Nuclear Peek-a-Boo: See the DPRK Foreign Ministry spokesman’s statement of January 10, 2004. For whatever reason, the Foreign Ministry is very concerned with consistency and, to a certain extent, credibility. One thing North Korean diplomats do not like is to be told that they have reversed their position without warning, or that they are contradicting themselves. They prefer being able to say they gave warning of where Pyongyang was thinking of moving—and much of the time, that is so. In 2010, asked why they had shown their enrichment facility at Yongbyon to a group of visiting Americans, the answer was, “No one believed us when we said in 2009 that we were going to do it, so we had to make clear we meant what we said.” See Siegfried S. Hecker, A Return Trip to North Korea’s Yongbyon Nuclear Complex (Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, November 20, 2010), http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/23035/HeckerYongbyon.pdf.
A Year of Zigzags: For an account of Prime Minister Koizumi’s discussions in Pyongyang in 2004, see Funabashi, The Peninsula Question, 53.
Various high-level North-South discussions in Pyongyang in June 2005 are covered in Lim, Peacemaker, 368.
The instructions to the US delegation not to give an inch on the LWR issue at the six-party talks in the summer of 2005 were explained in interviews with participants from several of the parties to the talks.
The North Korean delegation’s reaction to the final American statement is described in Victor Cha, The Impossible State (Ecco, 2012), 263–264. Pyongyang’s official response the following day came in the form of a Foreign Ministry spokesman’s “press statement” whose full text was carried in English by the North’s press agency, KCNA.
The Treasury Department’s press release on Section 311 of the PATRIOT Act can be found at www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tgl591.aspx.
In interviews, explanations of why and how the decision was made in July 2005 to move ahead with the Treasury action are all over the map. All of them seem to agree, at least implicitly, on one key point—that whether this action would jeopardize the chances for positive developments on the diplomatic track ended up being of secondary consideration.
The End of KEDO: A detailed oral history of KEDO can be found in Charles Kartman, Robert Carlin, and Joel Wit, A History of KEDO (Center for International Cooperation and Security, Stanford University, 2012).
Traction, at Last: Pyongyang’s decision to cancel its unilateral moratorium on missile launches was included in a lengthy DPRK Foreign Ministry memorandum dated March 2, 2005, carried in full by KCNA the next day. On the issue of the missile moratorium, it said, “We are also not bound to any international treaty or law as far as the missile issue is concerned. Some forces claim that the DPRK’s moratorium on the missile launch still remains valid. In September 1999, the period of the previous U.S. administration, we announced the moratorium on the missile launch while dialogue was under way but the DPRK-U.S. dialogue was totally suspended when the Bush administration took office in 2001. Accordingly, we are not bound to the moratorium on the missile launch at present.”
The UN Security Council resolution adopted after the launch, Security Council Condemns Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s Missile Launches, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1695 (2006), is found on www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8778.doc.
Rumble in Punggye: The president’s instructions to Hill are noted in Chinoy, Meltdown, 283.
See Cha, The Impossible State, 266, for the quote from the Beijing dinner.
CHAPTER 19: THE EMPEROR’S NEW CLOTHES
Rice’s instruction to Assistant Secretary Hill to keep away from the Philharmonic’s press conference is noted in Glenn Kessler’s article in the Washington Post, May 26, 2008, “Mid-level Official Steered U.S. Shift on North Korea.”
Signs of Succession: For an account of Japanese consternation at discovering they had detained Kim Jong Nam, see Funabashi, The Peninsula Question, 61–63.
On Kim Jong Il’s stroke, see www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/19/kim-jong-il-stroke_n_1157688.html.
Diplomatic Downturn: On Washington’s decision to lift trade sanctions, see www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91934883.
Ambassador Hill’s testimony can be found on http://foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/HillTestimony080206a.pdf.
For the verification issue, see www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_09/NKnuclear.
A useful timeline of IAEA activity in North Korea is on www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/iaeadprk/fact_sheet_may2003.shtml.
A Terrible Start: The North’s warning on its next steps after the Security Council action is in “UNSC Urged to Retract Anti-DPRK Steps,” KCNA, in English, April 29, 2009.
A careful study of the North’s third test appears in Siegfried Hecker and Frank Pabian in www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/contemplating-third-nuclear-test-north-korea.
On strategic patience, see www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/26/AR2010052605047.html. See also www.donaldgross.net/2010/12/strategic-patience-has-become-strategic-passivity/.
The PRC proviso in the UN Security Council resolution can be found on www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/sc9679.doc.htm.
Turning to the South: For the official ROK press line on what happened in President Lee’s meeting with the North Korean visitors, see Dong-A Ilbo, August 24, 2009, in English.
Secret Talks, Public Clashes: The story of the flood is covered in several items carried by the Yonhap news agency. See, for instance, http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2009/09/07/0200000000AEN20090907006600315.HTML.
The official ROK findings on the Cheonan’s sinking can be found on www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27–4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/DPRK%20S%202010%20281%20SKorea%20Letter%20and%20Cheonan%20Report.pdf.
The Rise of Chinese Influence: For the North Korean television coverage of Wen’s arrival, see www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpj4iGY8nQE.
A Rare Backlash: For an initial account of the currency revaluation, see Evan Ram- stad’s report in the Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125975276400572645.html.
One example of foreign interest in the North’s magnesite deposits is found on www.nkeconwatch.com/nk-uploads/quintermina3.pdf.
Kim Jong Il’s Death and Beyond: The announcement by a spokesman for the Korean Committee for Space Technology of the plans for a space launch was carried by the official North Korean news agency, “DPRK to Launch Application Satellite,” KCNA, March 16, 2012.
AFTERWORD
The observations about an apparent easing of the alert situation in the North are found on www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=10452.
For an analysis of the commercial satellite photographs showing progress on construction of the LWR at Yongbyon, see http://38north.org/2013/05/yongbyon050113/.
INDEX
Aaron, David, 103
Abramowitz, Morton, 69–70, 74
Acheson, Dean, 7
Ackerman, Gary, 21–22
Afghanistan, Soviet incursion into, 159
Agnew, Spiro, 72
Agreed Framework, 279, 338, 345, 347, 384–385
DPRK breaching of, 321, 364, 384
DPRK obligations under, 286, 304, 383, 385, 413
DPRK concern about, 353
end of, 321, 372–374, 375, 377, 380
fall out from, 280–281
Japan’s obligations under, 320
negotiations for, 274–280, 282, 294, 328, 351
problems implementing, 284–288, 301, 304, 367
ROK on, 280, 373
signing of, 281, 326
US obligations under, 284, 307, 379, 412
US opposition to, 348, 354, 363–364, 383
Akwanpachon, 164
Albright, Madeleine, 259, 327, 328, 330
diplomacy with DPRK, 341, 342–343
meeting with Kim Jong Il, 343–345, 347, 421, 437
relations with ROK, 306, 334
Allen, Richard, 106–107
Amano, Yukio, 456
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Amity and Commerce, Treaty of, 3
Anderson, Terry, 104
Andropov, Yuri, 121
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 351
Arbatov, Georgi, 161
Arkin, William, 200
Armacost, Michael, 74
Armitage, Richard, 361, 367
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 199
Armstrong, John, 80–81
Asian Development Bank, 103, 340
Asian Games, 188, 189, 361, 366
Asian Regional Forum, 340
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), meeting of, 362, 368, 373, 375, 379
Asia-Pacific Peace Committee, 335
Aspin, Les, 220, 230, 248
Australia, 134, 340
Axe murders in DMZ, 59–66, 200
Baker, James, 164, 176, 186, 199
Banco Delta Asia (BDA), 408–411, 417
Barrett, Mark, 60
Bazhanova, Natalia, 149
Beech, Keyes, 21
Begleiter, Ralph, 260
Belgium, 340
Bessmertnykh, Alexander, 166
Blitzer, Wolf, 260
Blix, Hans, 208–211, 214–217, 227, 230, 243
Bolton, John, 349, 354, 362, 374, 382
on North Korea’s uranium program, 363, 367, 368, 369
Bonesteel, Charles, 5
Bonifas, Arthur, 60
Borodavkin, Aleksei, 454
Bosworth, Stephen, 432, 455
Brewster, Bob, 99
Bridge of No Return, 62, 65, 225
Britain, historical influence on Korea, 4
Brown, David E., 269
Brown, George, 72
Brown, Harold, 68, 71, 89, 106
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 68, 70–74, 83–85, 102
Buddhist sharing movement, 312
Burkhardt, Raymond, 153, 221
Burma, 110–111
Bush, George, 154, 159, 189, 217
Bush, George W., 346, 347, 349, 350, 375, 403
administration’s opposition to Clinton’s Korea policy, 348, 351, 398
Axis of Evil, 357, 358, 359
Kim Dae Jung and, 350, 351–352, 358, 359
Kim Jong Il, 358, 383
Koizumi on, 361, 401
North Korea policy of, 349, 417, 403–411, 413–416
Roh Moo-hyun and, 387–388, 410
Cairo Declaration, 4
Canada, 56, 161, 340
Carlin, Robert, 226, 276–277, 399, 416
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 205, 252
Carriere, Fred, 376
Carter, Ashton, 327
Carter, Jimmy, 54, 67
Chun Doo Hwan and, 97, 105, 106–107, 108
human rights, 70, 73, 91, 108
Kim Dae Jung rescue, 105–106, 108
Park Chung Hee, 84–85, 89
relations with China under, 186
relations with DPRK under, 75–76, 79, 113
ROK nuclear issues, 59, 108, 201
visit to Pyongyang, 249, 253–254, 256–265, 287
withdrawal policy of, 67–75, 80–86, 106, 349
Carter, Rosalynn, 256, 261
Castro, Fidel, 142
Cattle diplomacy, 325
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 113, 170
Cha Chi Chol, 87, 90
Cha, Victor, 418
Chaebols, 29, 158, 299
Chang Chun Ha, 34
Chang Se Dong, 116, 118
Chang Song Taek, 376
Ch’emyon, 217
Cheney, Dick, 354, 364, 384, 423
Cheonan sinking, 444–446, 451, 452
Chernenko, Konstantin, 121–122, 124–125, 198
Chernyayev, Anatoly, 125, 161, 166
China
economic engagement with DPRK, 355–366, 435, 446–449
four-party talks, 83, 114, 300–302
historical influence on Korea, 3–4, 8–9, 179, 190
reforms in, 147, 332, 346
relations with DPRK, 178–179, 203–204, 448–449
relations with ROK, 146–148, 161–165, 186–193
relations with United States, 10–11, 83
sanctions against DPRK, 251–252, 415, 435
six-party talks, 383, 395–398, 404, 409
Chinoy, Mike, 259
Cho Chongryon, 316
Cho Soon, 30
Choe Kwang, 294
Choi Eun Hee, 273
Choi Hak Gun, 217
Choi Ho Joong, 169
Choi Kwang Soo, 98
Choi Kyu Ha, 88, 91
Chong Hong Jin, 12
Chung Chong Wook, 271
Chung Ho Yong, 106–107
Choson dynasty, 2, 23, 178
Christenson, Dick, 257
Christopher, Warren, 105, 278, 300
Chun Doo Hwan
assassination attempt against, 110–112
coup by, 92–98
election as president, 105
Kim Dae Jung and, 105–108
life and character of, 95–96, 104–105
martial rule of, 98–105, 129–133
opposition to, 102
power solidification of, 96–98
relations with North, 115–119, 439
relations with Washington, 107–108, 131–133
Roh Tae Woo and, 135–136
scandal around, 295–299
succession struggle around, 126–135
Chung Dong-young, 403, 438
Chung Hee Kyung, 23
Chung Ho Yong, 106–107
Chung Il Kwon, 44
Chung Ju Yung, 141, 160, 298, 311, 337
visit to North, 324–325
Chung Se-hyon, 373
Chung Seung Hwa, 91–92
Clark, William, 151
Clements, William, 63
Cleveland, Paul, 56
Clinton, Bill, 217, 219, 225, 247, 259, 347
Bush administration’s opposition to, 348–353, 398, 411
and Jo Myong Rok, 341–342
and North Korea policy, 230, 232, 279
and South Korea, 282, 300–302, 306–307
and visit to Pyongyang, 342, 345, 435–437, 449
Clinton, Hillary, 436
Confucian, 16, 25, 26, 40, 272
influence on Chun Doo Hwan, 95, 108
Confucianism, 3, 15, 16, 179
Council on Foreign Relations, 368
Creekmore, Marion, 257
Crowe, William J., 201
Cultural exchanges, 420
Currency revaluation, 449–450
Daeguk, 179
Davies, Glyn, 455
De Gaulle, Charles, 43
December (1991) Accords, 203–206
Defueling crisis, 240–244, 249
Delaney, James, 188
Demjan, Sandor, 148
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
application for UN membership, 180
armistice violations of, 293–294
cabinet, 324
collapse of, 289–295, 308–312
contrasted with ROK, 78, 183–184, 316
correspondent’s view of, 180–186
December (1991) Accords, 203–206
Diamond Mountain (Mount Kumgang) in, 325, 340, 442
diplomacy with US, 151–153, 207–208, 340–346
diplomatic setbacks of, 169–175
dissatisfaction with armistice, 284–285, 294
economy of, 78, 233–234, 308–312, 323–326
crisis of 1991, 181–182
new policies under Kim Jong Il, 362–365, 374, 450, 456
Special Administrative Regions (SAR), 365–366
See also China, economic engagement with DPRK
famine in, 284, 307, 311–312, 318, 326
food shortages in, 290–291, 301, 308–312
founding of, 6
and four-party talks, 301, 304, 307, 330
highly enriched uranium (HEU) program, 347, 361–362, 363–364, 428–429
and human rights abuses, 17, 360, 373<
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illicit activities of, 408–409, 418
Kumchang-ni in, 322–323, 328, 368
light-water reactor plan of, 224–227
military buildup in 1975, 80–82
military might of, 47–49
missile tests, 327, 329, 330, 414, 431
National Defense Commission, 268, 318, 324, 341, 342
natural disasters in, 290
naval clash with ROK, 440, 443, 444–446, 451–452
nuclear capability of, 194–218, 239–256, 347–364
nuclear deterrent, 348–349, 396, 398, 431
nuclear tests, 350, 402, 416–418, 424, 433
reconnaissance by, 80, 303
refugees from, 400–401
relations with Burma, 110–111
relations with China, 178–179, 203–204, 448–449
relations with East Germany, 76, 79
relations with Japan, 171–173, 332, 359–362, 376
relations with ROK, 36–37, 115–119, 335–340, 347, 361
relations with Soviet Union, 203, 325, 327
relations with United States, 340–346, 366–380, 392–395, 413–416
relief efforts by, 115
rocket launches of, 319–320, 412, 432, 455
sanctions against, 415, 432–435, 443, 455, 459
socialism in, 77, 110, 181, 274, 314, 456
space program of, 415, 431–432, 455
sponsor of terrorism, 356, 428, 429, 431
submarine infiltration of ROK, 302–307, 412
Supreme People’s Assembly, 37, 173, 208, 313, 324
and three-way talks, 113, 114, 121, 184, 395–396
three-year plan of 1993, 232–233
UN aid to, 290–291, 293, 302, 311, 323
Deng Xiaoping, 51, 188
meeting with Kim Il Sung, 170–171
on the DPRK, 83, 113–114, 186, 188
on Rangoon bombing, 113
reforms of, 121, 147, 186, 187, 189, 192
Di Rita, Larry, 392
DIA. See United States, Defense Intelligence Agency, 82, 322
DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
breach by US helicopters, 76, 281–282
crisis of 1976 (see Axe murders in DMZ)
described, 1–2
tunnels under, 45–47
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 162–163, 165, 174
Dole, Robert, 270
DPRK. See Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Dubna Nuclear Research Center, 196
Dulles, John Foster, 196
East Germany, 76, 79, 119, 146, 159
Economic Planning Board, 28–29, 214
Einhorn, Robert, 344
The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History Page 77