Dinosaurs Rediscovered
Page 28
Jurassic dinosaurs 68–71
Mesozoic birds from 118–24
Chinsamy-Turan, Anusuya 145
chitin 139
chromosomes 151–52
Chukar partridges 248
clades 55, 82, 110
cladistics 53–55, 82–83
cladograms 55, 56
Clashach, Scotland 85, 86
classic model 21, 21
classification, evolutionary trees 52–84, 60–61
climate
climate change 22, 40, 41, 43
Cretaceous 269
identifying ancient 46–47
Late Triassic 40, 41, 43, 49
Triassic Period 48, 49
cloning 134–35, 137, 148–51, 150
Coelophysis 193, 236, I, X
Colbert, Ned 22, 23, 34
Romer-Colbert ecological relay model 22, 35, 36, 39–40
size and core temperature 118
cold-blooded animals 116
collagen 142, 143
colour
of dinosaurs 124–25
of feathers 8–10, 17, 139, V
computational methods 35–39
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur, The Lost World 133–34, 133, 135
Confuciusornis 144, 145, 147, XIII
fact file 146–47
conifers 22, 131, 197, III
Connecticut Valley 223–26, 224–25, 227, 243
contamination of DNA 138
continental plates 47
Cope, Edward 208
coprolites 195, 195, 197, 204
coprophagy 204
crests 126, 128, 143
Cretaceous 50, 71–75
birds 277–78
climate 269
decline of dinosaurs 274, 275
dinosaur evolution rates 77
ecosystems 205
in North America 240–42
ornithopods 71
sauropods 71
see also Early Cretaceous; Late Cretaceous
Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary 260, 261–62, 265–66, 269
evolution of birds 276, 277, 278–79
Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution 77–80, 131
Crichton, Michael, Jurassic Park 134–35, 136
criticism and scientific method 287–88
crocodiles 218
Adamantina Formation food web 201–3
eggs and babies 155, 159, 164, 165
feeding methods 194
function of the snout 193
crurotarsans 39
CT (computerized tomographic) scanning 97, 99
dinosaur embryos 160, 162
dinosaur skulls 163, 191
Currie, Phil 86, 91, 121
Cuvier, Georges 257
D
Dal Corso, Jacopo 40
Daohugou Bed, China 68
Darwin, Charles 23, 107, 114, 132, 287
Daspletosaurus 170, 171
dating dinosaurian diversification 44–46
de-extinction science 149, 151
death of dinosaurs see extinction
Deccan Traps 268, 285, 287
Deinonychus 112, 114, 121
fact file 112–13
John Ostrom’s monograph on 110, 111, 113, 116, 244–45
movement 221
dentine 196, 197
Dial, Ken 248
diet
collapsing food webs 204–5
dinosaur food webs 201–4
fossil evidence for 194–95
microwear on teeth and diet 199–201
niche division and specialization in 205–13
digital models 17, 18, 19, 191–94, 231–34, 249, 252
dimorphism, sexual 126, 143
dinomania 107
Dinosaur Park Formation, Drumheller 86, 91–99, 100
Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta 86, 87, 91–92, 91
Dinosaur Ridge, Colorado 240
Dinosauria 33, 55, 82, 107
discovery of the clade 57–59
Diplodocus 175, 210–11, II
diet 207, 208–9, 213
fact file 210–11
Morrison Formation 69
skulls IX
teeth and bite force 209, 213
diversification of dinosaurs 29, 44–46
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 134–35
cloning 148–51
dinosaurian genome 151–52
extracting from fossils in amber 136
extracting from museum skins and skeletons 138
identifying dinosaur 136–37
survival of in fossils 138–39, 141
Doda, Bajazid 180
Dolly the sheep 148, 149
Dromaeosaurus 87, 121
duck-billed dinosaurs see hadrosaurs
dung beetles 204
dwarf dinosaurs 180–84
Dysalotosaurus 145
Dzik, Jerzy 29, 31
E
Early Cretaceous
diversity of species on land and in sea 78
Jehol Beds 124
Wealden 72–74, 74, 75, 78
ecological relay model 21, 22, 35, 36, 39
ecology, and the origin of dinosaurs 23–25
education, using dinosaurs in 101–4
eggs, birds 155, 158, 159, 166
eggs, dinosaur 154, 155–56
dinosaur embryos 160–63
nests and parental care 163–67
size of 158–59
El Kef, Tunisia 276
Elgin, Scotland 25–26, 26, 34, 85–86
embryos, dinosaur 154, 160–63
enamel, tooth 196, 197
enantiornithines 277–78
encephalization quotient (EQ) 130
engineering models 17–18
Eoraptor 29
Erickson, Greg 154–55, 170, 172–73, 184–85, 197
eumelanin 124
eumelanosomes V
Euoplocephalus 87, 88
fact file 88–89
Europasaurus 117
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) 162
evolution 13, 23, 40
evolutionary trees 52–84, 60–61, 281
Richard Owen’s views on 106–7, 114
size and 181, 184
Evolution (journal) 109
excavations 87–99
Dinosaur Park Formation 86, 91–99, 100
recording 92–97
extant phylogenetic bracket 16, 217
external fundamental system (EFS) 170
extinction
Carnian Pluvial Episode 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50
end-Triassic event 64
mass extinction 254–85
Permian–Triassic mass extinction 14, 33–34, 46, 222
sudden or gradual 270–75
eyes 100
F
faeces, fossil 194, 195, 197, 204
Falkingham, Peter 192, 226
feathers 99, 245
in amber 131, VI
bird feathers 125–26, 127
colour of 8–10, 17, 139, V
as insulation 126
melanosomes 8–10, 8, 17, 124–25, 132, V
sexual signalling 126, 128, 143
Sinosauropteryx 8–9, 8, 10, 17, 119, 120–21, 125, 126
Field, Dan 279, 281
films, dinosaurs in 249–52
Jurassic Park 134–35, 136, 217, 252
finding dinosaurs 87–105
finite element analysis (FEA) 18, 190–91, 199, 208
fishes 128, 159, 163–64, 196
flight 244–49
flowering plants 78–79, III
food webs 71–75, 201–4
Adamantina Formation 201–4, 202–3
collapsing 204–5
Wealden 74, 75
footprints 223–27, 240
megatracksites 242
photogrammetry 94
swimming tracks 242, 243
fossils
casting 100
extracting skeletons from 94–99, 105
plants 269
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br /> reconstructing 99–101
scanning 97, 99
survival of organic molecules in 138–39, 141
Framestore 249–50
Froude, William 228–29
G
Galton, Peter 58, 59, 110, 115, 221, 221
Garcia, Mariano 232, 234
gastroliths 194
Gatesy, Stephen 226, 231
gaur 148–49
Gauthier, Jacques 53, 59, 245
genetic engineering, bringing dinosaurs back to life with 148–51
genome, dinosaurian 151–52
geological time scale 6–7, 44–45
gharials 193, 194
gigantothermy 117, 118
Gill, Pam 199
glasses, impact 265–66, 269
gliding 245, 247, 248
Gorgosaurus 87, 170, 171
Granger, Walter 157
Great Exhibition (1851) 107, 108
Gregory, William 157
Grimaldi, David 131
growth
dwarf dinosaurs 180–84
growth rates 154, 170–74, 184
growth rings 116, 117, 154–55, 170, 172–73, 184
growth spurts 145
how dinosaurs could be so huge 175–79
Gryposaurus 87
Gubbio, Italy 260, 261–62, 265, 266, 286
H
hadrosaurs 79, 143
Dinosaur Park Formation 91–99, 100
diversity of 272, 275
first skeleton 218–19, 220
teeth 196–97, 198, 201, XVIII
use of arms and legs 236
Hadrosaurus foulkii 220
Haiti 265–66, 265
Haldane, J. B. S. 78
Haplocanthosaurus 207
Hatcher, John 211
Hațeg island, Transylvania 181, 182, 183
Heers, Ashley 248
Hell Creek Formation, Montana 270–71, 275, III
Henderson, Don 249, 250, 251
Hendrickson, Sue 237
Hennig, Willi 54–55
herbivores 201
early grassland mammals 284
tooth engineering 196–98
see also individual dinosaurs
Herrerasaurus 29, 30, 39
fact file 30–31
hesperornithiforms 278, 280
Hildebrand, Alan 266
hindlimbs 58, 59
Hitchcock, Edward 223–24, 224–25, 226
Holman, J. Alan 86
Holmes, Arthur 45
homologies 106–7
Horner, Jack 126, 128
horns 126, 128, 143, 239
Hou, Lianhai 146
Huene, Friedrich von 182
humans
babies 160–61
evolution 284
posture 284
teeth and bite force 192, 196, 199
Hutchinson, John 215–18, 216, 230–34, 238, 252–53
Huxley, Thomas Henry 27, 28, 111, 114, 115, 132
Hyperodapedon 25–26, 26, 27, 28
fact file 27
hypotheses 13, 286
criticism of 287
Hypselosaurus 155
I
ibex, Pyrenean 149, 150
ichthyornithines 278, 280
ichthyosaurs 213
Iguanodon 57, 72, 73
chewing food 71–72
fact file 72–73
Gideon Mantell’s reconstruction of 218, 219
naming of 71
Richard Owen’s vision of 57, 107, 108, 218, 219
skulls XI
teeth 187, 189
impact glasses 265–66, 269
impact theory 259–62, 264, 286
insects 79, 109
in amber 131
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) 124–25
intelligence 128–30
iridium 260–62, 261, 265, 266, 269, 286
Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina 28–29, 35, 46–47
Ischigualasto Provincial Park 29
J
Janenschia 174
jaws, how dinosaurs’ worked 186
Jehol Beds, China 124, 277
Jerison, Harry 130
Ji, Qiang 121, 122, 123
Ji, Shu’an 121, 122, 123
Jiang, Baoyu 68, 69
Jurassic 49, 64–71
dinosaurs from China 68–71
see also Late Jurassic; Middle Jurassic
Jurassic Park (book/film) 134–35, 136, 217, 252
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom 252
K
Kaateodocus 207
Kaye, Thomas 142
Kearns, Stuart 8, 124–25
Kinsella, Cormac 43
Kitching, James 160
Knell, Rob 128
Kuehneotherium 199, 200
L
Lambe, Lawrence 89
Lambeosaurus 87
Langer, Max 82
Late Cretaceous 50
dinosaur evolution rates 77
diversity of species 79
flowering plants III
hadrosaurs 91
Late Jurassic 49
evolution of birds 277
Morrison Formation 69
sauropods 69, 71
theropods 71
Late Triassic
dinosaur evolution rates 77
end-Triassic event 64
Germany in 62–63
oldest known dinosaurs 28
rift valleys 49
volcanic eruptions 40, 43, 48–49, 64
legs, how dinosaurs’ moved 231–34, 235–40, 249
Leidy, Joseph 219
Lexovisaurus 66
lignin 139
Liliensternus 62, 63
limbs
homology of 106–7, 107
how dinosaurs’ legs moved 231–34, 235–40, 249
Lindahl, Tomas 138
lizards 218, 222, 247
Lloyd, Graeme 77, 271–72
Lockley, Martin 242
locomotion see movement 215–53
lower collapse threshold 205
Lujiatun, Liaoning province, China 174
Lyell, Charles 257, 262, 269
M
macroecology of dinosaur origins 33–35, 39
Maddox, John 289
magnetostratigraphy 46
Magyarosaurus 180, 181, 182, 184
fact file 182–83
Maiasaura 165–66, 164, XIV
fact file 164–65
mammals
bones 116, 170
breathing 118
cloning 148
evolution of 281–84, 283–84
growth 174
intelligence 128, 129, 130
internal temperature 109
melanosomes 17, 124
parental care 159
posture and gait 23, 25
as replacement for synapsids 21, 23, 36
teeth 196
young 159
mammoths, cloning 150, 151
Manda Formation, Tanzania 32–33
maniraptoran theropods 180, 238, 245, 248
Mantell, Gideon 67, 73, 218, 219
mapping skeletons 93–94, 93
marine rocks 46
Marsh, Othniel 90, 189, 207, 270–71
mass spectrometers 99
Massospondylus 162, 163
embryos 160–61, 161
fact file 162–63
footprints 225
parental care 167
skulls XVI, XVII
Maurrasse, Florentin 265
Mayr, Ernst 53, 54, 55
medullary bone 143, 145, XIII
Megalosaurus 57, 65–66, 65, 66
fact file 66–67
jaw and teeth 186, 188–89
swimming tracks 243
as visualized by Richard Owen 107, 108
Megaraptor 201
megatracksites 242
melanin 9, 10, 124, 132
survival of in fossils 139, 140
melanosomes 8–10, 8, 16
–17, 124–25, 132, V
melt rock 254, 266, 267
Mesozoic
birds from China 118–24
evolution of birds 277
meteorite impact 254–69, 275–76, 280, 281, 286–87, XIX
Meyer, Hermann von 63, 113
Michel, Helen 259
Mickelson, Debra 243
Microraptor 120, 121, 245–47, 248
microscopes, scanning electron 99
Middle Jurassic
central England in 66–67
dinosaur evolution rates 77
dinosaurs from China 68–71
migration 240–42, 240, 241
Milne, Mike 250
modern analogues 16
Montana State University 141
Moody, Pliny 223
Morganucodon 199, 200
morphology 37–39
morphospace 37–39, 38
sauropods 212, 213
Morris, John 103
Morrison Formation, Wyoming 69, 110, 186–87, 205–7, II
movement 215–53
dinosaurs in films 249–52, 251
fashions in 218–22
flight 244–47
how dinosaurs’ legs moved 231–34
how fast dinosaurs ran 228–31
swimming 240–44
Tyrannosaurus rex 230–32, 232, 234
Mullis, Kary 134
muscles 100, 217, 232–33
museums, education and 101
Muyzer, Gerard 143
N
Natural History Museum, London 22, 54
Nature 110, 121, 125
Nesbitt, Sterling 32–33
nests, dinosaur 156, 163–67
New Scientist 136–37
Newton, Isaac 218
Nicholls, Bob 101
Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz 32
Nopcsa, Baron Franz 180, 181
Norell, Mark 166
Norman, Dave 53, 59, 71, 80–83
nuclear winters 264
Nyasasaurus 33
O
O’Connor, Rebecca 151
oestrogen 145
optic lobe 128, XI
Orenburg, Russia 14–15
Organ, Chris 151
origin of the dinosaurs 21–51
Orkin, Phil 14
Ornithischia 82, 83, VIII
decline of 274, 275
evolutionary trees 59
genome 151
Jurassic period 64–65
pelvic arrangement 57–58, 57
ornithomimosaurs 79
Ornithomimus 87, 90, 90
ornithopods 71, 235
Ornithoscelida 82
Orr, Paddy 8, 124–25
Osborn, Henry 11, 15, 169, 237
osteocalcin 143
Ostrom, John 115
Deinonychus 110, 111, 113, 116, 244–45
dinosaur flight 244
Sinosauropteryx 120–21
Tenontosaurus 147
Oviraptor 156, 168
eggs 158, 159, 166, 167
fact file 168–69
Owen, Richard 111, 118
Dinosauria clade 57, 58, 107
Iguanodon 57, 107, 108, 218, 219
Maiasaura 165
Massospondylus 163
view on evolution 106–7, 114
oxygen isotopes 47, 276
P
Padian, Kevin 126, 128
Palaeontological Institute, Warsaw 29