Why do Clocks run clockwise?

by David Feldman

Submitted by Karen Simmons, of West Palm Beach, Florida.

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  Why Is Scoring Three Goals in Hockey Called a Hat-Trick?

  “Hat-trick” was originally an English cricket term used to describe the tremendous feat of a bowler’s taking three wickets on successive balls. The reward for this accomplishment at many cricket clubs was a new hat. Other clubs honored their heroes by “passing the hat”

  among fans and giving the scorer the proceeds. The term spread to other sports in which scoring is relatively infrequent—“hat-trick” is also used to describe the feat of scoring three goals in soccer.

  According to Belinda Lerner, of the National Hockey League, the expression surfaced in hockey during the early 1900s: “There is some confusion about its actual meaning in

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  hockey. Today, a ‘true’ hat-trick occurs when one player scores three successive goals without another goal being scored by other players in the contest.”

  Submitted by Ron Fishman, of Denver, Colorado.

  What Are the Names on the Bottom of Grocery Sacks?

  The kraft paper grocery sack celebrated its hundredth anniversary in 1986. Innovation is necessary to keep most venerable products fresh and appealing. But aren’t designer grocery sacks a little much?

  What will we have next—generic paper sacks?

  The largest manufacturer of grocery bags, Stone Container Corporation, of Huntington, Long Island, makes over 25 billion bags and sacks every year (a “sack” is technically a large grocery bag).

  These numbers are impressive, but let’s face it: making the same paper bags day in and day out is not the most exciting job in the world. So many manufacturers have decided that, in order to promote pride and a sense of responsibility in the workers, employees would “sign” their work.

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  In most cases, the name you see on the bottom of the bag (usually just a first name) is that of the person who actually made the bag.

  Sometimes it is the name of the inspector responsible for supervising the production of the bags by other workers. While inspection certificates in clothing (such as “Inspected by No. 7”) are there to monitor quality control, the names on grocery bags are intended solely to add to the esprit de corps.

  At the Stone Container Corporation, many of the workers who run the bag machines have their full names on the bag, preceded by the words, “Produced with Pride by:” If most manufacturers included that inscription, this Imponderable wouldn’t exist, and the mystique of “Toms,” “Dicks,” and “Harriets” on the bottom of shopping bags wouldn’t linger.

  Submitted by Kathi Sawyer Young, of Encino, California.

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  Why Do Chinese Restaurants Use Monosodium Glutamate? Other Ethnic Restaurants Don’t Use It And It Certainly Is Not a Traditional Part of the Native Cuisine.

  Actually, you are just as likely to encounter MSG in a Japanese or Indian restaurant as in a Chinese restaurant. And MSG has been a traditional part of Chinese cuisine. Sort of.

  Glutamate has been used by Oriental cooks for more than two millennia, but not glutamate out of a shaker. Chefs noticed that soup stock made from Laminaria japonica, a certain seaweed, tasted better.

  They didn’t know at the time that what was special about this strain of seaweed was that it contained large amounts of natural glutamate.

  The discovery of the links between seaweed, monosodium glutamate, and flavor is credited to Professor Kikunae Ikeda of 168 / DAVID FELDMAN

  the University of Tokyo, who, in 1908, isolated the specific component of Laminaria japonica that enhanced flavor. While Western scientists believed there were only four basic tastes—sweet, sour, salty, and bitter—Ikeda believed in what the Japanese call umami, or tastiness, as a separate component. The mystery of umami is what the professor was trying to discover by unraveling the composition of the seaweed.

  Dr. Ikeda was so enthusiastic about the power of MSG that commercial production of the substance was soon undertaken in Japan. MSG is essentially a concentrated form of sodium. It is extracted from seaweed in the Orient and from seaweed, beets, and grains in the West. Bean curd and soy sauces also tend to contain MSG.

  Japan and China are still the largest consumers of MSG, but it is used throughout the world (about 200,000 tons of it annually), and the United States, which didn’t start producing it until the 1940s, eats its share—not only in Chinese and Japanese restaurants, but in many prepared foods.

  One of the reasons many people associate MSG with Chinese food is the dreaded “Chinese restaurant syndrome,” whose sufferers insist that they have strong allergic reactions to the chemical. One Chinese restaurant in New York City was so beset by requests from Occidentals to omit the ingredient from its food that all the waitresses donned white aprons with large block letters emblazoned with the immortal words, “No MSG.”

  The Glutamate Association (yes, there is a trade organization just for glutamate producers) insists that MSG is perfectly safe. They argue that MSG is no different from the glutamate that is liberated by our bodies when we eat food protein, and that MSG added to food represents only a small fraction of the glutamate contained naturally in most foods. For example, most recipes call for half a teaspoon of MSG per pound of meat. With these proportions, the MSG in a serving of chicken would constitute less than 10 percent of the glutamate already found in the chicken.

  While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration lists MSG as

  “Generally Recognized as Safe,” a category that includes other WHY DO CLOCKS RUN CLOCKWISE? / 169

  common food additives such as salt, pepper, and sugar, many Americans feel that any food that can cause intense allergic reactions must be harmful, and despite its advocacy even the Glutamate Association cites the World Health Organization’s recommendation to limit MSG consumption to a maximum of one-third of an ounce a day (far more than the average American eats). So the question persists: why do restaurateurs and food packagers insist on including an additive that many people don’t want and can’t really distinguish by taste even if included?

  MSG’s greatest attribute is its ability to blend flavors well, especially the flavor of mixed spices, which is a reason why Indian cooks, so spice-conscious, tend to use MSG in great quantities. MSG tends to soften the astringent qualities of some foods. Tomatoes taste less acidic with MSG; potatoes less earthy; onions less strong.

  For many of the same reasons, a number of chefs disdain MSG, believing that it deadens the taste of foods and is too often used to compensate for inferior products. Others feel there is a thin line between “blending” and “harmonizing” tastes and making all foods taste the same. Some object, in principle, to the idea of using any additive (even a naturally derived one) to enhance the natural taste of a meat, though this same argument could be made against using salt or pepper.

  Many consumers confuse MSG with meat tenderizers (which often contain MSG as an ingredient). MSG does not act as either a spice or a tenderizer. Tenderizers act through the use of purified papain, a protein-splitting enzyme extracted from the juice of unripe papayas.

  It is confusion between MSG and tenderizers that is often the cause of nervous confrontations in Chinese restaurants. The waiters think that the Americans are being oversensitive to MSG, particularly because, more often than not, MSG will be contained in the base of sauces even if your “no MSG” orders are followed—your request will merely prevent additional MSG from being sprinkled on. The customer is sure that MSG is an ingredient the sole purpose of which is to

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  reduce tough, rubbery meat into something edible, while the cook is likely to dash a few more sprinkles of MSG on his own food if he has the chance.

  Submitted by Ronald C. Semone, of Washington, D.C.

  Why Do Old Men Wear Their Pants Higher Than Young Men?

  We couldn’t find too many clothing or gerontological authorities
who specialized in this subject, but just about everyone we contacted was more than happy to offer speculations. So, until the Encyclopae-dia Britannica prints an entry on “Pants Height,” we’ll just have to write the definitive treatment ourselves.

  The most common explanation we received from clothiers is that as men get older, they lose a little height and the spine curves a bit.

  Thus, a pair of pants that might have hung at waist level a few years ago will now creep upward. The one problem with this theory: when old men go to buy new pants, they still buy pants that hang high.

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  The second most popular explanation of this nagging social problem is the “Paunch Theory,” which postulates that high-riding pants are a pathetic attempt to hide abdominal excesses. While this idea makes eminent sense, it doesn’t explain why younger men with truly awesome beer bellies wear their pants low and let their stomachs hang unfettered.

  But one wise man, Fred Shippee, of the American Apparel Manufacturers Association, offered the most logical explanation. Pants were cut relatively high until the jeans craze of the 1960s. Most men above the age of fifty, let alone much older men, never had the experience of wearing pants designed to hang on the hips rather than on the waist, and they feel uncomfortable starting now. To someone used to wearing high-cut pants, hip huggers feel as if they are always on the verge of falling off.

  The low cut of jeans (called “low-rise”) truly revolutionized menswear and literally lowered our sights. When we see “high-rise”

  pants, we think “old” or “nerd.” While much has been written about the ups and downs of women’s hemlines, we hope that this chapter will stir compassion for men who wear their pants high or low, and eventually bring about world peace.

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  Why Are Oreos Called “Oreos”?

  Although the world’s most popular cookie recently celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary, the origin of its name is shrouded in mystery. It was first marketed in Hoboken, New Jersey, on March 6, 1912 as the Oreo Biscuit. In 1921, the name was changed to the Oreo Sandwich. In 1948, the same cookie was renamed the Oreo Creme Sandwich. Ultimately, in 1974, the immortal Oreo Chocolate Sandwich Cookie was born, a name that should last forever or until it is changed again, whichever comes first.

  Of course, the lack of definitive facts has not deterred Oreo scholars from speculating on why those four magic letters were thrown together. Michael Falkowitz, a representative of Nabisco WHY DO CLOCKS RUN CLOCKWISE? / 173

  Brands Customer Relations, offers two of the more popular theories: 1. Mr. Adolphus Green, first chairman of the National Biscuit Company (founded in 1898 from the consolidation of the American Biscuit Co., the New York Biscuit Co., and the United States Baking Co.) was fond of the classics. The name “Oreo” is Greek for

  “mountain.” It was said in early testing that the cookie resembled a mountain.

  2. The name was derived from or, the French word for “gold.”

  The original Oreo label had scrollwork in gold on a pale green background, and the product name was also printed in gold.

  After the first printing of this book, we received several letters from Greek readers indicating that the Greek word for “mountain”

  is not oreo but oros. Furthermore, a Greek word that, phonetically, sounds like oreo, means “nice,” “attractive,” and even “delicious.”

  Could this, and not Nabisco’s “mountain theory,” be the real answer to the origins of our number one cookie?

  Submitted by Ronald C. Semone, of Washington, D.C.

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  What Are Those Funny Numbers on the Bottom of Copyright Pages in Books?

  Look at the bottom of the copyright page of this book. Unless someone at the typesetter’s has played an elaborate practical joke on us, you should see a row of numbers with a few letters—something like this:

  87 88 89 90 ??? 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

  These funny numbers are simply a code designed to signify which printing of the book you have purchased. The number farthest to the right is the printing your have bought (in the example above, you would have bought the first printing). Harper & Row and some other publishers also mark the year of the printing, indicated by the number at the far left (in the example above, 1987). This practice is reassuring to paranoid writers, who

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  assume that the shelf life of their works in bookstores will approximate that of Tiger Beat magazine on the newsstand. Those three question marks on our example stand for the three letters that Harper & Row uses to designate which of their printers handled the particular book.

  When a book goes into a second printing, instead of redoing the whole copyright page, the printer merely deletes the “1” in the lower right corner and deletes the line that indicates that this was a first printing, if there is one. Some publishers put the lower numbers on the left and the higher ones on the right and omit the year of the printing altogether, but the principle is the same—the lowest number you see always conveys the print-run number.

  The public often misunderstands the importance of printings. Ads blare, “Now in Its Fifth Printing!!!” as if a large number of printings guarantees a megaseller. Actually, multiple printings indicate that a book has surpassed expectations, but not necessarily that it has sold more than a book that never went into a second printing.

  Submitted by Jonathan Sabin, of Bradenton, Florida.

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  Why Is 40 Percent Alcohol Called 80 Proof?

  Before the nineteenth century, the technology wasn’t available to measure the alcohol content of liquids accurately. The first hydro-meter was invented by John Clarke in 1725 but wasn’t approved by the British Parliament for official use until the end of the century.

  In the meantime, purveyors of spirits needed a way to determine alcohol content, and tax collectors demanded a way to ascertain exactly what their rightful share of liquor sales was.

  So the British devised an ingenious, if imprecise, method. Someone figured out that gunpowder would ignite in an alcoholic liquid only if enough water was eliminated from the mix. When the proportion of alcohol to water was high enough that black gunpower would explode—this was the proof of the alcohol.

  The British proof, established by the Cromwell Parliament, contained approximately eleven parts by volume of alcohol to ten parts water. The British proof is the equivalent of 114.2 U.S. proof. More potent potables were called “over proof” (or o.p.), and those under 114.2 U.S. proof were deemed “under proof” (or u.p.).

  The British and Canadians are still saddled with this archaic method of measuring alcohol content. The United State’s system makes slightly more sense. The U.S. proof is simply double the alcohol percentage volume at 60° F. For once, the French are the logical nation. They recognize the wisdom in bypassing “proof” and simply stating the percentage of alcohol on spirits labels. The French method has spread to wine bottles everywhere, but hard liquor, true to its gunpowder roots, won’t give up the “proof.”

  Submitted by Robert J. Abrams, of Boston, Massachusetts.

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  Why Are Humans Most Comfortable at 72° F? Why Not at 98.6° F?

  We feel most comfortable when we maintain our body temperature, so why don’t we feel most comfortable when it is 98.6° F in the ambient air? We would—if we were nudists.

  But most of us cling to the habit of wearing clothes. Clothing helps us retain body heat, some of which must be dissipated in order for us to feel comfortable in warm environments. Uncovered parts of our body usually radiate enough heat to meet the ambient air temperature halfway. If we are fully clothed at 72° F, the uncovered hands, ears, and face will radiate only a small portion of our heat, but enough to make us feel comfortable. Nude at 72° F, we would feel cold, for our bodies would give off too much heat.

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  Humidity and
wind also affect our comfort level. The more humid the air, the greater ability it has to absorb heat. Wind can also wreak havoc with our comfort level. It hastens the flow of the heat we radiate and then constantly moves the air away and allows slightly cooler air to replace it.

  Submitted by Joel Kuni, of Kirkland, Washington.

  Why Do They Call Large Trucks “Semis”?

  Semi- Whats?

  The power unit of commercial trucks, the part that actually pulls the load, is called the “tractor.” The tractor pulls some form of trailer, either a “full trailer” or a “semitrailer.” According to Neill Darmstadter, senior safety engineer for the American Trucking Associations, “A Semitrailer is legally defined as a vehicle designed so that a portion of its weight rests on a towing vehicle. This distinguishes it from a full trailer on which the entire load, except for a drawbar, rests on its own wheels.”

  Semi is short for “tractor-semitrailer,” but most truckers use the term semi to refer to both the trailer alone and the tractor-semitrailer combination. Since the tractor assumes part of the burden of carrying the weight of the semitrailer, the “semi” must have a mechanism for propping up the trailer when the power vehicle is disengaged. The semitrailer is supported by the rear wheels in back and by a small pair of wheels, called the landing gear, which can be raised and lowered by the driver. The landing gear is located at the front of the semitrailer, usually just behind the rear wheels of the tractor.

  Submitted by Doug Watkins, Jr., of Hayward, California.

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  Why Does San Francisco Sourdough Bread Taste Different from Other Sourdough French Breads?

  This Imponderable has been a source of controversy for a long, long time. San Francisco sourdough French bread has exactly the same ingredients as any other: flour, salt, water, and natural yeast. Yet, somehow, it is different: the crust is dark and hard, but crumbly, and the taste more sour than the competition’s.