirpitz, Grand Admiral Alfred von 83, 115, 322, P1.8
appearance 92
background 90
and Chamberlain’s proposed alliance 95–96
character 92
and colonial acquisitions 91
demands battlecruisers 480
First Navy Law (1898) 96–97, 103–4
First Novelle (1906) 117, 118, 119, 121
idolises Frederick the Great 91
‘Iron Budget’ 96
and Mahan 91
maintains that his naval policy was right 604
meetings with the Kaiser 92–93
Minister of the Navy 76, 92, 130
naval race 117, 120, 198, 253, 393, 406, 430
Navy Law (1912) 503
promotion of maritime interests 251
in Prussian navy 91
risk theory 94–95
Second Navy Law (1900) 98, 103–4
Second Novelle (1908) 120–21
and sharing information 303
talks with Haldane 508
three crucial assumptions 99
and Treitschke 91
wants war postponed 479
wrong about British reaction to naval building 94
Tisza, István (Prime Minister of Hungary, 1903–05, 1913–17) 209, 235, 466, 477, 507
and the Austria-Hungary ultimatum 539, 548
deeply conservative 464
hopes to avoid war 535
isolated on the Serbia issue 530
murdered 601
opposes universal suffrage 464
support for war on Serbia 464, 562, P1.33
and ultimatum to Serbia on Albania 464–65
Titanic, RMS 283
Tolstoy, Count Leo 267, 275, 278
torpedo boats 88, 93, 96
Toul fortress 575
Toulon 148
trade
British 4, 67, 256–57, 269–70, 373
free 18, 278
French 270
German 13, 55, 67, 87, 256–57, 269–70
seaborne 88
US world trade share 15
trade unions/unionists 7–8, 67–68, 106, 107, 233, 286, 292, 473
Trafalgar, Battle of (1805) 250
trams, electric 9
Trans-Siberian Railway 12, 49, 161, 162, 171, 172, 184, 298
Transvaal 23, 50, 56, 76
Transylvania 201, 207, 215, 386, 506
Treitschke, Heinrich von 249
attitude to Britain 83–84, 93
an intellectual father of German nationalism 81
lectures at University of Berlin 80–81, 91
on London 83–84
view of war 81, 236–37
Trialism 212
Trieste 222, 431, 454
Trinidad Light Horse 26
Triple Alliance (1882) xxix, 38, 45, 74, 75, 78, 95, 147, 187, 190, 196, 199, 216, 221–22, 312, 332, 386, 413, 432, 433, 434, 465, 492, 493, 496, 498, 506, 524, 531, 559, 575, 589
Triple Entente (1907) 150, 196, 198, 221, 224, 312, 314, 326, 333, 407, 412, 413, 415, 419, 420, 424, 442, 465, 486, 493, 495–98, 524, 528, 546, 550, 553, 554, 561, 574–75
Tripoli 431, 434
Italians seize (1911) 413, 441
Trotsky, Leon 165, 167, 437, 441, 445
Trubetskoy, Prince Yevgeny 9
Tryon, Admiral Sir George 111
Tsarskoye Selo country estate, St Petersburg 167, 176–77
Tschirschky, Heinrich von 199, 477, 521, 531, 532, 570
Tsingtao (Qingdao), Kiachow (Jiaozhou) Bay, China 83
Tsushima, Battle of (1905) 112, 162, 310, 362
Tuchman, Barbara: The Guns of August 592
Tunis 150, 221
Tunisia 34, 138, 141, 431
Turbinia (steamship) 28, 113
Turkey 599
Turner, Frederick Jackson 16
Tweedmouth, Lord 121
Tylor, Edward 14
Tyrol 210
U
Ukraine 201, 293, 340, 380, 475
Ukrainians 164
Ulster 490, 491, 543, 544
Ulster Unionists 490
Ulster Volunteers 491
Umberto, King of Italy 221, 222, 241
unemployment 108
insurance 108
Union Sacrée 232
United Services Institute, London 105, 106, 271, 305
United States
Alabama settlement 278
becomes a major power 599
building of modern battleships 17
casualty statistics in Great War xx
in Cold War 95
a declining nation xxii
defence spending 502
economy 15, 18, 269
enters the Great War xx, 598
as an established power 54
expansion 16, 269
exports 15
and the first Hague Peace Conference 280, 281
and German invasion of Belgium (1914) 302–3
growth rates 12–13
House of Representatives 509
immigration 15
industries 37–38, 55, 565
intervention in Europe’s affairs 18
Mahan’s theories 88–89
military power 18
nationalism 16
‘Open Door’ policy in China 27, 40, 356
opinion turns against Germany xix, P1.37
opposes imperialism 27, 40
Paris Universal Exposition 4, 8, 15–16
participation in Europe’s great wars 18
peace movement 275–76
relations with Britain 129, 372
relations with China 55
responds to Americans caught on the Continent 591
rise of xx, 101, 270
and Salisbury 34
and second Hague Peace Conference 283
&n
bsp; and Spithead naval review 27
technology 15, 16
terrorism in 241
Venezuela dispute 17, 37, 41–42, 151
Watergate scandal (1972) 141
world trade share 15
Universal Peace Congresses 278
9th (1900) 19
1899 274
1904 274
universal suffrage 209, 212, 464, 473, 476
University of Vienna 440
upper classes
admired and envied 31
Balkan 438
dominance of 234
doubting of working class loyalty and reliability 106–7
fights rearguard action 234
in Foreign Office 115
and homosexuality 244
honour 234–37
ideas and attitudes 231
resilient values 234
Russian 147, 476
under threat 233–34
in wartime 106
wealth 31–32, 233
Upper Nile 131, 133
US Navy 112, 358
size of 18
Utrecht, Treaty of (1713) 156
V
Venetia, Italy 222
Venezuela, British dispute with 17, 37, 41–42, 151
Venizelos, Eleutherios 444
Verdun, Battle of (1916) 304, 596–97
Verdun fortress 575
Verne, Jules: Les Cinq cents millions de la Bégum 254
Versailles 138
Hall of Mirrors 137
Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 314
Vickers 257
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 26, 432
Victoria, Crown Princess 86
Victoria, HMS 111
Victoria, Princess Royal (Vicky) 32, 53, 64, 65, 66, 69, 84, 115, 206
Victoria, Queen 32, 152, 207, P1.2
Victoria, Queen
carrier of haemophilia gene 176
complains about British isolation 36
death 45, 58, 74
descended from two German royal families 53
Diamond Jubilee 25–28, 169
and Dreyfus affair 145
and Fisher 109
and future Wilhelm II’s christening 51
Golden Jubilee 89, 92
and Kaiser’s letter criticising Salisbury 56–57
Kaiser’s love for 84
and Nicholas II 175, 187
obscene cartoons of 23
opposed to war against France 135
standing for longevity and order 28
unwelcome annual visits from the Kaiser 85
Victoria and Albert (royal yacht) 28
Victory (Nelson flagship) 84
Vienna, Austria 210, 248, 410, 559
Establishment in 224
improvements in 10
industry 201
Jews in 232
Medical School 201
parliament suspended (1914–16) 477
post-war diseases in xxi
Prater park 513, 519
Vienna, Congress of (1815) 221
Viennese Secession 230
Vigo, Spain 160
Villain, Raoul 582
Viribus Unitis (dreadnought) 516