68 “in a form military”: EHA, 810.
69 “For all his genius”: Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960), 56.
69 the Secretary of State was furtively carrying on: Donald, Lincoln, 289-92; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 268.
69 policy of conciliation: Glyndon G. Van Deusen, Thurlow Weed: Wizard of the Lobby (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), 270.
69 “without a policy”: Seward, “Some Thoughts for the President’s Consideration,” in Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward, ii, 132-33; CW, iv, 317-18.
69 “ripe”: Roon to Bismarck, June 27, 1861, Gedanken, i, 240.
70 Faubourg Saint-Germain: Gedanken, i, 223.
70 not only French: Gedanken, i, 219.
70 “cream”: Gedanken, i, 219.
70 “best brain”: Ibid.
70 “the court”: Ibid.
70 suite of opulent rooms: Gedanken, i, 225.
70 “three or four” … “absolutely faultless”: Ibid.
70 “wines of high quality”: Gedanken, i, 226.
70 “nothing but the very best” … “terribly high”: Gedanken, i, 225.
70 “jewels”: Mosolov, At the Court of the Last Tsar, 231.
70 plundered by the Bolsheviks: Ibid.
70 the imperial train: Bismarck to his sister, October 19, 1859, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 541.
71 the Russian language: BMS, 44.
71 the soirées: Bismarck to his sister, March 26/14, 1861, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 567-68.
71 Grand Duchess Hélène: Vassili, Behind the Veil at the Russian Court, 39.
71 The aged Empress: Bismarck to his wife, June 28, 1859, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 529.
71 “goodness itself”: Bismarck to his sister, June 29, 1859, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 530.
71 “charming naturalness”: Bismarck to his wife, June 28, 1855, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 529.
71 fond of Bismarck: Bismarck to his sister, July 1/13, 1860, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 556.
72 Russian diplomatic service: BMS, 45.
72 “Three years ago”: Bismarck to his sister, January 17/5, 1862, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 581.
72 “Dull places”: Bismarck to his sister, March 7, 1862, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 582.
72 “break with the Chamber”: Bismarck to Roon, July 2, 1861, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (1), 571.
6. Violence
73 blackberries: William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman by Himself, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton, 1875), i, 181.
73 On the march: Robert S. Harper, Irvin McDowell and the First Battle of Bull Run (Columbus, OH: Ohio State Museum, 1961), 4.
74 “You are green”: Williams, Lincoln and His Generals, 21.
74 If McDowell doubted: James B. Fry, McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1884), 13-14; Harper, Irvin McDowell and the First Battle of Bull Run, 2; Williams, Lincoln and His Generals, 18-19.
74 The air: Edwin S. Barrett, What I Saw at Bull Run (Boston: Beacon Press, 1886), 15.
74 a strange dream: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 75.
75 At two o’clock: This account of the battle of Bull Run is drawn primarily from James B. Fry, McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run; Edwin S. Barrett, What I Saw at Bull Run; James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1896); William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman by Himself, i, 181-88; and Benton J. Lossing, Pictorial History of the Civil War, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1866), i, 584-608.
75 “Pa says”: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 53.
76 While the President: Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 371.
76 To the crypt: Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich II of Prussia, called Frederick the Great, 10 vols. (London: Chapman & Hall, 1872), x, 194.
76 The regiments were intended: Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945, 151.
76 A minister with liberal sympathies: Ibid., 152.
76 “I do not understand”: Ibid.
77 “fantastic corporal”: Ibid., 149.
77 dead commanders: Ibid.
77 “power to be wrested”: SS, 141.
77 “power and the army”: SS, 141, 135.
77 abolish the constitution: Crankshaw, Bismarck, 112.
77 “produce an atmosphere”: Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945, 153.
77 Manteuffel took personal offense: Ibid.
77 Strafford in the Tower: Ibid.
77 “cleansing mud bath”: Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, 1657-1945, 80.
77 Thirty-four thousand: Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945, 155.
78 “absolute a tyrant”: MCCW, 262.
78 “métier is to be”: MCCW, 255.
78 “was not a greater”: MCCW, 191.
78 The patent: MCCW, 249.
78 During many decades: Elisabeth Muhlenfeld, Mary Boykin Chesnut: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 47.
78 “roars and shouts”: MCCW, 250.
78 “Merciful God!”: MCCW, xix.
78 known George Washington: MCCW, 201.
78 Smoothing irons: MCCW, 202-03.
79 Candles … Violets: MCCW, 77.
79 “as if they were”: MCCW, 211.
79 “the transcendent virtues”: MCCW, 217.
79 “cutting out”: MCCW, 202.
79 “I warn you”: MCCW, 217.
79 stupid: See, e.g., MCCW, 242, 365-66.
79 “have grown accustomed”: MCCW, 250.
79 “weird sounds”: MCCW, 256.
79 “memoirs of the times”: MCCW, xviii.
80 Louisa Bartow: MCCW, 84.
80 Francis Stebbins Bartow: MCCW, 3.
80 “If my Joseph”: MCCW, 90.
80 spanking bays: MCCW, 123.
80 “was not civil enough”: MCCW, 83.
80 One day: MCCW, 100.
80 she guessed what happened: MCCW, 101.
81 “I did not know”: Ibid.
81 Mrs. Davis came: MCCW, 102.
7. A Whiff of Powder
82 “sinful encounter”: René Fülöp-Miller, Rasputin: The Holy Devil, trans. F. S. Flint and D. F. Tait (Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing, 1928), 32.
82 “cast all their garments”: Ibid.
82 “I flagellate”: Billington, The Icon and the Axe, 177.
82 “Here and there”: Fülöp-Miller, Rasputin: The Holy Devil, 32.
82 “the devil of pride”: Ibid., 223.
82 forcing them to undress: Ibid., 36.
82 “told me at once”: Ibid., 184-85; Robert K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (New York: Ballantine, 2000), 337.
83 “Certainly, little father”: Fülöp-Miller, Rasputin: The Holy Devil, 54-55; see also 215.
83 “Mama”: Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, trans. David McDuff (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 2003), 374-75.
83 “Paradise”: Ibid., 392.
83 New Jersusalem: Compare CP, 236.
83 Others regarded: Fülöp-Miller, Rasputin: The Holy Devil, 121.
83 “a way to God”: Figes, Natasha’s Dance, 293.
83 Holy Rus’: Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, 368.
83 spiritual anarch: Compare Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 162; Irina Paperno, “The Liberation of the Serfs as a Cultural Symbol,” RR, vol. 50, no. 4 (October 1991), 429.
84 He was God’s vicar: Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 161.
84 each peasant personally: Ibid.
84 liquid gold: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 211; compare Field, “The Year of Jubilee,” RGR, 46.
84 “true liberty”: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 212.
84 “The Tsar will give”: Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 162.
84 “We no longer”: Venturi,
Roots of Revolution, 211.
84 “Volia”: Daniel Field, Rebels in the Name of the Tsar (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 44.
84 Old Believer: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 214.
84 The figure “10%”: Ibid.
84 “true volia”: N. A. Krylov to A. P. Ermolova, April 13, 1861, in Field, Rebels in the Name of the Tsar, 72.
84 His claims: P. F. Kozlialinov, Governor of Kazan Province, to the Minister of Internal Affairs, April 13, 1861, in ibid., 37; Paperno, “The Liberation of the Serfs as a Cultural Symbol,” RR, vol. 50, no. 4 (October 1991), 428.
84 slain with axes: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 215.
84 “true liberty”: Ibid.
84 .Bezdna: Ibid., 215-16.
84 fifty-one people: Apraksin’s Second Report to the Tsar, April 19, 1861, in Field, Rebels in the Name of the Tsar, 58.
84 thin, small: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 216.
84 Petrov held: Field, Rebels in the Name of the Tsar, 47; Paperno, “The Liberation of the Serfs as a Cultural Symbol,” RR, vol. 50, no. 4 (October 1991), 431;
85 “A great battle has been fought”: MCCW, 106-06.
85 “Where is the President?”: ALH, iv, 353.
85 black ostrich plumes: Heros von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence, 2 vols. (New York: Peter Smith, 1938), i, 22.
85 tall boots and a yellow sash: Ibid.
85 the very image: Ibid.; Edgar Erskine Hume, “Colonel Heros von Borcke: A Famous Prussian Volunteer in the Confederate States Army,” in Southern Sketches, First Series, no. 2, ed. J. D. Eggleston (Charlottesville, VA: Historical Publishing, 1935), 5.
85 Stuart’s eyes: Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence, i, 21-22.
86 General Joe Johnston: Fry, McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run, 37-38; Harper, Irvin McDowell and the First Battle of Bull Run, 5; Gamaliel Bradford, Confederate Portraits (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 3-7.
86 Panic set in: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 50; Barrett, What I Saw at Bull Run, 26.
86 a rout: Barrett, What I Saw at Bull Run, 27.
86 Lincoln was still: ALH, iv, 355.
86 he telegraphed: The telegram to McClellan was sent at two in the morning-McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 348.
87 The only newspaper: Gedanken, i, 245.
87 “unpleasantly surprised”: Gedanken, i, 248
87 The plan: Lothar Gall, Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, trans. J. A. Underwood, 2 vols. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986), i, 167.
87 a memorandum: Bismarck, “Denkschrift über die deutsche Frage,” July 1861, in Gesammelten Werke, iii, 266-70.
87 The pressure: Bismarck to Roon, July 2, 1861, Gedanken, i, 243.
87 “who is going to”: Gall, Bismarck, i, 167.
87 Altogether the King thought: The plan for a march on Berlin was formally approved in January 1862-Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945, 159.
88 “preserved from her youthful days”: Gedanken, i, 121.
88 “stupid admiration”: BGE, 39.
88 at breakfast: Gedanken, i, 123.
88 “his knightly spirit”: Gedanken, i, 123.
88 “thought me crazier:” Gedanken, i, 249.
88 As the two men strolled: H. W. Dulcken, Life of the Emperor William the First of Germany and King of Prussia (London: Ward, Lock, 1888), 48; Paul Wiegler, William the First: His Life and Times, trans. Constance Vesey (London: Alien & Unwin, 1929), 200.
88 In June: William Cassius Goodloe to General David S. Goodloe, June 19, 1861, in James Rood Robertson, A Kentuckian at the Court of the Tsars: The Ministry of Cassius Marcellus Clay to Russia (Berea College, KY: Berea College Press, 1935), 46.
89 a few hundred revolts: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 208, 216; Field, “The Year of Jubilee,” RGR, 42.
89 Grand Duchess Hélène: Radziwill, Behind the Veil at the Russian Court, (London, Cassell, 1914), 44.
89 Nicholas Milyutin: MR, 132.
89 “feathers in his hat”: William Cassius Goodloe to General David S. Goodloe, June 19, 1861, in Robertson, A Kentuckian at the Court of the Tsars, 45.
89 “a beautiful light blue”: William Cassius Goodloe to General David S. Goodloe, June 19, 1861, in ibid., 46.
90 “Rumors”: Field, “The Year of Jubilee,” RGR, 48.
90 banking crisis: Steven L. Hoch, “The Banking Crisis, Peasant Reform, and Economic Development in Russia, 1857-1861,” AHR, vol. 96, no. 3 June 1991), 795-820.
90 “even too femininely”: MR, 152.
90 gossiping: Ibid.
90 “Even that”: Ibid.
91 “suffer much”: Herzen, quoted in Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 35.
91 Semka: Viktor Shklovsky, Lev Tolstoy, trans. Olga Shartse (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978), 287.
91 “tender, receptive”: Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: The First Fifty Years, 254; Shklovsky, Lev Tolstoy, 287.
91 Pronka: Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: The First Fifty Years, 255.
91 “How was it”: Ibid., 256 (emphasis added).
91 Some half a dozen: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 64-65.
91 The peasant: Tolstoy, “Why Do People Stupefy Themselves?” in The Complete Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï: Essays, Utters, Miscellanies (New York: Thomas Y Crowell & Co., 1899), 127-31.
91 “Human feelings”: MR, 57.
92 “the mystenous fower”: T, 217.
92 “Why are there lime trees”: The dialogue is recounted by Tolstoy in his essay, “The Yasnaya Polyana School in November and December [1861].”
8. Used-Up Men
93 “The salary”: MOS, 43.
93 “crowds of the country-people”: MOS, 59.
93 “By some strange”: MOS, 82-83.
94 “an immense task”: MOS, 83.
94 “I see already”: MOS, 82.
94 “call of destiny”: Williams, Lincoln and His Generals, 24; compare MOS, 85.
94 “When I was in the Senate”: MOS, 83.
95 “Had to work”: MOS, 82-83.
95 “I dined”: MOS, 84.
95 “the great obstacle”: MOS, 85.
95 “old General always”: MOS, 84.
95 “not comprehend”: MOS, 85.
95 “a perfect incubus”: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 360.
95 “absolute control”: MOS, 85.
96 “well meaning baboon”: Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (New York: Book-of-the-Month Club, 1994), 22.
96 “‘the original gorilla’”: McClellan to Mrs. McClellan, November 17, 1861, in McClellan, The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860-1865 (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1989), 135, 152.
96 “without consultation”: ALH, v, 160.
96 “Everyone”: Lincoln, Nikolai Milyutin, 70.
96 “But you”: MR, 154.
97 “enter a regiment”: Ibid.
97 “Mississippi of the East”: MR, 113, 155.
97 “there is in Siberia”: MR, 155-56.
97 “Kropotkin must always”: MR, 155-56.
97 “The beauty of the style”: MR, 127.
97 wilder sympathies: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 1-10; Adam B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History of the Triumph of Communism in Russia (New York: Collier, 1968), 22-24; Figes, Natasha’s Dance, 72, 76-77, 84-86; Nicolas Berdyaev, The Russian Idea (London: Centenary Press, 1947), 24.
98 Eugène Onegin: Emmons, The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861, 37. N. A. Beshtuzhev, a Decembrist who had studied economics, was a Free Trader who in 1831 published an essay, On Free Trade and Economic Activities. Later, however, he advocated a form of “populist socialism” grounded in the communal practices of the obshchina—Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 7-8.
98 The liberal idealists: Ulam, The Bolsheviks, 22-24; Sidney Monas, The Third Section: Police and Society in Russia Under Nicholas I (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961), 16.
&n
bsp; 98 free-state ideas: See Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1979), 150; Andrzej Walicki, Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 131; and Emmons, The Russian Landed Gentry and the peasant Emancipation of 1861, 42-46.
98 a musty air: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 24. See also Billington, The Icon and the Axe, 450: “Russian liberalism was-more than any other current of ideas in nineteenth-century Russia-the work of college professors.”
98 “the grand”: MR, 277.
98 “Well, and this Monsieur”: Ivan Turgenev, Fathers and Sons, trans. Rosemary Edmonds (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1975), 93-94.
98 “parliamentarianism”: Ibid., 126.
98 “We must”: 271.
99 “revolution, a bloody and pitiless”: Venturi, Roots of Revolution, 292-96.
99 “The sight”: MR, 158.
100 a dreaded agent: Billington, The Icon and the Axe, 24.
100 “childish, almost demoniac”: E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (New York: Vintage, 1961), 187.
100 “a tongue”: Billington, The Icon and the Axe, 47.
100 “Pa don’t”: Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 48.
100 “the most lovable”: Ibid., 3.
100 “Well, it’s broken”: Ibid., 49.
100 “It’s not Pa’s”: Ibid., 48.
101 “stationary engine”: Francis F. Browne, The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: N. D. Thompson, 1887), 528.
101 Lincoln pressed: Lincoln to George B. McClellan, February 3, 1862, SW, 1859-1865, 304; ALH, v, 161.
101 McClellan insisted: ALH, v, 152-54, 162-63.
101 party: Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography, 205-06.
101 chill: Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters, 121.
101 black swallowtail coat: David Herbert Donald, “This Damned Old House: The Lincolns in the White House,” in The White House: The First Two Hundred Years, ed. Frank Freidel and William Pencak (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1994), 63.
101 “Are the President”: Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals, 105.
102 Willie: Randall, Mary Lincoln: Biography of a Marriage, 283-84.
102 In a letter: Lincoln to George B. McClellan, February 3, 1862, SW, 1859-1865, 304.
102 logs painted black: Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals, 122-23.
102 “hold General McClellan’s stirrup”: Lord Charnwood, Abraham Lincoln (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 290.
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