116. Shukitt-Hale B. Blueberries and neuronal aging. Gerontology. 2012;58(6):518–23.
117. Cherniack EP. A berry thought-provoking idea: the potential role of plant polyphenols in the treatment of age-related cognitive disorders. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(5):794–800.
118. Johnson EJ. A possible role for lutein and zeaxanthin in cognitive function in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(5):1161S–5S.
119. Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Nash TA, et al. Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(7): 3996–4000.
120. Devore EE, Kang JH, Breteler MMB, et al. Dietary intakes of berries and flavonoids in relation to cognitive decline. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(1):135–43.
121. Dai Q, Borenstein AR, Wu Y, et al. Fruit and vegetable juices and Alzheimer’s disease: the Kame Project. Am J Med. 2006;119(9):751–9.
122. Krikorian R, Nash TA, Shidler MD, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA. Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(5):730–4.
123. Nurk E, Refsum H, Drevon CA, et al. Cognitive performance among the elderly in relation to the intake of plant foods. The Hordaland Health Study. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1190–201.
124. Mullen W, Marks SC, Crozier A. Evaluation of phenolic compounds in commercial fruit juices and fruit drinks. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(8):3148–57.
125. Tarozzi A, Morroni F, Merlicco A, et al. Neuroprotective effects of cyanidin 3-O-glucopyranoside on amyloid beta (25–35) oligomer-induced toxicity. Neurosci Lett. 2010;473(2):72–6.
126. Hattori M, Sugino E, Minoura K, et al. Different inhibitory response of cyanidin and methylene blue for filament formation of tau microtubulebinding domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;374(1):158–63.
127. Mandel SA, Weinreb O, Amit T, Youdim MB. Molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective/neurorescue action of multi-target green tea polyphenols. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2012;4:581–98.
128. Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(10):1045–60.
129. Hishikawa N, Takahashi Y, Amakusa Y, et al. Effects of turmeric on Alzheimer’s disease with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Ayu. 2012;33(4):499–504.
130. Akhondzadeh S, Sabet MS, Harirchian MH, et al. Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35(5):581–8.
131. Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, et al. A 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;207(4):637–43.
132. Hyde C, Peters J, Bond M, et al. Evolution of the evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and economic model. Age Ageing. 2013;42(1):14–20.
133. US Food and Drug Administation. ARICEPT® (Donepezil Hydrochloride Tablets) package insert. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Surveillance/DrugMarketingAdvertisingandCommunications/UCM368444.pdf. Accessed April 2, 2015.
134. Toledo C, Saltsman K. Genetics by the Numbers. Inside Life Science, Bethesda, MD: National Institute of General Medical Sciences. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidelifescience/genetics-numbers.html. June 11, 2012. Accessed March 3, 2015.
135. Mostoslavsky R, Esteller M, Vaquero A. At the crossroad of lifespan, calorie restriction, chromatin and disease: meeting on sirtuins. Cell Cycle. 2010;9(10):1907–12.
136. Julien C, Tremblay C, Emond V, et al. Sirtuin 1 reduction parallels the accumulation of tau in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68(1):48–58.
137. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(13):4940–5.
138. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(13):4940–5.
139. Rahmadi A, Steiner N, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts as gerontotoxins and biomarkers for carbonyl-based degenerative processes in Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011;49(3):385–91.
140. Semba RD, Nicklett EJ, Ferrucci L. Does accumulation of advanced glycation end products contribute to the aging phenotype? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65(9):963–75.
141. Srikanth V, Westcott B, Forbes J, et al. Methylglyoxal, cognitive function and cerebral atrophy in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(1):68–73.
142. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(13):4940–5.
143. Beeri MS, Moshier E, Schmeidler J, et al. Serum concentration of an inflammatory glycotoxin, methylglyoxal, is associated with increased cognitive decline in elderly individuals. Mech Ageing Dev. 2011;132 (11–12):583–7.
144. Yaffe K, Lindquist K, Schwartz AV, et al. Advanced glycation end product level, diabetes, and accelerated cognitive aging. Neurology. 2011;77(14):1351–6.
145. Angeloni C, Zambonin L, Hrelia S. Role of methylglyoxal in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:238485.
146. Vlassara H, Cai W, Goodman S, et al. Protection against loss of innate defenses in adulthood by low advanced glycation end products (AGE) intake: role of the antiinflammatory AGE receptor-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(11):4483–91.
147. Cerami C, Founds H, Nicholl I, et al. Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(25):13915–20.
148. Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, Peppa M, Goldberg T, Vlassara H. Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body’s AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1043:461–6.
149. Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, Peppa M, Goldberg T, Vlassara H. Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body’s AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1043:461–6.
150. Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(6):911–6.e12.
151. Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(6):911–6.e12.
152. Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(6):911–6.e12.
153. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(13):4940–5.
154. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71–9.
155. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71–9.
156. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(7):3017–22.
157. ten Brinke LF, Bolandzadeh N, Nagamatsu LS, et al. Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume in older women with probable mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(4):248–54.
4. How Not to Die from Digestive Cancers
1. Liu PH, Wang JD, Keating NL. Expected years of life lost for six potentially preventable cancers in the United States. Prev Med. 2013;56(5):309–13.
2. Bertram JS, Kolonel LN, Meyskens FL. Rationale and strategies for che
moprevention of cancer in humans. Cancer Res. 1987;47(11):3012–31.
3. Hasleton PS. The internal surface area of the adult human lung. J Anat. 1972;112(Pt 3):391–400.
4. Macdonald TT, Monteleone G. Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut. Science. 2005;307(5717):1920–5.
5. What are the key statistics about colorectal cancer? American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2015.
6. What are the key statistics about pancreatic cancer? American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/pancreaticcancer/detailedguide/pancreatic-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2015.
7. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014.
8. What are the key statistics about colorectal cancer? American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2015.
9. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014.
10. Screening for Colorectal Cancer. US Preventive Services Task Force website. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFile/1/467/colcancsumm/pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015.
11. International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Database. http://bit.ly/1bNdlWu. April 2015. Accessed May 2, 2015.
12. World Bank. World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/country/india. 2011. Accessed May 2, 2015.
13. Bengmark S, Mesa MD, Gill A. Plant-derived health: the effects of turmeric and curcuminoids. Nutr Hosp. 2009;24(3):273–81.
14. Hutchins-Wolfbrandt A, Mistry AM. Dietary turmeric potentially reduces the risk of cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(12):3169–73.
15. Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, et al. Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(20):6847–54.
16. Carroll RE, Benya RV, Turgeon DK, et al. Phase IIa clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(3):354–64.
17. Cruz-Correa M, Shoskes DA, Sanchez P, et al. Combination treatment with curcumin and quercetin of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(8):1035–8.
18. Sharma RA, McLelland HR, Hill KA, et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(7):1894–900.
19. Singh S. From exotic spice to modern drug? Cell. 2007;130(5):765–8.
20. International Institute for Population Sciences & Macro International: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06: India: Vol. I. Mumbai: IIPS; 2007.
21. Cummings JH, Bingham SA, Heaton KW, Eastwood MA. Fecal weight, colon cancer risk, and dietary intake of nonstarch polysaccharides (dietary fibre). Gastroenterology. 1992;103(6):1783–9.
22. Gear JS, Brodribb AJ, Ware A, Mann JI. Fibre and bowel transit times. Br J Nutr. 1981;45(1):77–82.
23. Burkitt DP, Walker AR, Painter NS. Effect of dietary fibre on stools and the transit-times, and its role in the causation of disease. Lancet. 1972;2(7792):1408–12.
24. Sonnenberg A, Koch TR. Physician visits in the United States for constipation: 1958 to 1986. Dig Dis Sci. 1989;34(4):606–11.
25. Burkitt DP. A deficiency of dietary fibre may be one cause of certain colonic and venous disorders. Am J Dig Dis. 1976;21(2):104–8.
26. Fox A, Tietze PH, Ramakrishnan K. Anorectal conditions: anal fissure and anorectal fistula. FP Essent. 2014;419:20–7.
27. Burkitt DP. A deficiency of dietary fibre may be one cause of certain colonic and venous disorders. Am J Dig Dis. 1976;21(2):104–8.
28. Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Key TJ. Nutrition and lifestyle in relation to bowel movement frequency: a cross-sectional study of 20630 men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(1):77–83.
29. What are the key statistics about colorectal cancer? American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2015.
30. Doll R. The geographical distribution of cancer. Br J Cancer. 1969;23(1):1–8.
31. Lipski E. Traditional non-Western diets. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(6): 585–93.
32. Burkitt DP. Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum.1971. Dis. Colon Rectum. 1993;36(11):1071–82.
33. Shaper AG, Jones KW. Serum-cholesterol, diet, and coronary heart-disease in Africans and Asians in Uganda: 1959. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(5):1221–5.
34. Malila N, Hakulinen T. Epidemiological trends of colorectal cancer in the Nordic countries. Scand J Surg. 2003;92(1):5–9.
35. Englyst HN, Bingham SA, Wiggins HS, et al. Nonstarch polysaccharide consumption in four Scandinavian populations. Nutr Cancer. 1982;4(1): 50–60.
36. Graf E, Eaton JW. Dietary suppression of colonic cancer. Fibre or phytate? Cancer. 1985;56(4):717–8.
37. Fonseca-Nunes A, Jakszyn P, Agudo A. Iron and cancer risk—a systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(1):12–31.
38. Mellanby E. The rickets-producing and anti-calcifying action of phytate. J Physiol. 1949;109(3–4):488–533.
39. House WA, Welch RM, Van Campen DR. Effect of phytic acid on the absorption, distribution, and endogenous excretion of zinc in rats. J Nutr. 1982;112(5):941–53.
40. Urbano G, López-Jurado M, Aranda P, Vidal-Valverde C, Tenorio E, Porres J. The role of phytic acid in legumes: antinutrient or beneficial function? J Physiol Biochem. 2000;56(3):283–94.
41. López-González AA, Grases F, Roca P, Mari B, Vicente-Herrero MT, Costa-Bauzá A. Phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) and risk factors for osteoporosis. J Med Food. 2008;11(4):747–52.
42. López-González AA, Grases F, Monroy N, et al. Protective effect of myoinositol hexaphosphate (phytate) on bone mass loss in postmenopausal women. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(2):717–26.
43. Arriero Mdel M, Ramis JM, Perelló J, Monjo M. Inositol hexakisphosphate inhibits osteoclastogenesis on RAW 264.7 cells and human primary osteoclasts. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(8):e43187.
44. Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(10): 1479–91.
45. Singh PN, Fraser GE. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(8):761–74.
46. Manousos O, Day NE, Trichopoulos D, Gerovassilis F, Tzonou A, Polychronopoulou A. Diet and colorectal cancer: A case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer. 1983;32(1):1–5.
47. Lanza E, Hartman TJ, Albert PS, et al. High dry bean intake and reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenoma recurrence among participants in the polyp prevention trial. J Nutr. 2006;136(7):1896–1903.
48. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol. Nutr Cancer. 2006;55(2):109–25.
49. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: from laboratory to clinic. J Nutr. 2003;133(11-Suppl-1):3778S–84S.
50. Ogawa S, Kobayashi H, Amada S, et al. Sentinel node detection with (99m) Tc phytate alone is satisfactory for cervical cancer patients undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010;15(1):52–8.
51. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol. Nutr Cancer. 2006;55(2):109–25.
52. Vucenik I, Passaniti A, Vitolo MI, Tantivejkul K, Eggleton P, Shamsuddin AM. Anti-angiogenic activity of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). Carcinogenesis. 2004;25(11):2115–23.
53. Wang H, Khor TO, Shu L, et al. Plants vs. cancer: a review on natural phytochemicals in preventing and treating cancers and their druggability. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2012;12(10):1281–305.
5
4. Yang GY, Shamsuddin AM. IP6-induced growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 human colon cancer cells: involvement of intracellular inositol phosphates. Anticancer Res. 1995;15(6B):2479–87.
55. Shamsuddin AM, Yang GY, Vucenik I. Novel anti-cancer functions of IP6: growth inhibition and differentiation of human mammary cancer cell lines in vitro. Anticancer Res. 1996;16(6A):3287–92.
56. Vucenik I, Tantivejkul K, Zhang ZS, Cole KE, Saied I, Shamsuddin AM. IP6 in treatment of liver cancer. I. IP6 inhibits growth and reverses transformed phenotype in HepG2 human liver cancer cell line. Anticancer Res. 1998;18(6A):4083–90.
57. Shamsuddin AM, Yang GY. Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth and induces differentiation of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 1995;16(8):1975–9.
58. Shamsuddin AM. Anti-cancer function of phytic acid. Int J Food Sci Tech. 2002;37(7):769–82.
59. Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(25):7449–54.
60. Olsson ME, Andersson CS, Oredsson S, Berglund RH, Gustavsson KE. Antioxidant levels and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by extracts from organically and conventionally cultivated strawberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(4):1248–55.
61. Graham DJ, Campen D, Hui R, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. Lancet. 2005;365(9458):475–81.
62. Wang LS, Burke CA, Hasson H, et al. A phase Ib study of the effects of black raspberries on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014;7(7):666–74.
63. Wang LS, Burke CA, Hasson H, et al. A phase Ib study of the effects of black raspberries on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014;7(7):666–74.
64. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Red meat consumption and mortality: Results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7):555–63.
How Not to Die Page 56