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Killer on the Road

Page 24

by Ginger Strand


  187MacDonald Triad: the original article describing the triad is John M. MacDonald, “The Threat to Kill,” American Journal of Psychiatry 120 (1963).

  191A famous case is New York’s Port Authority Bus Terminal: this case was outlined in great detail in Marcus Felson et al., “Redesigning Hell: Preventing Crime and Disorder at the Port Authority Bus Terminal,” in Ronald Clarke, ed., Crime Prevention Studies 6 (1996), http://www.popcenter.org/library/crimeprevention/volume_06/01_Felson.pdf.

  197makes truckers six times more likely than average to die on the job: In 2008, 856 truckers died on the job, a fatality rate of 24 per 100,000. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfch0007.pdf.

  198survey done at a seedy Southern truck stop: Mona Shattell, Yorghos Apostolopoulos, Sevil Sönmez, and Mary Griffin, “Occupational Stressors and the Mental Health of Truckers,” Issues in Mental Health Nursing 31 (2010): 561–568.

  198a paper on truckers’ physical health: Yorghos Apostolopoulos, Sevil Sönmez, Mona Shattell, and Michael Belzer, “Worksite-Induced Morbidities among Truck Drivers in the United States,” AAOHN Journal 58:7 (2010).

  200“less dead”: the phrase is from Stephen Egger, The Killers among Us (Prentice-Hall, 2002).

  202research what happens to people at the wheel: see, for instance, John Urry, “Inhabiting the Car,” UNESCO International Conference, Universidade Candido Mendes, Rio de Janeiro, May 2000, http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/papers/urry-inhabiting-the-car.pdf. Tom Vanderbilt summarizes much of this research in the first chapter of his eye-opening book Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says about Us) (Knopf, 2008).

  204“They are marvels of engineering”: “A Stranger in the House,” Dateline, aired August 3, 2009 (NBC).

  Chapter 6: A Prayer for the Body Buried by the Interstate

  For information on the murders in Juárez, I have relied on newspaper stories, as well as Charles Bowden’s hypnotic and horrifying book Murder City (Nation Books, 2010); and Teresa Rodriguez, Diane Montané, with Lisa Pulitzer, The Daughters of Juárez (Atria, 2007). Also important were Jessica Livingston, “Murder in Juárez: Gender, Sexual Violence and the Global Assembly Line,” Frontiers, 2004; and Katherine Pantaleo, “Gendered Violence: An Analysis of the Maquiladora Murders,” International Criminal Justice Review 20:4 (2010).

  206“[The Interstate System] will never be finished”: Francis C. Turner, quoted in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 19, 1996.

  206“The overall increase in crime”: Gerard Nicholas Labuschagne, “Serial Murder Revisited: A Psychological Exploration of Two South African Cases,” PhD diss., (University of Pretoria, 2001), quoted in Brin Hodgskiss, “Lessons from Serial Murder in South Africa,” Journal of Investigative Psychology and Off ender Profiling 1:1 (January 2004): 72.

  210“We are again transforming the world”: quoted in Livingston, “Murder in Juárez”: 62.

  211“They were murdering women”: quoted in Molly Moore, “An Anguished Quest for Justice,” Washington Post, June 26, 2000.

  213“Do you know where your daughter is tonight?”: quoted in Livingston: 63.

  214“My leading theory”: quoted in Patricia Price, Dry Place: Landscapes of Belonging and Exclusion (University of Minnesota Press, 2004): 139.

  215“NAFTA has not only increased jobs”: Pantaleo, “Gendered Violence”: 351.

  215A Carnegie Council report: Lydia Alpízar, “Impunity and Women’s Rights in Ciudad Juárez,” Human Rights Dialogue 2.10 (Fall 2003), http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/publications/ dialogue/2_10/articles/1056.html.

  215“Ciudad Juárez epitomized the promise”: Molly Moore, “Young Women Follow Journeys of Hope to Factories—and Then, to Violence,” Washington Post, June 25, 2000: A1.

  218“Highways and country roads are synonymous with progress”: IV Report of Government, Presidency of the Republic, Mexico, DF, August 29, 2010, http://mexidata.info/id2792.html.

  218“This future is based on the rich getting richer”: Charles Bowden, “While You Were Sleeping,” Harper’s, December 1996.

  219quickly building some thirty thousand miles of new roads: Business Monitor International, China Infrastructure Report (Second Quarter 2011): 40.

  219“I always wanted to be an assassin”: quoted in the Reuters story on his execution, “Execution for China Serial Killer,” CNN.com, http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/12/09/ china.killer.reut.

  219“Reports of serial killings began appearing”: He Huifeng, “Four Held over Serial Murders of 12 Women,” South China Morning Post, December 13, 2005: 8.

  220“One of the villages which had been gradually engulfed”: Sandeep Unnithan and Shyamlal Yadav, “Butchers of Suburbia,” India Today, January 15, 2007.

  221India “had never before witnessed”: Shreya Basu, “Butchers of Mankind,” Statesman (India), February 15, 2007.

  221“Was I the only person”: “The Silence of Our Lambs,” Hindustan Times, January 27, 2007.

  222The widely accepted consensus is that development decreases homicide—up to a point: a good summary is Steven Messner, Lawrence Raffalovich, and Peter Shrock, “Reassessing the Cross-National Relationship between Income Inequality and Homicide Rates,” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18:4 (December 2002).

  224Mack Rae Edwards murdered an eight-year-old girl named Stella: a good summary of the Edwards crimes is Kenneth Todd Ruiz, “Police Back Theory on Missing Boy,” Pasadena Star News, March 19, 2007: 1.

  My heartfelt gratitude goes to Mark Crispin Miller, for believing in this odd book from the start. Copious honor is due Hal Clifford, my first reader and an invaluable wellspring of writing wisdom. Thanks are also owed to my editor Theresa May at the University of Texas Press, my wonderful agent Nat Sobel at Sobel Weber Associates, and all the stellar folks at both those institutions. And as always, love and gratitude to my family and friends for putting up with the long process of creating this book, and for listening patiently to accounts of murder, mayhem, and infrastructure. I know it hasn’t been easy.

  INDEX

  Page numbers in italics indicate photographs.

  Affluent Society, The, 9

  Ainslie, Robert, 44–45

  Alameda, California, 60, 64

  Ambrose, Stephen, 89

  American Psycho, 162

  America’s Most Wanted, 142, 171

  Anderson, Victor, 21, 24, 37, 41, 46

  Anselmi, Carmen, 148–150

  Atascadero, 56, 58

  Atlanta, Georgia: child murders in, 83, 86–87, 101–124; destruction of black neighborhoods in, 92–96, 119; highways in, 84–85, 92–95, 108, 119; increased violence in, 101–102; and the media, 110, 117, 123; new downtown of, 99–100, 107–108, 120; public housing in, 92–93, 96, 99, 120–121; riot in, 96; and white flight, 95–96

  Auburn Avenue, 93–95; photograph of, 94

  auto industry, 6–11, 15, 19

  Aynesworth, Hugh, 134

  Badlands, 14

  Baldwin, James, 107–108, 118

  Baltazar, Patrick, 107–108

  Barry, Marion, 110

  Bartlett, Betty Jean, 25, 30

  Bartlett, Marion, 25, 28–31

  Bartlett, Velda, 28–30

  Bechtel, Stephen, 5

  Beck, Dave, 5

  Bell, Camille, 86, 95, 98–99, 107; and the media, 109, 111; organizing by, 100–102; and trial of Wayne Williams, 114–115, 118, 124

  Bell, Jonathan, 111

  Bell, Marie, 111

  Bell, Tonia, 98, 111

  Bell, Yusef, 86–87, 100, 120

  Belzer, Michael, 177

  Benjamin, Nancy, 46

  Bennet, Nebraska, 32, 37, 50

  Berkowitz, David, 105, 129, 131, 158

  Bianchi, Kenneth, 131–132, 145

  Big Ed. See Kemper, Edmund Emil, III

  Binder, Alvin, 117

  Biondi, Ray, 129, 136, 153, 155, 156, 159

  Birdsong, Eula, 86

  Bonin, Will
iam, 82, 157

  Bora, Rachel, 166

  Bowden, Charles, 218, 221

  Bowen Homes, 104, 109, 121

  Bragdon, General John Stewart, 89–91

  Brawley, Buffie, 182

  Bronson, William, 57

  Brophy, John, 131

  Brown, Lee, 102, 112

  Brown, Stephanie, 147–148, 153, 164

  Buel, Ronald, 58

  Bundy, Ted, 105, 146, 155; economic status of, 161; execution of, 160; and mobility, 142, 145, 158; popularity of, 131–136, 140, 179; as a psychopath, 188; trial of, 163

  Buono, Angelo, 131–132, 145

  Burleigh, Lou Ellen, 128, 164

  Bush, George H. W., 209

  Bush, George W., 157

  Calderón, Felipe, 217, 218

  California. See Alameda, California; Central Valley, California; Santa Cruz, California

  Capital Bridge, 23–24, 26, 51

  Capital Steel, 23–24

  Carillo Fuentes, Amado, 216

  cars. See auto industry

  Carter, Anthony Bernard, 102

  Carter, Jimmy, 138–139

  Castro, Elizabeth, 212

  Cater, Nathaniel, 112–113, 116, 118

  Central Valley, California, 137, 147, 153, 159, 165

  Chang, Peter, 77, 80

  Chase, Richard, 136

  Chavez, Esther, 211

  Chavira Farel, Alma, 210

  child murders. See Atlanta: child murders in

  China, 218–220

  Choate, 26, 38

  Chopper, the. See Kemper, Edmund Emil, III

  civil rights movement, 54, 59, 95, 97, 105

  Clarke, Ron, 191, 193

  Clay, Lucius, 5–7, 20, 223

  Club of Rome, 139

  Cold War, 3, 23, 42

  Collison, Merle, 44, 207, 222–223

  Colt, Sloan, 5

  Colvert, Robert, 27–28

  Colvin, Dellmus, 169

  Committee to Stop Children’s Murders, 102

  Congress: and fraud in highway program, 56; and origin of highways, 1, 4, 20–21, 223

  Conover, Ted, 11

  consumerism, 138–140, 162

  Corll, Dean, 81

  counterculture. See hippie movement

  Cox, Scott William, 169

  Crain, Andrew, 77

  Crossing to Kill, 214

  Dahmer, Jeffrey, 158, 161

  Damio, War, 74

  Dean, James, 7, 15, 34, 36–37, 50

  Defensible Spaces, 119

  Delhi, 220–222

  Deliberate Stranger, The, 135

  Dettlinger, Chet, 103–104, 112, 113, 114–115, 123

  Dexter, 164, 178

  Dickson, Grierson, 131

  DiMaggio, Paul, 75

  Dixie Hills, 96, 101, 106, 121, 122

  Donaldson, Sam, 215

  Doors, The, 68

  Douglas, John, 124, 154

  Dunkle, Jon Scott, 136

  du Pont, Francis, 21

  Earle, Harley, 19

  economy, 9, 19, 137–141. See also highways: and the economy; serial killers: and economic development

  Edwards, Mack Rae, 224

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4–6, 10, 42, 50, 57, 89–91, 223

  Ellis, Bret Easton, 162

  Etzioni, Amitai, 139

  Evans, Alfred, 101, 103

  Ewalt, Darlene, 202

  expressways. See highways

  Eyler, Larry, 157, 164

  Faubus, Orval, 42

  FBI, 66, 67, 165, 169, 171, 177; and campaign against serial killers, 131, 142–146; and child murders in Atlanta, 106, 107, 112, 113; and the Highway Serial Killings Initiative (HSKI), 166–167, 172–174, 204; and involvement in Mexico, 208, 214, 216

  Federal-Aid Highway Act, 1, 5, 10, 20, 21, 23, 24, 87, 88; and the Yellow Book, 90–91

  Federal Highway Administration, 4, 16, 150

  Felson, Marcus, 166

  Fencl, Lillian, 39–41

  Finch, Karen, 153

  Fine, Clark, 181–183

  Ford, Wayne Adam, 169–170

  Forklift. See Kemper, Edmund Emil, III

  Fox, James Alan, 126, 154

  Frackenpohl, Darcie, 155, 160

  Frazier, John Linley, 61–62

  Freeman, Lee, 169, 174–176, 200

  “Freeway Killer.” See Kraft, Randy

  freeways. See highways

  Fugate, Barbara, 25, 26

  Fugate, Caril Ann, 14, 25–50; capture of, 44–45; family of, 25, 28–31; murders committed by, 28–31, 32, 33–34, 38–41, 44; photograph of, 29; trial of, 47–48. See also Starkweather, Charles

  Gacy, John Wayne, 105, 132, 143, 145, 158, 179

  Galbraith, John Kenneth, 9, 222

  Gallego, Charlene, 136

  Gallego, Gerald, 136

  Garcia, Graciela, 211

  García Leal, Rosario, 212

  Gaskins, Donald Henry, 81, 157

  General Motors, 6, 19, 21

  Geter, Lubie, 106, 123

  Glass, Darren, 103, 117

  Goble, Sean Patrick, 170

  Graham, Janet, 68

  Grizzard, Lewis, 117

  Guffie, Debra, 158–159

  Guilfoyle, Mary, 71, 73, 76

  Harrigan, Mike, 171

  Harvey, Milton, 101

  Hébert, Richard, 97

  Heck, Robert, 144–145

  Heedick, Lora, 150, 164

  Heflin, Earl, 44–45

  Hickey, Eric, 187–188

  highway bill. See Federal-Aid Highway Act

  “highway killer.” See Eyler, Larry

  highways: and the 1980s, 2, 137–141, 151–152; in China, 218–219; and civil defense, 3–5; cultural anxiety about and disdain for, 2–3, 10, 15–16, 46, 56–58, 82–83, 89, 97–98, 150–152; and destruction of city neighborhoods, 87–98, 119, 123; and the economy, 4–7, 8–11, 15, 20, 23, 80, 137–141; and the environmental movement, 57, 62; in India, 220; lobby for, 56–57; and Mexico, 209, 218; origins of, 1–11, 20–21, 223; and race relations, 87–98, 105, 119, 123; and the trucking industry, 176–178, 188–190; and violence, 1–3, 58, 142–143, 158, 178, 193–194. See also mobility; National System of Interstate and Defense Highways

  Highway Serial Killings Initiative (HSKI), 166–167, 172–174

  Highways to Nowhere, 97

  “Hillside Strangler,” 131–132

  Hilts, Mark, 177

  hippie movement, 60–62, 80, 140–141

  hitchhiking, 56, 58; campaigns against, 66, 67, 68, 74, 75, 80; decline of, 80–82; and disappearances, 70, 71; history of, 65; and murder, 63, 65, 69–70, 71–75, 80, 81, 82; in popular culture, 65–66, 68; and Santa Cruz, California, 59–60, 62, 74, 75

  Hoover, Herbert, 4, 5

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 66, 67

  Hulbert, Sarah, 168–169, 174, 178, 179, 200; family of, 183–184, 196, 200, 201, 204–205

  Humphrey, George, 8, 9

  Huxtable, Ada Louis, 99

  I-5, 127; and Edmund Emil Kemper III, 62; and Roger Reece Kibbe, 129, 137, 147, 148, 156, 165

  “I-5 Killer,” 157

  I-20, 92, 99, 101; and Atlanta child murders, 102, 103, 113, 116, 123

  I-24, 180

  I-25, 216, 223

  I-35, 141

  I-40, 57, 169, 170, 180, 182, 186

  I-65, 180

  I-70, 182

  I-75/I-85, 92, 93

  I-80: in California, 52–53, 62, 63, 150, 152; in Nebraska: 12–13, 24, 26, 49, 51

  I-85, 108

  I-110, 209

  I-285, 92, 113

  I-580, 73, 77

  I-680, 127

  India, 220–221

  “Interstate Killer,” 157

  interstate system. See highways; individual interstates

  Jackson, Aaron, 106

  Jackson, Maynard, 104

  Jacobs, Jane, 191

  Jenkins, Philip, 146

  Jensen Jr., Robert, 33–34, 37, 47, 48

  Jesperson, Keith Hunter, 169

  Johnson, Lyndon, 42


  Jones, Clifford, 103, 120

  Jordon, Vernon, 105

  Juárez, Mexico. See Mexico

  “Juárez Ripper,” 212

  Justice Department, 143–146

  juvenile delinquency, 15, 22, 28, 34–37, 46, 145, 219; and Edmund Emil Kemper III, 55–56

  Karnopp, Merle, 41, 45

  Kay, Jane Holtz, 3

  Kearney, Patrick, 82, 157

  Kemper, Clarnell, 55, 59, 63, 70, 72, 73; murder of, 77–79

  Kemper, Edmund, I, 55

  Kemper, Edmund, Jr., 55

  Kemper, Edmund Emil, III, 52, 54–83, 129, 145, 154, 155, 156, 161, 224; childhood of, 54–56, 63; jobs held by, 59–60; and murder of his grandparents, 55; photograph of, 79; physical size of, 55, 59; motorcycle accident of, 62–63; murders committed by, 55, 63–65, 69–70, 71–73; as a psychopath, 188; surrender of, 77–78; trial of, 82

  Kennedy, John F., 54

  Kibbe, Harriet, 130, 152

  Kibbe, Roger Reece, 128–165, 224; childhood of, 129; and collecting, 130; criminal history of, 129–130, 146–147, 158–159; jobs of, 136–137, 152; media coverage of, 159–160, 163–165; murders committed by, 147–150, 152–153; photograph of, 149; as a psychopath, 188; signature of, 153, 155; trial of, 160

  Kibbe, Steve, 130

  Kilborn, Peter T., 166

  Killer Next Door, The, 135

  King, Carol, 33–34, 37

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 59, 87, 93, 94, 111

  Kloepfer, Elizabeth, 134, 135

  Koli, Surendra, 220

  Koo, Aiko, 69–70

  Kraft, Randy, 82, 145, 156, 157, 164

  Kunstler, James, 3

  Labuschagne, Gerard, 206

  Lane, Adam Leroy, 203–204

  Lecter, Hannibal, 160–161, 163, 165

  Lenair, Angel, 101

  Levin, Jack, 126, 154

  Lewis, Tom, 150

  Lillard, Richard, 57

  Limits to Growth, The, 139

  Lincoln, Nebraska, 16, 22–24, 37

  List, The, 104

  Liu, Alice, 72–73, 76, 77, 78

  Lote Bravo, 211, 212

  Lowry, Joseph, 123

  Lucas, Henry Lee, 141, 142, 145, 157–158, 161, 182

  Luchessa, Anita, 53, 63–65

  Luna Villalobos, Angelina, 211

  MacDonald Triad, 187

  machismo, 213

  Madison, Roger, 224–225

  Madison, Sharon, 225

  Magliolo, Michael Scott, 169

  Malick, Terrence, 14

  Mann, Abby, 123

  Manson, Charles, 179

  maquiladoras, 208–215

 

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