Cascadia's Fault

by Jerry Thompson

  1965

  Plafker, George. “Tectonic Deformation Associated with the 1964 Alaska Earthquake.” Science 148, no. 3678 (June 1965): 1675–87.

  Press, Frank, and David Jackson. “Alaskan Earthquake, 27 March 1964: Vertical Extent of Faulting and Elastic Strain Energy Release.” Science n.s. 147, no. 3660 (February 1965): 867–68.

  Wilson, J. Tuzo. “A New Class of Faults and Their Bearing on Continental Drift.” Nature 207, no. 4995 (July 1965): 343–47.

  ———. “Transform Faults, Oceanic Ridges and Magnetic Anomalies Southwest of Vancouver Island.” Science 150, no. 3695 (October 1965): 482–85.

  1968

  Isacks, Bryan, and Jack Oliver. “Seismology and the New Global Tectonics.” Journal of Geophysical Research 73, no. 18 (September 1968): 5855–99.

  1970

  Griggs, G. B., and L. D. Kulm. “Sedimentation in Cascadia Deep-Sea Channel.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 81 (May 1970): 1361–84.

  Plafker, George, and J. C. Savage. “Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 81 (April 1970): 1001–30.

  1972

  Committee on the Alaska Earthquake. The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964: Seismology and Geodesy. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1972.

  1976

  Riddihough, R. P., and R. D. Hyndman. “Canada’s Active Western Margin: The Case for Subduction.” Geoscience Canada 3, no. 4 (1976): 269–78.

  1979

  Ando, Masataka, and Emery I. Balazs. “Geodetic Evidence for Aseismic Subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate.” Journal of Geophysical Research 84, no. B6 (June 1979): 3023–27.

  1981

  Savage, J. C., M. Lisowski, and W. H. Prescott. “Geodetic Strain Measurements in Washington.” Journal of Geophysical Research 86, no. B6 (June 1981): 4929–40.

  1982

  Reilinger, Robert, and John Adams. “Geodetic Evidence for Active Landward Tilting on the Oregon and Washington Coastal Ranges.” Geophysical Research Letters 9, no. 4 (April 1982): 401–3.

  1984

  Adams, John. “Active Deformation of the Pacific Northwest Continental Margin.” Tectonics 3, no. 4 (August 1984): 449–72.

  Heaton, Thomas H., and Hiroo Kanamori. “Seismic Potential Associated with Subduction in the Northwestern United States.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 74, no. 3 (June 1984): 933–41.

  1985

  Bakun, W. H., and A. G. Lindh. “The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Prediction Experiment.” Science 229, no. 4714 (August 1985): 619–24.

  Heaton, Thomas H., and Parke D. Snavely Jr. “Possible Tsunami along the Northwestern Coast of the United States Inferred from Indian Traditions.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 5 (October 1985): 1455–60.

  1986

  Heaton, Thomas H., and Stephen H. Hartzell. “Source Characteristics of Hypothetical Subduction Earthquakes in the Northwestern United States.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76, no. 3 (June 1986): 675–708.

  Mitchell, Denis, John Adams, Ronald H. DeVall, Robert C. Lo, and Dieter Weichert. “Lessons from the 1985 Mexican Earthquake.” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13 (1986): 535–57.

  1987

  Atwater, Brian F. “Evidence for Great Holocene Earthquakes along the Outer Coast of Washington State.” Science 236, no. 4804 (May 1987): 942–44.

  Carver, G. A., and R. M. Burke. “Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoseismicity of Little Salmon and Mad River Thrust Systems, NW California: Implications to the Seismic Potential of the Cascadia Subduction Zone.” Geological Society of America Bulletin, Abstracts with Programs, no. 125029 (1987).

  Heaton, Thomas H., and Stephen H. Hartzell. “Earthquake Hazards on the Cascadia Subduction Zone.” Science 236, no. 4798 (April 1987): 162–68.

  Yeats, Robert S. “Summary of Symposium on Oregon’s Earthquake Potential Held February 28, 1987, at Western Oregon State College in Monmouth.” Oregon Geology 49, no. 8 (August 1987): 97–98.

  1988

  Dragert, H., and G. C. Rogers. “Could a Megathrust Earthquake Strike Southwestern British Columbia?” Geos 3 (1988): 5–8.

  Nance, John J. On Shaky Ground: An Invitation to Disaster. New York: William Morrow, 1988.

  Rogers, Garry C. “An Assessment of the Megathrust Earthquake Potential of the Cascadia Subduction Zone.” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25 (1988): 844–52.

  1990

  Adams, John. “Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction Zone: Evidence from Turbidites off the Oregon–Washington Margin.” Tectonics 9, no. 4 (August 1990): 569–83.

  Darienzo, Mark E., and Curt D. Peterson. “Episodic Tectonic Subsidence of Late Holocene Salt Marshes, Northern Oregon Central Cascadia Margin.” Tectonics 9, no. 1 (1990): 1–22.

  Dragert, H., and M. Lisowski. “Crustal Deformation Measurements on Vancouver Island, British Columbia: 1976 to 1988.” In Proceedings of a Symposium Held within the General Meeting of the International Association of Geodesy in Edinburgh, Scotland, August 3–5, 1989, edited by Ivan I. Mueller, 241–50. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

  1991

  Atwater, Brian F., and David K. Yamaguchi. “Sudden, Probably Coseismic Submergence of Holocene Trees and Grass in Coastal Washington State.” Geology 19 (July 1991): 706–9.

  1992

  Goldfinger, C., L. D. Kulm, R. S. Yeats, B. Applegate, M. MacKay, and G. F. Moore. “Transverse Structural Trends along the Oregon Convergent Margin: Implications for Cascadia Earthquake Potential.” Geology 20 (February 1992): 141–44.

  1993

  Hyndman, R. D., and K. Wang. “Thermal Constraints on the Zone of Major Thrust Earthquake Failure: The Cascadia Subduction Zone.” Journal of Geophysical Research 98, no. B2 (1993): 2039–60.

  Oppenheimer, D., G. Beroza, G. Carver, L. Dengler, J. Eaton, L. Gee, F. Gonzalez et al. “The Cape Mendocino, California, Earthquakes of April 1992: Subduction at the Triple Junction.” Science 261, no. 5120 (July 1993): 433–38.

  1994

  Clague, John J., and Peter T. Bobrowsky. “Evidence for a Large Earthquake and Tsunami 100–400 Years ago on Western Vancouver Island, British Columbia.” Quaternary Research 41 (1994): 176–84.

  Darienzo, M. E., C. D. Peterson, and C. Clough. “Stratigraphic Evidence for Great Subduction-Zone Earthquakes at Four Estuaries in Northern Oregon, U.S.A.” Journal of Coastal Research 10, no. 4 (1994): 850–76.

  Dragert, H., R. D. Hyndman, G. C. Rogers, and K. Wang. “Current Deformation and the Width of the Seismogenic Zone of the Northern Cascadia Subduction Thrust.” Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (1994): 653–658.

  1995

  Hyndman, R. D., and K. Wang. “The Rupture Zone of Cascadia Great Earthquakes from Current Deformation and the Thermal Regime.” Journal of Geophysical Research 100, no. B11 (November 1995): 22133–54.

  McCaffrey, Robert, and Chris Goldfinger. “Forearc Deformation and Great Subduction Earthquakes: Implications for Cascadia Offshore Earthquake Potential.” Science 267, no. 5199 (February 1995): 856–59.

  Nelson, Alan R., Brian F. Atwater, Peter T. Bobrowsky, Lee-Ann Bradley, John J. Clague, Mark E. Darienzo, Wendy C. Grant et al. “Radiocarbon Evidence for Extensive Plate-Boundary Rupture about 300 Years ago at the Cascadia Subduction Zone.” Nature 378 (November 1995): 371–74.

  1996

  Adams, John. “Great Earthquakes Recorded by Turbidites off the Oregon–Washington Coast.” In Assessing Earthquake Hazards and Reducing Risk in the Pacific Northwest, vol. 1, edited by Albert M. Rogers, Timothy J. Walsh, William J. Knockelman, and George R. Priest, 147–58. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1560. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.

  Ikeda, Yasutaka. “Evaluating Seismic-Risk Potential of Active Faults: What Should We Do Now?” Active Fault Research 15 (1996): 93–99.

  Minor, Rick, and Wendy C. Grant. “Earthquake-Induced Subsidence and Burial of Late Holocene Archaeological Sites, Northern O
regon Coast.” American Antiquity 61 (1996): 772–81.

  Satake, Kenji, Kunihiko Shimazaki, Yoshinobu Tsuji, and Kazue Ueda. “Time and Size of a Giant Earthquake in Cascadia Inferred from Japanese Tsunami Records of January 1700.” Nature 379 (January 1996): 246–49.

  1997

  Atwater, B. F., and E. Hemphill-Haley. Recurrence Intervals for Great Earthquakes of the Past 3500 Years at Northeastern Willapa Bay, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1576. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.

  Geller, Robert J., David D. Jackson, Yan Y. Kagan, and Francesco Mulargia. “Earthquakes Cannot Be Predicted.” Science 275, no. 5306 (March 1997): 1616–17.

  Goldfinger, C., L. D. Kulm, R. S. Yeats, L. McNeill, and C. Hummon. “Oblique Strike-Slip Faulting of the Central Cascadia Submarine Forearc.” Journal of Geophysical Research 102, no. B4 (1997): 8217–43.

  Yamaguchi, David K., Brian F. Atwater, Daniel E. Bunker, Boyd E. Benson, and Marion S. Reid. “Tree-Ring Dating the 1700 Cascadia Earthquake.” Nature 389 (October 1997): 922.

  1998

  Carver, Deborah H. Native Stories of Earthquake and Tsunamis, Redwood National Park, California. Crescent City, CA: U.S. National Park Service, 1998.

  1999

  Goldfinger, C., and C. H. Nelson. “Holocene Recurrence of Cascadia Great Earthquakes Based on the Turbidite Event Record.” Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 80 (1999): 1024.

  Oreskes, Naomi. The Rejection of Continental Drift: Theory and Method in American Earth Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

  2000

  Nelson, C. H., C. Goldfinger, and J. E. Johnson. “Turbidite Event Stratigraphy and Implications for Cascadia Basin Paleoseismicity.” In Penrose Conference 2000 Great Cascadia Earthquake Tricentennial, edited by J. J. Clague, B. F. Atwater, K. Wang, Y. Wang, and I. Wong, 156. Special Paper 33. Portland: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 2000.

  Nishimura, Takuya, Satoshi Miura, Kenji Tachibana, Keiichi Hashimoto, Toshiya Sato, Syuitchiro Hori, Eiju Murakami et al. “Distribution of Seismic Coupling on the Subducting Plate Boundary in Northeastern Japan Inferred from GPS Observations.” Tectonophysics 323 (2000): 217–238.

  2001

  Dragert, Herb, Kelin Wang, and Thomas S. James. “A Silent Slip Event on the Deeper Cascadia Subduction Interface.” Science 292, no. 5521 (May 2001): 1525–28.

  Goldfinger, C., C. H. Nelson, and J. E. Johnson. “Temporal Patterns of Turbidites Offshore the Northern San Andreas Fault and Correlation to Paleoseismic Events Onshore.” Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 82 (2001): F934.

  Minoura, K., F. Imamura, D. Sugawara, Y. Kono, and T. Iwashita. “The 869 Jogan Tsunami Deposit and Recurrence Interval of Large-Scale Tsunami on the Pacific Coast of Northeast Japan.” Journal of Natural Disaster Science 23, no. 2 (2001): 83–88.

  2002

  Garrison-Laney, C. E., H. F. Abramson, and G. A. Carver. “Late Holocene Tsunamis Near the Southern End of the Cascadia Subduction Zone.” Seismological Research Letters 73, no. 2 (2002): 248.

  McMillan, Alan D., and Ian Hutchison. “When the Mountain Dwarfs Danced: Aboriginal Traditions of Paleoseismic Events along the Cascadia Subduction Zone of Western North America.” Ethnohistory 49, no. 1 (2002): 42–68.

  2003

  Goldfinger, Chris, C. Hans Nelson, Joel E. Johnson, and the Shipboard Scientific Party. “Deep-Water Turbidites as Holocene Earthquake Proxies: The Cascadia Subduction Zone and Northern San Andreas Fault System.” Annals of Geophysics 46, no. 5 (October 2003): 1169–94.

  Oreskes, Naomi, ed., with Homer Le Grand. Plate Tectonics: An Insider’s History of the Modern Theory of the Earth. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003.

  Rogers, Garry, and Herb Dragert. “Episodic Tremor and Slip on the Cascadia Subduction Zone: The Chatter of Silent Slip.” Science 300, no. 5627 (June 2003): 1942–43.

  Satake, Kenji, Kelin Wang, and Brian F. Atwater. “Fault Slip and Seismic Moment of the 1700 Cascadia Earthquake Inferred from Japanese Tsunami Descriptions.” Journal of Geophysical Research 108, no. B11 (2003): 2535.

  Winchester, Simon. Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded; August 27, 1883. New York: Harper Perennial, 2003.

  2004

  Dragert, H., K. Wang, and G. Rogers. “Geodetic and Seismic Signatures of Episodic Tremor and Slip in the Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone.” Earth Planets Space 56 (2004): 1143–50.

  Yeats, Robert S. Living with Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest: A Survivor’s Guide. 2nd ed. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2004.

  2005

  Atwater, Brian F., Musumi-Rokkaku Satoko, Satake Kenji, Tsuji Yoshinobu, Ueda Kazue, and David K. Yamaguchi. The Orphan Tsunami of 1700: Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey in association with University of Washington Press, 2005.

  Lindh, Allan Goddard. “Opinion: Success and Failure at Parkfield.” Seismological Research Letters 76, no. 1 (January–February 2005): 3–6.

  Ludwin, Ruth S., Robert Dennis, Deborah Carver, Alan D. McMillan, Robert Losey, John Clague, Chris Jonientz-Trisler et al. “Dating the 1700 Cascadia Earthquake: Great Coastal Earthquakes in Native Stories.” Seismological Research Letters 76, no. 2 (March 2005): 140–48.

  Winchester, Simon. A Crack in the Edge of the World: America and the Great California Earthquake of 1906. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.

  2006

  Clague, John, Chris Yorath, Richard Franklin, and Bob Turner. At Risk: Earthquakes and Tsunamis on the West Coast. Vancouver: Tricouni Press, 2006.

  Goldfinger, C., and L. C. McNeill. “Sumatra and Cascadia: Parallels Explored.” Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract U53A-0026, v. 87 (2006).

  Wang, Kelin, Qi-Fu Chen, Shihong Sun, and Andong Wang. “Predicting the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96, no. 3 (June 2006): 757–95.

  2007

  Bernard, E. N., L. A. Dengler, and S. C. Yim. National Tsunami Research Plan: Report of a Workshop Sponsored by NSF/NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PMEL-133, March. Seattle: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2007.

  Goldfinger, C., Yusuf S. Djajadihardja, and the Shipboard Scientific Research Party. “Cruise Report, PaleoQuakes07, 7 May–14 June, 2007.” Paleoseismologic Studies of the Sunda Subduction Zone. Oregon State University Active Tectonics Laboratory and Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Indonesia, 2007.

  Satake, Kenji, and Brian F. Atwater. “Long-Term Perspectives on Giant Earthquakes and Tsunamis at Subduction Zones.” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 35 (2007): 349–75.

  2008

  Field, Edward H., Kevin R. Milner, and the 2007 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities. Forecasting California Earthquakes: What Can We Expect in the Next 30 Years? USGS Fact Sheet 2008–3027. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027.

  2010

  Goldfinger, C., C. H. Nelson, A. Morey, J. E. Johnson, J. Gutierrez-Pastor, A. T. Eriksson, E. Karabanov et al. Turbidite Event History: Methods and Implications for Holocene Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction Zone. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1661-F. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, 2010.

  2011

  Avouac, Jean-Philippe. “The Lessons of Tohoku-Oki.” Nature 475 (July 2011): 300–301.

  Cyranoski, David. “Japan Faces Up to Failure of Its Earthquake Preparations.” Nature 471 (March 2011): 556–557.

  Dengler, Lori, Megumi Sugimoto, Rick Wilson, and Bruce Jafe. “The Japan Tohoku Tsunami of March 11, 2011.” EERI Special Earthquake Report (November 2011). http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2011-03-11-sendai/files/2011/11/Japan-eq-report-tsunami2.pdf.

  Goto, Kazuhisa, Catherine Chagué-Goff, Shigehiro Fujino, James Goff, Bruce Jaffe, Yuichi Nishimura, Bruce Richmond et al. “New Insights of Tsunami Hazard from the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Event.” Marine Geology 290, no. 1–4 (2011): 46–50.

  Ozawa, Shinzaburo, Takuya Nishimura,
Hisashi Suito, Tomokazu Kobayashi, Mikio Tobita, and Tetsuro Imakiire. “Coseismic and Postseismic Slip of the 2011 Magnitude-9 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake.” Nature 475 (July 2011): 373–376.

  Robertson, Ian, and Gary Chock. “The Tohoku, Japan, Tsunami of March 11, 2011: Effects on Structures.” EERI Special Earthquake Report (September 2011). http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2011-03-11-sendai/files/2011/03/Japan-Tohoku-report-tsunami-bldgs.pdf.

  Sagiya, Takeshi, Hiroo Kanamori, Yuji Yagi, Masumi Yamada, and Jim Mori. “Rebuilding Seismology.” Nature 473 (May 2011): 146–148.

  Sato, Mariko, Tadashi Ishikawa, Naoto Ujihara, Shigeru Yoshida, Masayuki Fujita, Masashi Mochizuki, and Akira Asada. “Displacement above the Hypocenter of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake.” Science 332, no. 6036 (June 2011): 1395.

  INDEX

  A

  Aboriginal stories

  Acapulco

  accretionary wedge

  Aceh province

  Aceves, Richard

  Adak Island

  Adams, John

  Alpine (New Zealand) fault

  earthquake history of CSZ

  episodic tremor and slip (ETS)

  locked tectonic plates debate

  Mexico City earthquake of 1985,