This Changes Everything
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10. Martha Stiegman and Miles Howe, “Summer of Solidarity—A View from the Sacred Fire Encampment in Elsipogtog,” (video), Halifax Media Co-op, July 3, 2013.
11. “ ‘Crown Land Belongs to the Government, Not to F*cking Natives,’ ” APTN, October 17, 2013; Martin Lukacs, “New Brunswick Fracking Protests Are the Frontline of a Democratic Fight,” Guardian, October 21, 2013; Renee Lewis, “Shale Gas Company Loses Bid to Halt Canada Protests,” Al Jazeera America, October 21, 2013.
12. “FORUMe Research Results,” PowerPoint, MQO Research, presented at FORUMe conference, New Brunswick, June 2012, http://www.amiando.com; Kevin Bissett, “Alward Facing Opposition from N.B. Citizens over Fracking,” The Canadian Press, August 30, 2011.
13. Stiegman and Howe, “Summer of Solidarity.”
14. Richard Walker, “In Washington, Demolishing Two Dams So That the Salmon May Go Home,” Indian Country Today, September 22, 2011; “Press Release 02/26/2014,” Shield the People, press release, February 26, 2014; “Keystone XL Pipeline Project Compliance Follow-up Review: The Department of State’s Choice of Environmental Resources Management, Inc., To Assist in Preparing the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement,” United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors, February 2014; Jorge Barrera, “Keystone XL ‘Black Snake’ Pipeline to Face ‘Epic’ Opposition from Native American Alliance,” APTN, January 31, 2014.
15. Steve Quinn, “U.S. Appeals Court Throws Arctic Drilling into Further Doubt,” Reuters, January 23, 2014; Native Village of Point Hope v. Jewell, 44 ELR 20016, No. 12-35287 (9th Cir., 01/22/2014); “Native and Conservation Groups Voice Opposition to Lease Sale 193 in the Chukchi Sea;” World Wildlife Fund, press release, February 6, 2008; Faith Gemmill, “Shell Cancels 2014 Arctic Drilling—Arctic Ocean and Inupiat Rights Reality Check,” Platform, January 30, 2014.
16. Native Village of Point Hope v. Jewell.
17. Terry Macalister, “Shell’s Arctic Drilling Set Back by US Court Ruling,” Guardian, January 23, 2014; “New Shell CEO Ben van Beurden Sets Agenda for Sharper Performance and Rigorous Capital Discipline,” Shell, press release, January 30, 2014.
18. Erin Parke, “Gas Hub Future Unclear After Native Title Dispute,” ABC (Australia), February 7, 2013; “Environmentalists Welcome Scrapping of LNG Project,” ABC (Australia), April 12, 2013; Andrew Burrell, “Gas Fracking Wars to Open Up on a New Front,” Australian, December 30, 2013; “Native Title Challenge to Canning Gas Bill,” Australian Associated Press, June 20, 2013; Vicky Validakis, “Native Title Claimants Want to Ban Mining,” Australian Mining, May 14, 2013.
19. “Ecuador: Inter-American Court Ruling Marks Key Victory for Indigenous People,” Amnesty International, press release, July 27, 2012.
20. ORIGINAL VOTE: United Nations News Centre, “United Nations Adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” United Nations press release, September 13, 2007; LATER ENDORSEMENTS: “Indigenous Rights Declaration Endorsed by States,” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, press release, December 23, 2010; “HAVE THE RIGHT”, “REDRESS”: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, G.A. Res. 61/295, U.N. Doc. A/Res/61/295 September 13, 2007, pp. 10–11, http://www.un.org; CONSTITUTION (ORIGINAL SPANISH): República del Bolivia, Constitución de 2009, Capítulo IV: Derechos de las Naciones y Pueblas Indígena Originario Campesinos, art. 30, sec. 2; CONSTITUTION (ENGLISH TRANSLATION): Leah Temper et al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization: Yasunization and Other Initiatives to Leave Fossil Fuels in the Soil,” EJOLT Report No. 6, May 2013, p. 71.
21. Alexandra Valencia, “Ecuador Congress Approves Yasuni Basin Oil Drilling in Amazon,” Reuters, October 3, 2013; Amnesty International, “Annual Report 2013: Bolivia,” May 23, 2013, http://www.amnesty.org.
22. John Otis, “Chevron vs. Ecuadorean Activists,” Global Post, May 3, 2009.
23. “Beaver Lake Cree Sue over Oil and Gas Dev’t,” Edmonton Journal, May 14, 2008; “Beaver Lake Cree Nation Draws a Line in the (Oil) Sand,” Beaver Lake Cree Nation, press release, May 14, 2008.
24. Ibid.; Court of the Queen’s Bench, Government of Alberta, 2012 ABQB 195, Memorandum of Decision of the Honourable Madam Justice B. A. Browne, March 28, 2012.
25. Bob Weber, “Athabasca Chipewyan File Lawsuit Against Shell’s Jackpine Oil Sands Expansion,” The Canadian Press, January 16, 2014; Chief Allan Adam, “Why I’m on Tour with Neil Young and Diana Krall,” Huffington Post Canada, January 14, 2014; “Administration and Finance,” Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, http://www.acfn.com; “Shell at a Glance,” Shell Global, http://www.shell.com/global.
26. Emma Gilchrist, “Countdown Is On: British Columbians Anxiously Await Enbridge Recommendation,” DesmogCanada, December 17, 2013; personal interview with Mike Scott, October 21, 2010.
27. Benjamin Shingler, “Fracking Protest Leads to Bigger Debate over Indigenous Rights in Canada,” Al Jazeera America, December 10, 2013.
28. OMNIBUS BILLS: Bill C-38, Jobs, Growth and Long-Term Prosperity Act, 41st Parliament, 2012, S.C. 2012, c. 19, http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca; Bill C-45, Jobs and Growth Act 2012, 41st Parliament, 2012, S.C. 2012, c. 31, http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca; REVIEWS: Tonda MacCharles, “Tories Have Cancelled Almost 600 Environmental Assessments in Ontario,” Toronto Star, August 29, 2012; COMMUNITY INPUT: Andrea Janus, “Activists Sue Feds over Rules That ‘Block’ Canadians from Taking Part in Hearings,” CTV News, August 15, 2013; ACT: Navigable Waters Protection Act, Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, c. N-22, http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca; FROM PRACTICALLY 100 PERCENT: “Omnibus Bill Changes Anger Water Keepers,” CBC News, October 19, 2012; TO LESS THAN 1 PERCENT: “Legal Backgrounder: Bill C-45 and the Navigable Waters Protection Act” (RSC 1985, C N-22), EcoJustice, October 2012; “Hundreds of N.S. Waterways Taken off Protected List; Nova Scotia First Nation Joins Idle No More Protest,” CBC News, December 27, 2012; PIPELINES: See amendments 349(5) and 349(9) of Bill C-45, Jobs and Growth Act 2012, 41st Parliament, 2012, S.C. 2012, c. 31; DOCUMENTS REVEALED: Heather Scoffield, “Documents Reveal Pipeline Industry Drove Changes to ‘Navigable Waters’ Act,” The Canadian Press, February 20, 2013.
29. “Electoral Results by Party: 41st General Election (2011.05.02),” Parliament of Canada, http://www.parl.gc.ca; Ian Austen, “Conservatives in Canada Expand Party’s Hold,” New York Times, May 2, 2011.
30. Julie Gordon and Allison Martell, “Canada Aboriginal Movement Poses New Threat to Miners,” Reuters, March 17, 2013.
31. Martin Lukacs, “Indigenous Rights Are the Best Defence Against Canada’s Resource Rush,” Guardian, April 26, 2013.
32. “Neil Young at National Farmers Union Press Conference” (video), YouTube, Thrasher Wheat, September 9, 2013; Jian Ghomeshi, “Q exclusive: Neil Young Says ‘Canada Trading Integrity for Money’ ”(video), CBC News, January 13, 2014.
33. Personal interview with Eriel Deranger, communications manager, Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation January 30, 2014; “Poll: How Do You Feel About Neil Young Attacking the Oilsands?” Edmonton Journal, January 12, 2014.
34. Ghomeshi, “Q exclusive: Neil Young Says ‘Canada Trading Integrity for Money’ ”; Adam, “Why I’m on Tour with Neil Young and Diana Krall.”
35. “National Assessment of First Nations Water and Wastewater Systems,” prepared by Neegan Burnside for Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Canada, April 2011, 16, http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca.
36. In 2012, Greenland’s subsidy from Denmark was about 3.6 billion Danish kroner, equal to 31 percent of its GDP that year. The subsidy was also about 3.6 billion Danish kroner in 2013: “Greenland in Figures: 2014,” Statistics Greenland, 2014, pp. 7–8; Jan. M. Olsen, “No Economic Independence for Greenland in Sight,” Associated Press, January 24, 2014; “OUR INDEPENDENCE”: McKenzie Funk, Windfall: The Booming Business of Global Warming (New York: Penguin, 2014), 78.
37. Angela Sterritt, “Industry and Aboriginal Leaders Examine Benefits of the Oilsands,” CBC News, January 24, 2014
.
38. Personal interview with Phillip Whiteman Jr., October 21, 2010.
CHAPTER 12: SHARING THE SKY
1. Leah Temper, “Sarayaku Wins Case in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights but the Struggle for Prior Consent Continues,” EJOLT, August 21, 2012.
2. Sivan Kartha, Tom Athanasiou, and Paul Baer, “The North-South Divide, Equity and Development—The Need for Trust-Building for Emergency Mobilisation,” Development Dialogue no. 61, September 2012, p. 62.
3. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, there are 162 billion short tons of technically recoverable coal in the Powder River Basin. Using the 2012 total coal consumption figure from the U.S. Energy Information Administration of 889 million short tons, this resource could last approximately 182 years: David C. Scott and James A. Luppens, “Assessment of Coal Geology, Resources, and Reserve Base in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana,” U.S. Geological Survey, February 26, 2013; “International Energy Statistics,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, http://www.eia.gov.
4. “Many Stars CTL,” Beyond Coal, Sierra Club, http://content.sierraclub.org; Homepage, Many Stars Project, http://www.manystarsctl.com/index.html.
5. Personal interview with Mike Scott, October 21, 2010; personal interview with Alexis Bonogofsky, October 21, 2010.
6. “2013 American Indian Population and Labor Force Report,” U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of the Secretary, Office of the Assistant Secretary—Indian Affairs, January 2014, p. 47; “Cheyenne Warriors,” Day One, ABC News, July 6, 1995.
7. Personal interview with Charlene Alden, October 22, 2010.
8. Personal interview with Henry Red Cloud, June 22, 2011.
9. Andreas Malm, “The Origins of Fossil Capital: From Water to Steam in the British Cotton Industry,” Historical Materialism 21 (2013): 45.
10. Personal interview with Larry Bell, July 1, 2011.
11. Carolyn Merchant, “Environmentalism: From the Control of Nature to Partnership,” Bernard Moses Lecture, University of California, Berkeley, May 2010.
12. Personal interview with Landon Means, June 24, 2011; personal interview with Jeff King, June 23, 2011.
13. Personal interview with Henry Red Cloud, June 22, 2011; personal interview with Alexis Bonogofsky, June 22, 2011.
14. Matthew Brown, “Wildfires Ravage Remote Montana Indian Reservation,” Associated Press, August 31, 2012; personal interview with Vanessa Braided Hair, March 27, 2013.
15. Personal interview with Henry Red Cloud, June 24, 2011.
16. Author’s original reporting, March 21, 2013; audio recording, courtesy of Alexis Bonogofsky, January 17, 2013.
17. “Our Work,” Black Mesa Water Coalition, http://www.blackmesawatercoalition.org; “Black Mesa Water Coalition” (video), Black Mesa Peeps, YouTube, December 19, 2011.
18. Marc Lee, Enbridge Pipe Dreams and Nightmares: The Economic Costs and Benefits of the Proposed Northern Gateway Pipeline, Vancouver, BC: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, March 2012, 4-7
19. Ibid., p. 6.
20. Dan Apfel, “Why Investors Must Do More Than Divest from Fossil Fuels,” The Nation, June 17, 2013
21. Diane Cardwell, “Foundations Band Together to Get Rid of Fossil-Fuel Investments,” New York Times, January 29, 2014; Brendan Smith, Jeremy Brecher, and Kristen Sheeran, “Where Should the Divestors Invest?” Common Dreams, May 17, 2014.
22. Ibid.
23. Melanie Wilkinson, “Pipeline Fighters Dedicate Structure on Route,” York News-Times (Nebraska), September 24, 2013.
24. “Our Mission,” RepowerBalcombe, http://www.repowerbalcombe.com.
25. Personal interview with Bill McKibben, November 5, 2011.
26. Personal email communication with John Jordan, January 13, 2011.
27. Patrick Quinn, “After Devastating Tornado, Town is Reborn ‘Green,’ ” USA Today, April 23, 2013.
28. Ibid.
29. Scott Wallace, “Rain Forest for Sale,” National Geographic, January 2013; Kevin Gallagher, “Pay to Keep Oil in the Ground,” The Guardian, August 7, 2009.
30. Esperanza Martinez, “The Yasuní—ITT initiative from a Political Economy and Political Ecology perspective,” in Leah Temper, et al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization: Yasunization and Other Initiatives to Leave Fossil Fuels in the Soil,” EJOLT Report No. 6, May 2013, pp. 11, 27.
31. Angélica Navarro Llanos, “Climate Debt: The Basis of a Fair and Effective Solution to Climate Change,” presentation to Technical Briefing on Historical Responsibility, Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, Germany, June 4, 2009.
32. Susan Solomon et al., “Persistence of Climate Changes Due to a Range of Greenhouse Gases,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 43 (2010): 18355.
33. “Kyoto Protocol,” Kyoto Protocol, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://unfccc.int.
34. Matthew Stilwell, “Climate Debt—A Primer,” Development Dialogue no. 61, September 2012, p. 42; Global Carbon Project emissions data, 2013 Budget v2.4 (July 2014), available at http://cdiac.ornl.gov.
35. Ibid.; “Global Status of Modern Energy Access,” International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012; Barbara Freese, Coal: A Human History (New York: Penguin, 2004), 64.
36. “Status of Ratification of the Convention,” UNFCCC, http://unfccc.int; “Article 3: Principles,” Full Text of the Convention, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://unfccc.int; Kyoto Protocol, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://unfccc.int.
37. Martínez in Temper et al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization,” p. 32; Jonathan Watts, “Ecuador Approves Yasuni National Park Oil Drilling in Amazon Rainforest,” Guardian, August 16, 2013.
38. Mercedes Alvaro, “Coalition to Halt Ecuador Oil-Block Development to Appeal Invalidation of Signatures,” Wall Street Journal, May 9, 2014; Kevin M. Koenig, “Ecuador Breaks Its Amazon Deal,” New York Times, June 11, 2014.
39. James M. Taylor, “Cancun Climate Talks Fizzle, but U.S. Agrees to Expensive New Program,” Heartlander Magazine, The Heartland Institute, January 3, 2011.
40. Personal interview with Alice Bows-Larkin, January 14, 2013; David Remnick, “Going the Distance: On and off the Road with Barack Obama,” The New Yorker, January 27, 2014.
41. Sustainable Buildings and Climate Initiative, Buildings and Climate Change: Summary for Decision Makers, United Nations Environment Programme, 2009, http://www.unep.org; “Global Building Stock Will Expand 25 Percent by 2012, Driven by Growth in Asia Pacific, Forecasts Pike Research,” BusinessWire, December 28, 2012; “Retail and Multi-Unit Residential Segments to Drive Global Building Space Growth through 2020,” Navigant Research, press release, September 19, 2011, http://www.navigantresearch.com.
42. “Climate Change Leadership—Politics and Culture,” CSD Uppsala, http://www.csduppsala.uu.se; Tariq Banuri and Niclas Hällström, “A Global Programme to Tackle Energy Access and Climate Change,” Development Dialogue no. 61, September 2012, p. 275.
43. “ ‘The Most Obdurate Bully in the Room’: U.S. Widely Criticized for Role at Climate Talks,” Democracy Now!, December 7, 2012.
44. Personal interview with Sunita Narain, director general, Centre for Science and Environment, May 6, 2013.
45. Nicole Itano, “No Unity at Racism Conference,” Christian Science Monitor, September 7, 2001; Declaration of the World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, http://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf; Ben Fox, “Caribbean Nations Seeking Compensation for Slavery,” Associated Press, July 25, 2013; “Statement by the Honorable Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda to 34th Regular Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, July 2013—On the Issue of Reparations for Native Genocide and Slavery,” Caribbean Community Secretariat, press release, July 6, 2013.
46. Ta-Nehisi
Coates, “The Case for Reparations,” The Atlantic, May 21, 2014.
47. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, [1944] 1994); “Legacies of British Slave-ownership,” University College London, http://www.ucl.ac.uk
48. Sanchez Manning, “Britain’s Colonial Shame: Slave-owners Given Huge Payouts After Abolition,” Independent, February 24, 2013; “Legacies of British Slave-ownership,” University College London.
49. Paul Baer, Tom Athanasiou, Sivan Kartha, and Eric Kemp-Benedict, “The Greenhouse Development Rights Framework: The Right to Development in a Climate Constrained World,” revised 2nd edition, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Christian Aid, EcoEquity, and the Stockholm Environment Institute, 2008; Kartha, Athanasiou, and Paul Baer, “The North-South Divide, Equity and Development,” p. 54.
50. For more information about Greenhouse Development Rights, and to explore what the framework could look like in practice, refer to the interactive equity calculators and other information available at the GDRs website: http://gdrights.org. 30 PERCENT AND CARBON TRADING: Kartha, Athanasiou, and Baer, “The North-South Divide, Equity and Development,” pp. 59–60, 64; personal interview with Sivan Kartha, January 11, 2013.
CHAPTER 13: THE RIGHT TO REGENERATE
1. Personal interview with Tracie Washington, May 26, 2010.
2. Katsi Cook, “Woman Is the First Environment,” speech, Live Earth, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., July 7, 2007, http://nmai.si.edu.
3. “Global In Vitro Fertilization Market to Reach $21.6 Billion by 2020,” Allied Market Research, press release, January 29, 2014; F. E. van Leeuwen et al., “Risk of Borderline and Invasive Ovarian Tumours After Ovarian Stimulation for in Vitro Fertilization in a Large Dutch Cohort,” Human Reproduction 26 (2011): 3456–3465; L. Lerner-Geva et al., “Infertility, Ovulation Induction Treatments and the Incidence of Breast Cancer—A Historical Prospective Cohort of Israeli Women,” Breast Cancer Research Treatment 100 (2006): 201–212; Peter Henriksson et al., “Incidence of Pulmonary and Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancies After In Vitro Fertilisation: Cross Sectional Study,” BMJ 346 (2013): e8632.