A City in Wartime
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Queen Mary at Maynooth during the royal visit of 1907. The President of St Patrick’s College, Daniel Mannix, is on her right and a predecessor, Dr William Walsh, Archbishop of Dublin, is on her left. Mannix was viewed with hostility by nationalists of all hues and was denied an Irish see. He was appointed Archbishop of Melbourne in 1913. After the Easter Rising he became one of the leading champions in Australia of Irish independence. Dr Walsh was the leading political strategist of the Catholic Church in Ireland for thirty-five years. Increasingly disillusioned with the Irish Party, he steered the Catholic hierarchy towards Sinn Féin in 1917 and 1918. (© National Library of Ireland)
The funeral cortège of the three fatal victims of the King’s Own Scottish Borderers passes the scene of their deaths on Bachelor’s Walk, 29 July 1914. Another eighty-five civilians had been wounded in the confrontation three days earlier, which ensured that there was no enthusiasm in the city for Britain’s declaration of war on Germany. (© Getty Images)
The body of Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa leaves City Hall for Glasnevin on 1 August 1915. It was the first major demonstration of strength by advanced nationalists and came on the eve of disastrous landings by Irish regiments at Gallipoli. (© National Library of Ireland)
Officers of the 6th Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers, a volunteer battalion. The commanding officer, Lt-Col. V. T. Worship, secured commissions for Joseph Bagnell Lee and Alfred Tennyson Lee, sons of the prominent Dublin businessman Edward Lee. Joe Lee (standing at back in front of right-hand door panel) was killed at Gallipoli and Alfred (fifth man standing, from right) seriously wounded. (Courtesy of the Lee family)
After Gallipoli: Lee family photograph. Left to right. Alfred Tennyson Lee, recuperating from wounds at Gallipoli; Annie Lee (née Shackleton), mother, wearing black; Robert Ernest Lee, Royal Army Medical Corps, on leave from the Western Front; Edward Lee (father), and Edward Shackleton Lee, who remained at home to help his father with the family business. A firm supporter of Britain’s war effort, Edward Lee served on the recruitment committee for the 10th Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Captain Robert Ernest Lee was drowned on the Leinster on 10 October 1918 after giving his place on a lifeboat to a woman in the water. He was on his way back to the Western Front. ‘It was a terrible twist of fate that he served four years in France and Flanders saving lives, only to be drowned in the Irish Sea one month and one day before the armistice,’ says the family historian, Mike Lee. ‘This, to me, was the killer blow to the Lee family, and I think the grief ultimately killed my great-grandfather, Edward.’ The family home, Bellevue, in Cross Avenue, Booterstown, subsequently became the residence of Éamon de Valera. (Courtesy of the Lee family)
The rebels’ failure to disrupt the Great Southern and Western Railway allowed three thousand soldiers from Irish regiments to be rushed from the Curragh to Dublin within hours of the Rising beginning. But the occupation of Westland Row (now Pearse) station meant that British troops arriving in Kingstown (Dún Laoghaire) marched into the city via Mount Street while the Royal Mail piled up in Kingstown. (© Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans)
Dublin in flames: Sackville (O’Connell) Street at the height of the fighting. (© Imperial War Museum)
An improvised armoured car manufactured by Irish workers at Inchicore Railway Works to help in the suppression of the Rising. (© PA/PA Archive/Press Association Images)
A major casualty of the Rising: the Freeman’s Journal premises after the artillery bombardment. Generous government compensation was politically damaging and only delayed the demise of this mouthpiece of the Irish Party. (© National Library of Ireland)
The British Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, visited prisoners at Richmond Barracks hours after the execution of Seán Mac Diarmada and James Connolly at Kilmainham. He was more impressed by the political analysis of Father Aloysius, the Franciscan who gave the last rites to Connolly, than by that of his own military governor, General Maxwell. He ordered an immediate end to the executions. (© Bettmann/Corbis)
An early straw in the wind: Dubliners hunt for souvenirs among the rubble. (© PA/PA Archive/Press Association Images)
On 14 May 1916 the resumption of tram services and the reopening of theatres and music halls heralded a return to normality, but the military curfew remained. (© National Library of Ireland)
The Rising saw a rapid resolution of the Dublin building dispute as men returned to work on improved rates of pay. The terms were mediated by Captain Fairburn Downie of the Ministry of Munitions, anxious to bring the new shell factory at Parkgate into production. (© Bettmann/Corbis)
William T. Cosgrave—the moderate face of revolution in Dublin. Even the officers of his field court-martial recommended clemency because of his evident decency and respectability. (© National Library of Ireland)
The war rolls on: a soldier guards British army recruiting posters on the wall of the battered Four Courts in the wake of the Rising. (© TopFoto)
Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, said of the Rising: ‘We did not seek this quarrel with our fellow citizens, the thing was thrust upon us suddenly in the twinkling of an eye.’ (© National Library of Ireland)
John Redmond and the executions: the Irish Party MPs did not cheer, but Redmond’s speeches in the British House of Commons showed he was hopelessly out of touch with events in Dublin. (© Dublin City Library and Archive)
Crowds gather to meet released prisoners at Westland Row. ‘What a contrast with the humiliating day of our departure,’ Sergeant Frank Robbins of the Irish Citizen Army declared on his arrival home. (© National Library of Ireland)
Protest meetings took place around the country to demand the release of political prisoners. At this one in Beresford Place, Dublin, on 10 June 1917, Inspector John Wills of the DMP became the first post-Rising fatality of the struggle for independence among the Crown forces when he was felled by a hurley during the arrest of Count Plunkett and Cathal Brugha. (© National Library of Ireland)
Thomas Ashe in military custody after the battle of Ashbourne. His calm, commanding presence amidst his captors is at odds with his situation. As he awaited execution he told friends he did not fear death. Conditions in Mountjoy Prison a year later would prove much less humane—and ultimately fatal. (Courtesy of the Ashe family)
‘The man in the trenches wants shells—Irish shells,’ says the slogan on the wall at the National Shell Factory in Dublin. Work in the munitions factories at Parkgate and in the Dublin Dockyard Company saw working-class women earning more than many male counterparts. While the war was a liberating experience for women of all social classes, only those from a working-class background were subjected to regular social censure, usually for spending leisure time in pubs or ‘the low saloon’ of O’Connell Street. (© Imperial War Museum)
Hostility towards ‘separation women’ and women ‘friends’ of soldiers led to clashes on Dublin’s streets during the celebration of the Allied victory in November 1918. The separation payments caused a major redistribution of wealth to poor tenement communities in the city. The extension of payments to the unmarried mothers of soldiers’ children from 1916 further fuelled the flames of resentment. (© RTE Stills Library)
Youngsters celebrating the end of the war with the Stars and Stripes, the acceptable face of Allied victory. America was the receptacle of hope for international recognition at the Peace Conference. (© Bettmann/Corbis)
Crowds gather outside the Mansion House to witness the assembly of the first Dáil on 21 January 1919. Like the radical social and economic principles embodied in the 1916 Proclamation, the Democratic Programme adopted inside could not have been conceived or composed anywhere in Ireland except Dublin. (© Underwood & Underwood/Corbis)
An
nie Lee with W. T. Cosgrave at a war commemoration in the 1920s. After Fianna Fáil came to power, government ministers ceased attending, but tens of thousands still turned up at Remembrance Day ceremonies until the outbreak of the Second World War. While numbers fell off in subsequent years, there were public commemorations until the end of the 1960s, when they were discontinued because of the renewed Northern troubles. (Courtesy of the Lee family)
Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Verschoyle Worship to Edward Lee, dated 19 August 1915. ‘What can I say. I have no words that can express my sympathy with you and Mrs Lee and all your family—In the course of my 25 years service I have met many men but I have never met 2 more honourable brave and conscientious than your two sons … Forgive me if this scrawl is crude and ill expressed. There is a heavy bombardment going on and I am crouched under a rock.’ (Courtesy of the Lee family)
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