38 Haxthausen: Ibid., 11.
38 unable to maintain: Ibid., 175, 178.
38 acquiring land: Serge A. Zenkovsky, “The Emancipation of the Serfs in Retrospect,” RR, vol. 20, no. 4 (October 1961), 284.
38 passive resistance: Field, The End of Serfdom, 65.
38 “unhinged by masturbation”: Ibid., 207.
38 “I am more”: Ibid., 71 (emphasis in original).
38 “reds”: MR, 132.
39 “greatly doubted”: Mosse, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, 53.
39 Russian nobility: Ibid.
39 He fell sick: Compare Edward Crankshaw, The Shadow of the Winter Palace, 171.
39 “Do not”: Mosse, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, 61.
39 The Tsar visited: Field, The End of Serfdom, 167, 346.
39 “Sire”: LGT, 126.
39 Count Panin: David Saunders, Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform (London: Longman, 1992), 231.
39 “Things assumed”: MR, 132.
40 rose in the Senate: Seward, “Speech in the Senate of the United States,” January 12, 1861, WWHS, 651-69.
40 what the Union would be worth: Ibid., 652.
40 opened the door: Ibid., 667-68; Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward, ii, 14-15; Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, 245; Albert D. Kirwan, John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1962), 398.
40 policy of compromise: Seward’s policy in the secession crisis is analyzed by Eric Foner in Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War, 223.
40 Baron de Stoeckle: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, 247-48.
40 “It seems to me”: Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward, ii, 37.
40 “Away with all parties”: Ibid., ii, 22.
40 shattered on the table: Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 828.
40 The French Minister: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, 245.
41 “unhonored grave”: Ibid.
41 “God damn”: Ibid., 249.
41 “baffled”: Lincoln to Seward, February 1, 1861, SW, 1859-1865, 197.
41 “in a good deal”: Ibid.
41 “I say now”: Ibid. (emphasis in original).
41 “Serpentine Seward”: Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals, 19.
41 “The majority”: Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War 1859-1861 (New York: Charles Scribner, 1959), 439.
42 a few thousand men: Hans Delbrück, History of the Art of War, 4 vols. Vol. IV: The Dawn of Modern Warfare, trans. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), 244-45; Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), 4-5.
42 “soldier state”: SS, 154.
42 Pomeranian nobleman: Roon was decended, in the paternal line, from a family originally Dutch.
42 He proposed: Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945, 140-41.
42 “citizen army”: Edward Crankshaw, Bismarck (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1990), 109.
42 militarize the nation: SS, 129.
42 “men known to oppose”: SS, 129.
43 Supreme Warlord: Walter Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, 1657-1945, trans. Brian Batter shaw (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1953, 1956), 4.
43 The reformation: SS, 130.
43 It was a question: SS, 135-36.
43 “Faust complains”: BMS, 12.
43 “hating”: Hajo Holborn, “Bismarck’s Realpolitik,” JHI, vol. 21, no. 1 (January 1960), 88.
43 most inspired fantasist: Compare Isaiah Berlin, “Winston Churchill in 1940,” in Berlin, Personal Impressions, ed. Henry Hardy (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1982), 3-17.
44 “cannot create”: BMS, 115.
44 “God did not”: BMS, 13.
44 Middle High German: Shearer Davis Bowman, “Antebellum Planters and Vormarz Junkers in Comparative Perspective,” AMH, vol. 85, no. 4 (October 1980), 781.
44 the most democratic: Macaulay, History of England, WLM, i, 31.
45 “promotion of a burgher”: Emil Ludwig, Hindenburg, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul (Philadelphia: John G. Winston, 1935), 20; Delbrück, The Dawn of Modern Warfare, 256.
45 as a boy: Sidney Whitman, Personal Reminiscences of Prince Bismarck (New York: D. Appleton, 1903), 60.
45 a familiar formula: Witness the careers of Julius Caesar and Franklin D. Roosevelt. See Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 15, 25; Joseph Alsop, FDR: 1882-1945: A Centenary Remembrance (New York: Viking, 1982), 30.
45 Ferdinand: BMS, 10-11.
45 “hatred”: Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire (New York: Vintage, 1979), 97.
45 “Hotspur of reaction”: Heinrich von Treitschke, Treitschke’s History of Nineteenth-Century Germany, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul, 7 vols. (New York: AMS Press, 1968), vii, 445.
46 four rounds of ammunition: Gedanken, i, 21; Crankshaw, Bismarck, 50-51.
46 The Austrian representative: Henry A. Kissinger, “The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck,” D, vol. 97, no. 3 (Summer 1968), 901.
46 “sandbox”: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future, trans. Walter Kauffman (New York: Vintage, 1989), 180.
46 consent of the Kaiser: Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich II of Prussia, called Frederick the Great, 10 vols. (London: Chapman & Hall, 1872), i, 38.
46 “I had been brought up”: Vilbort, Siède (June 1866), in Ludwig Bamberger, Count Bismarck (Breslau: Günther, 1869), 124.
46 “Germany is too small”: Gesammelten Werke, ii, 139ff.
47 “put on ice”: BMS, 43.
47 his health: Bismarck to his sister, June 29, 1859, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 530.
4. To Proclaim Liberty to the Captives
48 hackney coachmen: William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South, ed. Eugene H. Berwanger (New York: Knopf, 1988), 40.
48 “Abe”: Donald, Lincoln, 278.
48 his boorish manners: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 6-7.
48 polished circles of the East: Russell, My Diary North and South, 45
48 savage Goth: Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J. H. B. Bury, 7 vols. (London: Methuen, 1909), i, 156-58, 183-87.
49 “plain, ploughed”: EHA, 817.
49 “beyond credence”: MCCW, 13.
49 Mrs. August Belmont: See the thinly veiled portrait of this lady in the character of Mrs. Julius Beaufort in Mrs. Wharton’s novel, The Age of Innocence (1920; New York: Library of America, 1985), 1030-31.
49 When the newspapers: Jay Monaghan, A Diplomat in Carpet Slippers: Abraham Lincoln Deals with Foreign Affairs (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), 31.
49 Her husband: Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschild: The World’s Banker, 1849-1999 (London: Penguin, 1999), 115-17. Mrs. August Belmont was the daughter of Commodore Perry and the niece of John Slidell, afterwards Jefferson Davis’s emissary to the court of Napoleon III.
49 “paus’d leisurely” … “an assassin’s knife”: Walt Whitman, “Death of Abraham Lincoln,” SDC, 308.
49 “four sorts”: Ibid., SDC, 309.
50 “illiterate”: HLL, 14.
50 “saw in a mirror”: Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1984), 128.
50 dingy law office: HLL, 365.
50 “staring vacantly”: Donald, Lincoln, 163.
50 His opposition: HLL, 246.
50 aroused Lincoln’s wrath: HLL, 290.
50 “In the office”: HLL, 295.
50 “The day of”: Ibid.
51 “two great ideas”: Ibid.
51 “profoundest”: HLL, 296.
51 “quivered”: HLL, 296.
; 51 “We are now”: Lincoln, “House Divided Speech,” June 16, 1858, SW, 1832-1858, 426 (emphasis in original).
51 “become lawful in all”: Ibid.
52 “total overthrow”: Lincoln to Henry L. Pierce, et al., April 6, 1859, SW, 1859-1865, 18.
52 “all men are”: Lincoln to Joshua F. Speed, August 24, 1855, SW, 1832-1858, 363.
52 a world struggle: Jaffa, Crisis of the House Divided, 84-85, 86, 186, 344.
52 “millions of free”: Lincoln, “Speech on the Kansas-Nebraska Act at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, SW, 1832-1858, 340.
52 Scholars have criticized: See Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It, 142-50, and J. G. Randall, Lincoln the President, 2 vols. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1945), 107-08. Other scholars have taken Lincoln’s arguments seriously. See Jaffa, Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates; Don E. Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962), 81; and James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 181.
52 “definitions and axioms”: Lincoln to Henry L. Pierce, et al., April 6, 1859, SW, 1859-1865, 19. The struggle in America between the philosophy of freedom and the philosophy of coercion was, Lincoln said, “essentially a People’s contest…. a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form and substance of government, whose leading object is, to elevate the condition of men—to lift artificial weights from all shoulders—to clear the paths of laudable pursuit for all—to afford all, an unfettered start, and a fair chance, in the race of life”—Lincoln, Message to Congress in Special Session, July 4, 1861, SW, 1859-1865, 259.
53 “I have never had”: Lincoln, “Speech at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” February 22, 1861, SW, 1859-1865, 213.
53 “a little engine”: HLL, 304.
53 “the family of the lion”: Lincoln, “Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois: The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions,” January 27, 1838, SW, 1832-1858, 34 (emphasis in original omitted).
53 yearning for something more: HLL, 176.
54 old boyar nobility: MR, 2.
54 a new class of men: Ibid.; Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 95.
54 “amiable to the point”: Barbara W. Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War 1890-1914 (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996), 71.
54 “Prince, freedom!”: MR, 133.
54 contesting the Tsar’s will: On the question of why Russian planters were, as rule, less effective in opposing Tsar Alexander’s revolution than their counterparts in the American South were in opposing Lincoln’s, see Peter Kolchin, “In Defense of Servitude: American Proslavery and Russian Proserfdom Arguments, 1760-1860,” AHR, vol. 85, no. 4 (October 1980), 820-26.
54 hands trembled: Vassili, Behind the Veil at the Russian Court, 52.
54 Afterwards he made: LGT, 131.
55 Lent: Daniel Field, “The Year of Jubilee,” RGR, 42.
55 Memories: Serge A. Zenkovsky, “The Emancipation of the Serfs in Retrospect,” RR, vol. 20, no. 4 (October 1961), 286; Field, The End of Serfdom, 45.
55 Philaret: MR, 134.
55 Others wept: Vassili, Behind the Veil at the Russian Court, 52.
55 “Christ is risen!”: Irina Paperno, “The Liberation of the Serfs as a Cultural Symbol,” RR, vol. 50, no. 4 (October 1991), 426.
55 “The officers”: MR, 134.
55 “Well, sir?”: MR, 133.
56 delicate features … his eyes: Otto Friedrich, Blood and Iron: From Bismarck to Hitler, the von Moltke Family’s Impact on German History (New York: HarperPerennial, 1996), 29.
57 “continuous inner tension”: Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, 1657-1945, 74.
57 “Plumes”: Ibid., 32.
57 “My life”: Ibid., 61.
57 “to put king”: SS, 49, 54.
57 not to his father: Friedrich, Blood and Iron, 22-24.
58 art and music: Friedrich August Dressler, Moltke in His Home, trans. Mrs. Charles Edward Barrett-Lennard (London: John Murray, 1907).
58 prose romance: Moltke, “The Two Friends,” in Moltke: His Life and Character Sketched in Journals, Letters, Memoirs, a Novel and Autobiographical Notes, trans. Mary Herms (New York: Harper, 1892), 39-95.
58 since Xenophon: Ibid., 22.
58 “gray fogs”: Helmuth von Moltke to Adolf von Moltke, January 28, 1867, in Letters of Field-Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke to His Mother and Brothers, trans. Clara Bell and Henry W. Fischer (New York: Harper, 1892), 180.
58 “Build no more fortresses”: Philip Neame, German Strategy in the Great War (London: Edward Arnold, 1923), 2.
58 railway strategy: Von Treitschke, Treitschke’s History of Nineteenth-Century Germany, vii, 277.
58 His delicate pallor: Moltke: His Life and Character, 251.
58 War: “War therefore is an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will.” Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. Anatol Rapoport (London: Penguin, 1982), 101.
59 “Circumstances which”: Seward to Lincoln, March 2, 1861, in CW, iv, 273; ii, 43-44.
59 “I can’t afford”: Donald, “We Are Lincoln Men,” 149.
59 Muffled batteries … Sharpshooters in green coats: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 7.
60 A sullen crowd: Ibid.
60 “There goes that Illinois ape”: Ibid., 8.
5. Mobilization
61 “Health good”: T, 207.
61 “It’s spring!”: T, 185.
62 “nature, the air”: Ibid.
62 Justice of the Peace: Tolstoy to Countess A. A. Tolstaya, May 14, 1861, TL, 142; Marc Raeff, Plans for Political Reform in Imperial Russia, 1730-1905 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966), 121; Field, “The Year of Jubilee,” RGR, 43-44.
62 “feels the need”: Tolstoy to Botkin, January 4, 1858, in Boris Eikhenbaum, Tolstoi in the Sixties (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1982), 3.
62 “Well, lads”: Aylmer Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: The First Fifty Years (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1917), 227.
62 “all the landowners”: T, 215 (emphasis in original).
62 a petition: T, 213; Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: The First Fifty Years, 226-28.
62 “Our life”: Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia (New York: Knopf, 1960), 68-69; compare Field, “The Year of Jubilee,” RGR, 48-49.
63 imperial treasury: The Tsar, conscious of the need for fiscal prudence, was unduly parsimonious in designing his emancipation settlement; his reforms left both the nobility and the peasantry in a desperate condition—Rieber, “Alexander II: A Revisionist View,” JMH, vol. 43, no. 1 (March 1971), 50-51.
63 struggled under a heavy burden: Emmons, The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861, 26.
63 not yet recovered: Ibid., 28-29.
63 “in the coolest and most conscientious”: Tolstoy to V. P. Botkin, January 26, 1862, TL, 153.
63 wore down his spirit: Tolstoy, A Confession and Other Religious Writings, trans. Jane Kentish (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1987), 27-28; Tatyana Andreyevna Kuzminskaya (née Behrs), Tolstoy As I Knew Him: My Life at Home and at Yasnaya Polyana (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 67.
63 its obligation to serve: Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 113, 133, 184.
63 compulsory service: Ibid., 89.
63 civic responsibility: Ibid., 189.
63 apolitical mentality: Ibid., 188.
63 “I absolutely must”: T, 82.
63 “Girls”: T, 129 (emphasis added).
64 “living like a beast”: T, 66.
64 “awful lust”: T, 142.
64 “everything fainted”: T, 168.
64 “What is it”: T, 175.
64 “Again the same question”: T, 200.
64 “What’s the point”: Tolstoy to A. A. Fet, October 17/29, 1860, TL, 142.
64 Ma
ssachusetts 6th: Charles B. Clark, “Baltimore and the Attack on the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, April 19, 1861,” MHM, 56 (March 1961), 39-71.
65 “I don’t believe”: John Hay, Diary, April 24, 1861, in Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, ed. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger (Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 11.
65 “Why”: ALH, iv, 152.
65 79th New York: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 52.
65 a Southern city: Henry Adams recalled “the simple, old-fashioned, Southern tone” of Washington society in 1860-61-EHA, 816.
65 French overtones: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 3ff.
65 conversed in French: Ibid., 8, 26-27.
65 regulated by the bugle: Ibid., 36.
66 reigning belle: Ibid.
66 “exceedingly”: Peg A. Lamphier, Kate Chase and William Sprague: Politics and Gender in a Civil War Marriage (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 23.
66 Miss Chase: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 36; Lamphier, Kate Chase and William Sprague, 24.
66 getting what she wanted: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 36.
66 “The Resident seems”: Ibid., 67-68.
66 “Pa looked”: Ruth Painter Randall, Lincoln’s Sons (Boston: Little, Brown, 1955), 107; Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 30-31.
66 an expedition: Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 184-87; Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters (New York: Knopf, 1972), 88.
67 the lot of chaperone: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 43.
67 “big, worn”: Ibid., 13, 69.
67 “sometimes”: Ibid., 13.
67 “You don’t know”: Ibid., 5.
67 “sad and silent”: Ibid., 32.
67 “sprawled out”: Ibid., 69.
68 “My friend”: Lincoln, “Speech at Chicago Illinois,” July 10, 1858, SW, 1832-1858, 458.
68 “some universally”: HLL, 325.
68 “He spoke to me”: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 69.
68 “Why, Julie”: Ibid.
68 a military order: T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Vintage, 1952), 7; compare David Herbert Donald, Lincoln, 439.
68 paramilitary units: Donald, Lincoln, 254.
68 “monster meetings”: Ibid., 254.
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