Mesa of Sorrows
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Butterfly Clan, 221
Butterfly Dances, 198
Calhoun, James S., 127
Cammerer, Arno, 107
cannibalism, debates about, 29–30, 230n
Canyon de Chelly, 247n
Carbonel, Antonio, 68, 73, 79
Carlisle Indian School, 131
Carros, Buenaventura de los, 234n
Castle Rock Pueblo, 36
destruction of, 35–36
Catholic Church, 221–22
conflicts between Spanish secular government and, 190
conversion of Indians as goal of, 46–49
Eastern Pueblos’ strong opposition to, 212
and status of Awat’ovi remains, 220
Catiti, Alonso, 63, 66
ceramics, Hopi, at Awat’ovi, 1, 3, 3, 27
Chaco Canyon, N.Mex., 6, 217, 218
Great Houses of, 30–31, 31, 33, 54, 123
priestly burial at, 32–33, 35, 39
Chaco Phenomenon (A.D. 900–1150):
collapse of, 6, 29, 32–34, 183
nonviolence of, 29, 30, 32, 34
Chakpahu Village, 90, 96, 182
excavation of, 102–3
Chama River, 46
Chávez, Angélico, 234n–35n
Chavez Pass, 148, 154, 163
Chetro Ketl, Chaco Canyon, 32
Chilocco Indian School, 175, 189
Cholula, Mexico, 54
Choong’o, 146
Chukubi village, 212
Chuska Mountains, 31, 35
Claflin, Bill, 87, 90
clan exogamy, 155
Collier, John, 90–91, 92–93, 94, 107–8
Collins, Ralph P., 132
Comanches, 29, 74, 178
Concepción, Cristóbal de la, 47, 124
convento, at Awat’ovi Pueblo, see Mission San Bernardo de Aguatubi convento
Convento Grande de Francisco, Mexico City, 234n
convento kivas, 209
Coochwikvia, Emory, 114
Cook, A. D., 133
Corbera, Francisco, 79
corn, Hopi cultivation of, 172–73
Corn Clan, 172–73
Coronado, Francisco de, 44, 45, 70
Cortés, Hernán, as Quetzalcoatl, 119
Council of the Indies, 46
Courlander, Harold, 182
Cowboy Wash, Colo., massacre at, 34–35, 39, 230n
Coyote Boy, 166–68
Coyote Clan, 166–69, 221
coyotes, popwaqt’s association with, 206–7, 208
Cubero, Pedro Rodríguez, 127, 191, 237n
F. Espeleta’s peace proposal to, 192, 194, 213–15, 216
Cushing, Frank Hamilton (Many Buttons), 17–19, 20, 21–22, 21, 23, 129, 130, 133, 195
as Bow Priest Society member, 19, 39, 41
Oraibi trading post established by, 116–17
Pahaana prophecy and, 117–20, 127
sorcery and, 39, 41–42
Dawes Severalty Act (1887), 92
Deer Clan, 221
de Guerra, Salvador, 61–62
Dennis, Alec, 95
Dennis, Leland, 95
Depression, Great, 97
“direct-historical” method, 22
dogs:
dual nature of, 207
popwaqt’s association with, 206–7, 208
remains of, found in kivas and pit-houses, 206, 207–8
Domingo de Mendoza, Juan, 25
Domínguez y Mendoza, Juan, 127
doñados, 190
Dozier, Edward P., 237n
Duff, Patrick, 183
Durán de Miranda, Juan de, 234n
Eastern Pueblos, 63, 121, 123, 184, 219
Catholic Church strongly opposed by, 212
Elder Brother, see Pahaana
Elijah, Prophet, 126
El Paso del Norte, 67, 69
Enoch, Prophet, 126
epics, European, Hopi narratives compared to, 143
Espejo, Antonio de, 46
Espeleta, Francisco de, 60–61, 189
as Badger Clan member, 190, 192
Catholic education of, 60, 193, 212
as doñado, 190
as Hopi leader and spokesperson, 191–93, 212, 216
as intermediary between Hopi and white cultures, 193, 214
in peace proposal to Cubero, 192, 194, 213–15, 216
as possible leader of Awat’ovi massacre, 192–93, 194, 216, 237n
in Pueblo Revolt, 60, 190–91, 193
Espeleta, José de, 59, 61–62, 126–27, 189, 212
choral music introduced to Awat’ovi by, 59–60, 61, 190
death of, 63–64, 190
Hopi boys taught by, 60, 190
Estancia Basin, 217
ethnography, comparative approach in, 23
ethnology, 22–23
Farny, Henry François, 40
Faulkner, William, xiii
Ferguson, T. J., 143
Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 15, 17, 88, 90, 164
Awat’ovi excavations of, 25–26, 26
as Hemenway Expedition leader, 21, 23
plagiarism by, 21, 23, 24
Sorcerer’s Kiva excavated by, 15, 26–27, 201, 208, 219, 221
Fiestas de Santa Fe, 68
Figueroa, José de, 64, 107, 109
First Baptist Church, Keams Canyon, 176
First Mesa, 74–75, 81, 82–83, 95, 110, 111, 163, 164, 165, 172, 178, 180, 182, 212
Flower Butte, see Hopi Mesas
Fort Wingate, 132
Four Corners, 34–35, 229n, 230n
Great Drought in (1276–99), 98
Fourth World, 144, 147, 185
sipapu as gateway to, 206–7
Fowler, Don D., 17
Franciscan missionaries, 3
apocalyptic worldview of, 125–26
at Awat’ovi Pueblo, 47, 49–51, 52–62, 103, 184, 185, 190, 191, 194, 197, 202, 209, 211
church-building by, 49, 52–53, 54, 184
coercion and violence as tools of, 50–51, 184
co-opting of Hopi spirituality by, 53–54, 56, 57
dictatorial manner of, 125
economic motives of, 70
Hopi expulsion of, 73, 212
Hopi religion disdained by, 47
Hopis and, 43, 46, 200
Katsina religion vs., 50–51, 62–63
at Oraibi, 126–27
Pahaana prophecy and, 124–26
in post-revolt return to Awat’ovi, 4, 191, 194, 197, 211, 213, 215, 216, 218
Pueblo Revolt and, 64, 66, 103–5, 184, 195, 209, 212
Tanos and, 70–71, 73
see also San Bernardo de Aguatubi
Fred Harvey Company, 130
Galisteo Basin pueblos, 69
Franciscans at, 70
gambling games, 198, 199
Garaicoechea, Juan, 191–92, 194, 196, 211, 213, 215
Ghost Dancers, 132
global warming, 120
Grapevine Pueblo, 148
Great Depression, 97
Great Drought (1276–99), 98
Greater Southwest, 13
Greyrobe, Juan, 195–96, 210, 211
Gutiérrez, Andrés, 47, 53, 54, 56, 57, 124
Hackett, Charles Wilson, 192
Halona (Tewa) Village, 19, 24, 191, 195–96
Harris, Everett, 95
Harrison, William Henry, Hopi chiefs agreement with, 131
Harvard University, Peabody Museum of, see Peabody Museum
Haupove, Ida, Yava’s marriage to, 176
Hayden, Carl, 107
Hayes-Gilpin, Kelly, 182
Heinzmann, Arnold, 109
Hemenway, Augustus, 17
Hemenway Expedition, 21, 23
Hemenway family, 17, 19, 21
Hewett, Edgar Lee, 22, 91
Hisat’sinom, 218
history:
Euro-American perception of, 115–16
Hopi perception of, 116, 126, 140, 214–15; see also Prahaana prophecy
Homol’ovi
II, kiva closures at, 37–38
Homol’ovi Ruins, 36–38
Homolovi State Park, 98
Homol’ovi villages, 98–99, 100, 122, 148, 155, 163, 217–18
cotton-growing at, 154
Honani, Shungopovi chief, 131
Hopi Cultural Center, Kykotsomovi village, 114
Hopi Cultural Preservation Office, 2, 218
Hopi destruction-and-rebirth narratives, 142–70
Awat’ovi massacre and, 170, 185, 198, 216, 217
Hovi’itstuyqa and Tupats’ovi in, 148–53, 198, 242n
Huk’ovi and Pivanhokyapi in, 155, 156, 157–63, 198
katsinam in, 122, 123
koyaanisqatsi in, 14, 119, 122–23, 162, 170
Pahaana prophecy and, see Pahaana prophecy
Palatkwapi in, 143–47, 172, 198
Sikyatki and Qöötsaptuvela in, 163–70, 199
women in, 123, 144, 147, 162–63, 170, 198, 199
Hopi Mesas (Situqui), 6, 24, 27, 45, 59, 126, 143, 146, 155, 156, 163, 180–81
arrival of Franciscan missionaries at, 43
BIA agency at, see Keams Canyon Agency
diverse migrations to, 182–83, 189, 198
Franciscans expelled from, 73, 212
Franciscans’ return to, 213–14
Indian raids on, 69, 70, 74, 83, 128, 178, 213
inequitable land distribution at, 133–34
internal strife in villages of, 200; see also Awat’ovi Pueblo, massacre at; Oraibi split
intervillage and clan conflict in, 74, 77, 183, 198, 199, 213
land rights of, 134–35
map of, 89
migrations to, 214
Mormon missions to, see Mormons
1902–3 droughts at, 134
Protestant missions at, 199
in Pueblo Revolt, 63–64, 73, 184, 195
refugees from Spanish reconquest accepted into, 76–77, 212, 216
Spaniards’ visits to, 44–45
Spanish 1701 expedition against, 127, 237n
Tano (Tewa) migration to, 82–83, 86, 177, 212, 213, 215–16
white visitors to, 129–30
see also specific pueblos
Hopi Partitioned Land (HPL), 221
Hopi peoples, 2, 12, 46, 172
BIA land allotment program and, 131, 132, 133
catastrophic events seen as fulfillment of Pahaana prophecy by, 120, 140
communal violence among, 4, 14
in competition with Navajos for land, 135
constitution for, 92–93
corn cultivation by, 172–73
Hopi peoples (continued)
ethnic and social diversity of, 182–83
Franciscan disdain for religion and life of, 47
heightened cultural protectiveness of, 114
history as perceived by, 116, 126, 140, 214–15
as Hopituh Shinumu (Peaceful People), 201
hospitality of, 44, 51
incorporation of new immigrants into villages of, 74–76, 229n
kinship structure of, 135
migrations of, 36, 75–76, 119, 147–48, 172, 198
military service of, 114
origin myths of, 120
as perpetrators of Awat’ovi massacre, 4, 7–8, 185–87, 192–93, 194, 216–17, 218, 247n
present-day Christianity and, 221–22
Snake Dance of, 129–30
and status of Awat’ovi remains, 219–20
Tano (Tewa) intermarriage with, 85, 164, 171–72
Tano (Tewa) relations with, 84–86, 176, 181
traditional forms of governance among, 93
villages seen as separate nations by, 74, 75, 91, 92, 178
Washington visited by, chiefs from, 131
worldview of, 5
Zuni conflict with, 67
Hopi Reservation, 219
Hopi Tribal Council:
and Awat’ovi National Monument proposal, 110–11
excavation permit renewal opposed by, 110–11
Hopituh Shinumu (Peaceful People), 201
Hopi Way, 221
Hotevilla village, 126
as stronghold of Hopi ceremonialism, 140–41
sukavungsinom encampment at, 137, 138
Hough, Walter, 101
Hovi’itstuyqa village, 150
destruction of, 148, 151–53, 198, 242n
Huk’ovi village, 155, 156, 157–60, 162
abandonment of, 160–61, 163, 198–99
human remains, found in kivas and pit-houses, 27, 34, 38, 55, 204, 207–8
Hunkpapa Sioux, 132
Hunting Society, 121
Iechawe (Yava’s mother), 171–72
Iliad, The (Homer), xiii, 143, 217
“Indians Ask Science to Leave ‘Sodom and Gomorrah’ Buried” (Adams), 111
Interior Department, U.S., 91–92, 110, 111
Iroquois, 18
Isleta Pueblo, 62
Ivey, James E. “Jake,” 57
Jeddito ceramics, 3, 155
Jeddito Island, 221
Jeddito Valley, 2
Jeddito Wash, 5, 45, 188, 221
Jemez Mountain, 70, 73
Jemez people, 77, 182
Jemez Pueblo, 61, 67, 77, 79, 212
Jews, conversion of, 126
Joachim of Fiore, 125
Kachinmama, 146
katsinam, 38, 51, 102, 115, 135, 157, 177
annual return to Hopi Mesas of, 146
arrival of, 120–21, 239n–40n
in Hopi destruction-and-rebirth narratives, 122, 123
as rainmaking spirits, 120–21
rock-art depictions of, 121, 122
war imagery associated with, 121–22
Katsina religion, 24, 38–39, 47, 57, 62, 76, 147
conflict between older Medicine societies and, 121
Franciscans vs., 50–51, 62–63
and women’s disenfranchisement from ceremonial life, 123
Katsinmana, 128
Kawaika’a Village, 90, 96, 101, 182
excavation of, 102–3
Kawaikas, 184
Kawanusea, Luke, 110
Kayenta ceramics, 3
Kayenta district, 98–99, 163
Keam, Thomas, 10, 133
Keams Canyon, Ariz., 10, 108–9, 176
Keams Canyon Agency, 128–29, 138, 173, 176
quota system for, 131
schools of, see Keams Canyon Boarding School; Oraibi Day School
Keams Canyon Boarding School, 132–33, 137, 138, 174–75
acculturation as goal of, 130–31
Oraibi resistence to, 129, 130
Keith, Miltona, 136, 138
Keres peoples, 66, 67, 77, 80, 164, 188
in migration to Hopi Mesas, 180–81
as supposed founders of Awat’ovi Pueblo, 217–18
Kewaninptewa, Bacavi chief, 138
Kiasiwa, 21
Kidder, A. V., 88
kikmongwi (Hopi village chiefs), 93, 110, 116, 136, 141
in Awat’ovi massacre, 185–86, 187, 201, 244n–45n
in destruction-and-rebirth narratives, 123, 147, 163, 167, 169
Kiowa-Tanoan language family, 70
Kisispaya (Yavapai) people, 151–52, 154
kivas:
at Awat’ovi Pueblo, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 101–2, 102, 115, 201–6, 208
as focus of Awat’ovi massacre, 201
Franciscan destruction of, 125
Franciscans and, 51
human remains found in, 34, 55, 204, 207–8
murals in, 101–3, 102, 115, 203, 205, 208–9
Peabody Museum excavations of, 101–3, 102, 204–5
situating of missionary churches over, 54–55
women excluded from, 123
see also Sorcerer’s Kiva; Test 22 Kiva
Kokopynyama Village, 90, 96
Korean War, 114, 120
koyaanisqatsi (chaos, moral corruption), 5, 14, 76, 119, 122–23, 140, 144, 162, 170, 198, 199, 216
&n
bsp; women as agents of, 162–63
Kuckelman, Kristen, 36
Kukulkan, 119
Kuwanwisiwma, Leigh J., 218
Kwakwanteu (One Horn) Society, 172, 173, 174, 177, 184, 189
Kwan (One-Horn; Agave) Society, 6, 147
Kykotsomovi village, 114, 126
La Cieneguilla Pueblo, 70
Ladder Dance, 157–58, 162
La Farge, Oliver, 92–93, 94
Laguna Pueblo, 32–33
Laiyuahtsailunkya, 21
Lakon (Basket) Society, 9
Lakota Sioux, 132
Lalo, Eric, 114
Lancaster, J. A., 94
Laughing Boy (La Farge), 92
Lemmon, Theodore G., 136, 138, 139
Leroux, Antoine, 127
Lesou (Walpi villager), 164
Leupp, Francis E., 139
Levy, Jerrold, 133, 135
Lippard, Lucy, 235n–36n
Little Colorado River, 36, 38, 98, 129, 167
Loma’omvaya, Micah, 143
Loololma, Oraibi chief, 116, 131
López de Cárdenas, García, 45–46
López de Mendizábal, Bernardo, 62
Lower Moenkopi village, 126
Luisa de Carrión, 47, 48
Lululongturqui Village, 90, 96
Madoc, Prince, legend of, 128
Makiritares, 119
Malacate, Antonio, 63
Mamzrau (Rain) Society, 9, 11, 12, 221
Manso, Juan, 59
Manso de Valdés, Pedro, 190
María de Jesús, 48
Masauwu, 144, 145, 147, 161, 198
Masaw, 119, 120
“Mas’tcomo-mo” (Ghost Mound), 4
matrilineal descent, 172
Matthews, Washington, 23
Mayas, 119
Mesa Prieta (Black Mesa), 81, 125, 247n
Mesa Verde National Park, 108, 217
Mesoamerica, 147
Miller, Horton H., 138
Mindeleff, Victor, 88
Miranda, Antonio, 213, 215
Mishongnovis, Mishongnovi Village, 110, 184, 192
in Awat’ovi massacre, 8–9, 187
Mission Indians, California, 161
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Porciúncula, Pecos Pueblo, 57
Mission San Bartolome, Shungopovi, 200
Mission San Bernardo de Aguatubi, 2, 6, 25, 59, 63, 97, 124, 206
construction of, 49, 52–53, 56, 184
convento kiva at, 209
destruction of, 103–5, 125–26, 184, 209
European remains found buried within, 55–56, 105–9, 194–95, 196, 210–11, 245n
Hopi burials beneath, 209–10, 211, 219–20
kiva found beneath, 54–55, 103, 105, 208
Peabody Museum’s excavation of, 102–7, 114, 115, 194, 196
rebuilding of, 185, 191
Mission San Bernardo de Aguatubi convento, 53, 60
Franciscans’ reoccupation of, 215
Hopi reoccupation of, 103–5, 184
Mission San Francisco (San Miguel), Oraibi Pueblo, 126, 200
Moencopi (Moenkopi) village, 128
Mogollon Rim, 154
Molina, Simon de, 79