Killer on the Road
Page 24
187MacDonald Triad: the original article describing the triad is John M. MacDonald, “The Threat to Kill,” American Journal of Psychiatry 120 (1963).
191A famous case is New York’s Port Authority Bus Terminal: this case was outlined in great detail in Marcus Felson et al., “Redesigning Hell: Preventing Crime and Disorder at the Port Authority Bus Terminal,” in Ronald Clarke, ed., Crime Prevention Studies 6 (1996), http://www.popcenter.org/library/crimeprevention/volume_06/01_Felson.pdf.
197makes truckers six times more likely than average to die on the job: In 2008, 856 truckers died on the job, a fatality rate of 24 per 100,000. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfch0007.pdf.
198survey done at a seedy Southern truck stop: Mona Shattell, Yorghos Apostolopoulos, Sevil Sönmez, and Mary Griffin, “Occupational Stressors and the Mental Health of Truckers,” Issues in Mental Health Nursing 31 (2010): 561–568.
198a paper on truckers’ physical health: Yorghos Apostolopoulos, Sevil Sönmez, Mona Shattell, and Michael Belzer, “Worksite-Induced Morbidities among Truck Drivers in the United States,” AAOHN Journal 58:7 (2010).
200“less dead”: the phrase is from Stephen Egger, The Killers among Us (Prentice-Hall, 2002).
202research what happens to people at the wheel: see, for instance, John Urry, “Inhabiting the Car,” UNESCO International Conference, Universidade Candido Mendes, Rio de Janeiro, May 2000, http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/papers/urry-inhabiting-the-car.pdf. Tom Vanderbilt summarizes much of this research in the first chapter of his eye-opening book Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says about Us) (Knopf, 2008).
204“They are marvels of engineering”: “A Stranger in the House,” Dateline, aired August 3, 2009 (NBC).
Chapter 6: A Prayer for the Body Buried by the Interstate
For information on the murders in Juárez, I have relied on newspaper stories, as well as Charles Bowden’s hypnotic and horrifying book Murder City (Nation Books, 2010); and Teresa Rodriguez, Diane Montané, with Lisa Pulitzer, The Daughters of Juárez (Atria, 2007). Also important were Jessica Livingston, “Murder in Juárez: Gender, Sexual Violence and the Global Assembly Line,” Frontiers, 2004; and Katherine Pantaleo, “Gendered Violence: An Analysis of the Maquiladora Murders,” International Criminal Justice Review 20:4 (2010).
206“[The Interstate System] will never be finished”: Francis C. Turner, quoted in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 19, 1996.
206“The overall increase in crime”: Gerard Nicholas Labuschagne, “Serial Murder Revisited: A Psychological Exploration of Two South African Cases,” PhD diss., (University of Pretoria, 2001), quoted in Brin Hodgskiss, “Lessons from Serial Murder in South Africa,” Journal of Investigative Psychology and Off ender Profiling 1:1 (January 2004): 72.
210“We are again transforming the world”: quoted in Livingston, “Murder in Juárez”: 62.
211“They were murdering women”: quoted in Molly Moore, “An Anguished Quest for Justice,” Washington Post, June 26, 2000.
213“Do you know where your daughter is tonight?”: quoted in Livingston: 63.
214“My leading theory”: quoted in Patricia Price, Dry Place: Landscapes of Belonging and Exclusion (University of Minnesota Press, 2004): 139.
215“NAFTA has not only increased jobs”: Pantaleo, “Gendered Violence”: 351.
215A Carnegie Council report: Lydia Alpízar, “Impunity and Women’s Rights in Ciudad Juárez,” Human Rights Dialogue 2.10 (Fall 2003), http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/publications/ dialogue/2_10/articles/1056.html.
215“Ciudad Juárez epitomized the promise”: Molly Moore, “Young Women Follow Journeys of Hope to Factories—and Then, to Violence,” Washington Post, June 25, 2000: A1.
218“Highways and country roads are synonymous with progress”: IV Report of Government, Presidency of the Republic, Mexico, DF, August 29, 2010, http://mexidata.info/id2792.html.
218“This future is based on the rich getting richer”: Charles Bowden, “While You Were Sleeping,” Harper’s, December 1996.
219quickly building some thirty thousand miles of new roads: Business Monitor International, China Infrastructure Report (Second Quarter 2011): 40.
219“I always wanted to be an assassin”: quoted in the Reuters story on his execution, “Execution for China Serial Killer,” CNN.com, http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/12/09/ china.killer.reut.
219“Reports of serial killings began appearing”: He Huifeng, “Four Held over Serial Murders of 12 Women,” South China Morning Post, December 13, 2005: 8.
220“One of the villages which had been gradually engulfed”: Sandeep Unnithan and Shyamlal Yadav, “Butchers of Suburbia,” India Today, January 15, 2007.
221India “had never before witnessed”: Shreya Basu, “Butchers of Mankind,” Statesman (India), February 15, 2007.
221“Was I the only person”: “The Silence of Our Lambs,” Hindustan Times, January 27, 2007.
222The widely accepted consensus is that development decreases homicide—up to a point: a good summary is Steven Messner, Lawrence Raffalovich, and Peter Shrock, “Reassessing the Cross-National Relationship between Income Inequality and Homicide Rates,” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18:4 (December 2002).
224Mack Rae Edwards murdered an eight-year-old girl named Stella: a good summary of the Edwards crimes is Kenneth Todd Ruiz, “Police Back Theory on Missing Boy,” Pasadena Star News, March 19, 2007: 1.
My heartfelt gratitude goes to Mark Crispin Miller, for believing in this odd book from the start. Copious honor is due Hal Clifford, my first reader and an invaluable wellspring of writing wisdom. Thanks are also owed to my editor Theresa May at the University of Texas Press, my wonderful agent Nat Sobel at Sobel Weber Associates, and all the stellar folks at both those institutions. And as always, love and gratitude to my family and friends for putting up with the long process of creating this book, and for listening patiently to accounts of murder, mayhem, and infrastructure. I know it hasn’t been easy.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics indicate photographs.
Affluent Society, The, 9
Ainslie, Robert, 44–45
Alameda, California, 60, 64
Ambrose, Stephen, 89
American Psycho, 162
America’s Most Wanted, 142, 171
Anderson, Victor, 21, 24, 37, 41, 46
Anselmi, Carmen, 148–150
Atascadero, 56, 58
Atlanta, Georgia: child murders in, 83, 86–87, 101–124; destruction of black neighborhoods in, 92–96, 119; highways in, 84–85, 92–95, 108, 119; increased violence in, 101–102; and the media, 110, 117, 123; new downtown of, 99–100, 107–108, 120; public housing in, 92–93, 96, 99, 120–121; riot in, 96; and white flight, 95–96
Auburn Avenue, 93–95; photograph of, 94
auto industry, 6–11, 15, 19
Aynesworth, Hugh, 134
Badlands, 14
Baldwin, James, 107–108, 118
Baltazar, Patrick, 107–108
Barry, Marion, 110
Bartlett, Betty Jean, 25, 30
Bartlett, Marion, 25, 28–31
Bartlett, Velda, 28–30
Bechtel, Stephen, 5
Beck, Dave, 5
Bell, Camille, 86, 95, 98–99, 107; and the media, 109, 111; organizing by, 100–102; and trial of Wayne Williams, 114–115, 118, 124
Bell, Jonathan, 111
Bell, Marie, 111
Bell, Tonia, 98, 111
Bell, Yusef, 86–87, 100, 120
Belzer, Michael, 177
Benjamin, Nancy, 46
Bennet, Nebraska, 32, 37, 50
Berkowitz, David, 105, 129, 131, 158
Bianchi, Kenneth, 131–132, 145
Big Ed. See Kemper, Edmund Emil, III
Binder, Alvin, 117
Biondi, Ray, 129, 136, 153, 155, 156, 159
Birdsong, Eula, 86
Bonin, Will
iam, 82, 157
Bora, Rachel, 166
Bowden, Charles, 218, 221
Bowen Homes, 104, 109, 121
Bragdon, General John Stewart, 89–91
Brawley, Buffie, 182
Bronson, William, 57
Brophy, John, 131
Brown, Lee, 102, 112
Brown, Stephanie, 147–148, 153, 164
Buel, Ronald, 58
Bundy, Ted, 105, 146, 155; economic status of, 161; execution of, 160; and mobility, 142, 145, 158; popularity of, 131–136, 140, 179; as a psychopath, 188; trial of, 163
Buono, Angelo, 131–132, 145
Burleigh, Lou Ellen, 128, 164
Bush, George H. W., 209
Bush, George W., 157
Calderón, Felipe, 217, 218
California. See Alameda, California; Central Valley, California; Santa Cruz, California
Capital Bridge, 23–24, 26, 51
Capital Steel, 23–24
Carillo Fuentes, Amado, 216
cars. See auto industry
Carter, Anthony Bernard, 102
Carter, Jimmy, 138–139
Castro, Elizabeth, 212
Cater, Nathaniel, 112–113, 116, 118
Central Valley, California, 137, 147, 153, 159, 165
Chang, Peter, 77, 80
Chase, Richard, 136
Chavez, Esther, 211
Chavira Farel, Alma, 210
child murders. See Atlanta: child murders in
China, 218–220
Choate, 26, 38
Chopper, the. See Kemper, Edmund Emil, III
civil rights movement, 54, 59, 95, 97, 105
Clarke, Ron, 191, 193
Clay, Lucius, 5–7, 20, 223
Club of Rome, 139
Cold War, 3, 23, 42
Collison, Merle, 44, 207, 222–223
Colt, Sloan, 5
Colvert, Robert, 27–28
Colvin, Dellmus, 169
Committee to Stop Children’s Murders, 102
Congress: and fraud in highway program, 56; and origin of highways, 1, 4, 20–21, 223
Conover, Ted, 11
consumerism, 138–140, 162
Corll, Dean, 81
counterculture. See hippie movement
Cox, Scott William, 169
Crain, Andrew, 77
Crossing to Kill, 214
Dahmer, Jeffrey, 158, 161
Damio, War, 74
Dean, James, 7, 15, 34, 36–37, 50
Defensible Spaces, 119
Delhi, 220–222
Deliberate Stranger, The, 135
Dettlinger, Chet, 103–104, 112, 113, 114–115, 123
Dexter, 164, 178
Dickson, Grierson, 131
DiMaggio, Paul, 75
Dixie Hills, 96, 101, 106, 121, 122
Donaldson, Sam, 215
Doors, The, 68
Douglas, John, 124, 154
Dunkle, Jon Scott, 136
du Pont, Francis, 21
Earle, Harley, 19
economy, 9, 19, 137–141. See also highways: and the economy; serial killers: and economic development
Edwards, Mack Rae, 224
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4–6, 10, 42, 50, 57, 89–91, 223
Ellis, Bret Easton, 162
Etzioni, Amitai, 139
Evans, Alfred, 101, 103
Ewalt, Darlene, 202
expressways. See highways
Eyler, Larry, 157, 164
Faubus, Orval, 42
FBI, 66, 67, 165, 169, 171, 177; and campaign against serial killers, 131, 142–146; and child murders in Atlanta, 106, 107, 112, 113; and the Highway Serial Killings Initiative (HSKI), 166–167, 172–174, 204; and involvement in Mexico, 208, 214, 216
Federal-Aid Highway Act, 1, 5, 10, 20, 21, 23, 24, 87, 88; and the Yellow Book, 90–91
Federal Highway Administration, 4, 16, 150
Felson, Marcus, 166
Fencl, Lillian, 39–41
Finch, Karen, 153
Fine, Clark, 181–183
Ford, Wayne Adam, 169–170
Forklift. See Kemper, Edmund Emil, III
Fox, James Alan, 126, 154
Frackenpohl, Darcie, 155, 160
Frazier, John Linley, 61–62
Freeman, Lee, 169, 174–176, 200
“Freeway Killer.” See Kraft, Randy
freeways. See highways
Fugate, Barbara, 25, 26
Fugate, Caril Ann, 14, 25–50; capture of, 44–45; family of, 25, 28–31; murders committed by, 28–31, 32, 33–34, 38–41, 44; photograph of, 29; trial of, 47–48. See also Starkweather, Charles
Gacy, John Wayne, 105, 132, 143, 145, 158, 179
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 9, 222
Gallego, Charlene, 136
Gallego, Gerald, 136
Garcia, Graciela, 211
García Leal, Rosario, 212
Gaskins, Donald Henry, 81, 157
General Motors, 6, 19, 21
Geter, Lubie, 106, 123
Glass, Darren, 103, 117
Goble, Sean Patrick, 170
Graham, Janet, 68
Grizzard, Lewis, 117
Guffie, Debra, 158–159
Guilfoyle, Mary, 71, 73, 76
Harrigan, Mike, 171
Harvey, Milton, 101
Hébert, Richard, 97
Heck, Robert, 144–145
Heedick, Lora, 150, 164
Heflin, Earl, 44–45
Hickey, Eric, 187–188
highway bill. See Federal-Aid Highway Act
“highway killer.” See Eyler, Larry
highways: and the 1980s, 2, 137–141, 151–152; in China, 218–219; and civil defense, 3–5; cultural anxiety about and disdain for, 2–3, 10, 15–16, 46, 56–58, 82–83, 89, 97–98, 150–152; and destruction of city neighborhoods, 87–98, 119, 123; and the economy, 4–7, 8–11, 15, 20, 23, 80, 137–141; and the environmental movement, 57, 62; in India, 220; lobby for, 56–57; and Mexico, 209, 218; origins of, 1–11, 20–21, 223; and race relations, 87–98, 105, 119, 123; and the trucking industry, 176–178, 188–190; and violence, 1–3, 58, 142–143, 158, 178, 193–194. See also mobility; National System of Interstate and Defense Highways
Highway Serial Killings Initiative (HSKI), 166–167, 172–174
Highways to Nowhere, 97
“Hillside Strangler,” 131–132
Hilts, Mark, 177
hippie movement, 60–62, 80, 140–141
hitchhiking, 56, 58; campaigns against, 66, 67, 68, 74, 75, 80; decline of, 80–82; and disappearances, 70, 71; history of, 65; and murder, 63, 65, 69–70, 71–75, 80, 81, 82; in popular culture, 65–66, 68; and Santa Cruz, California, 59–60, 62, 74, 75
Hoover, Herbert, 4, 5
Hoover, J. Edgar, 66, 67
Hulbert, Sarah, 168–169, 174, 178, 179, 200; family of, 183–184, 196, 200, 201, 204–205
Humphrey, George, 8, 9
Huxtable, Ada Louis, 99
I-5, 127; and Edmund Emil Kemper III, 62; and Roger Reece Kibbe, 129, 137, 147, 148, 156, 165
“I-5 Killer,” 157
I-20, 92, 99, 101; and Atlanta child murders, 102, 103, 113, 116, 123
I-24, 180
I-25, 216, 223
I-35, 141
I-40, 57, 169, 170, 180, 182, 186
I-65, 180
I-70, 182
I-75/I-85, 92, 93
I-80: in California, 52–53, 62, 63, 150, 152; in Nebraska: 12–13, 24, 26, 49, 51
I-85, 108
I-110, 209
I-285, 92, 113
I-580, 73, 77
I-680, 127
India, 220–221
“Interstate Killer,” 157
interstate system. See highways; individual interstates
Jackson, Aaron, 106
Jackson, Maynard, 104
Jacobs, Jane, 191
Jenkins, Philip, 146
Jensen Jr., Robert, 33–34, 37, 47, 48
Jesperson, Keith Hunter, 169
Johnson, Lyndon, 42
Jones, Clifford, 103, 120
Jordon, Vernon, 105
Juárez, Mexico. See Mexico
“Juárez Ripper,” 212
Justice Department, 143–146
juvenile delinquency, 15, 22, 28, 34–37, 46, 145, 219; and Edmund Emil Kemper III, 55–56
Karnopp, Merle, 41, 45
Kay, Jane Holtz, 3
Kearney, Patrick, 82, 157
Kemper, Clarnell, 55, 59, 63, 70, 72, 73; murder of, 77–79
Kemper, Edmund, I, 55
Kemper, Edmund, Jr., 55
Kemper, Edmund Emil, III, 52, 54–83, 129, 145, 154, 155, 156, 161, 224; childhood of, 54–56, 63; jobs held by, 59–60; and murder of his grandparents, 55; photograph of, 79; physical size of, 55, 59; motorcycle accident of, 62–63; murders committed by, 55, 63–65, 69–70, 71–73; as a psychopath, 188; surrender of, 77–78; trial of, 82
Kennedy, John F., 54
Kibbe, Harriet, 130, 152
Kibbe, Roger Reece, 128–165, 224; childhood of, 129; and collecting, 130; criminal history of, 129–130, 146–147, 158–159; jobs of, 136–137, 152; media coverage of, 159–160, 163–165; murders committed by, 147–150, 152–153; photograph of, 149; as a psychopath, 188; signature of, 153, 155; trial of, 160
Kibbe, Steve, 130
Kilborn, Peter T., 166
Killer Next Door, The, 135
King, Carol, 33–34, 37
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 59, 87, 93, 94, 111
Kloepfer, Elizabeth, 134, 135
Koli, Surendra, 220
Koo, Aiko, 69–70
Kraft, Randy, 82, 145, 156, 157, 164
Kunstler, James, 3
Labuschagne, Gerard, 206
Lane, Adam Leroy, 203–204
Lecter, Hannibal, 160–161, 163, 165
Lenair, Angel, 101
Levin, Jack, 126, 154
Lewis, Tom, 150
Lillard, Richard, 57
Limits to Growth, The, 139
Lincoln, Nebraska, 16, 22–24, 37
List, The, 104
Liu, Alice, 72–73, 76, 77, 78
Lote Bravo, 211, 212
Lowry, Joseph, 123
Lucas, Henry Lee, 141, 142, 145, 157–158, 161, 182
Luchessa, Anita, 53, 63–65
Luna Villalobos, Angelina, 211
MacDonald Triad, 187
machismo, 213
Madison, Roger, 224–225
Madison, Sharon, 225
Magliolo, Michael Scott, 169
Malick, Terrence, 14
Mann, Abby, 123
Manson, Charles, 179
maquiladoras, 208–215