National Black Assembly, 254
National Black Political Convention, Gary, Indiana, 254
National Cash Register, 143
National Chicago Moratorium Committee (1969), 256
National Civic Federation (NCF), 147
National Contractors Association (NCA), 285
National Council of Household Employees, 266
National Defense Advisory Council, 222
National Doctors Alliance, 325
National Education Association (NEA), 269, 313
National Erectors’ Association, 149
National Farm Labor Union, 242
National Farm Workers Union (NFWA), 260, 275
National Founders’ Association, 147
National Guard, 197, 198, 204, 214, 222, 226, 250, 251, 269, 283, 286
National Industrial Congresses, 66, 69, 72
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (1933), 192–93, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201
National Interfaith Committee for Worker Justice, 316–17
National Labor Assembly for Peace, 267
National Labor Committee (NLC), 292, 316
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) (1935), 201–2, 207, 311
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 198, 315
CIO and, 207, 215, 222, 228, 238
during Clinton years, 325, 326, 328
during Reagan years, 280, 283, 294, 297, 305
Taft-Hartley and, 233, 238
Wagner Act and, 201, 207
National Labor Union (NLU), 98–101, 102, 103, 120
National Maritime Union, 212, 213, 219, 238, 287
National Miners Union, 189
National Molders’ Union, 99, 109
National Negro Congress, 212, 219
National Negro Labor Council, 238
National Organization of Women (NOW), 272, 297
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 193, 198
National Reform Association, 65, 75
National Republic, 217
National Rip-Saw, 151
National Tenants Association, 268
National Textile Workers, 185
National Trades Union (NTU), 61–62, 63, 68, 72, 120
National Tube Company, 254
National Typographical Association, 66
National Typographical Union (NTU), 100
National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees, 260
National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards, 238
National Union of Textile Workers, 128
National War Labor Board (NWLB), 227, 230
National Welfare Rights Movement (NWRO), 258, 268
National Women’s Party (NWP), 180
National Youth Administration, 201
Native Americans, 2, 4–6, 10, 18, 76, 113–14, 117–18, 144, 178, 192
land treaties and relocations, 35, 75, 113, 114
Revolutionary War, 30–31, 32
sixties, activism, 256–57
nativism (19th century), 70, 71–72
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 234
Navajo Business Council, 178, 192
Navajo Indians, 4, 113, 178, 224, 256
Nazism, 181, 216, 219, 224, 230
Nebraska, 114
Neebe, Oscar, 126
Negro American Labor Council (1960), 244, 247
“neoliberalism,” 305
New Amsterdam colony, 10
New Bedford, Massachusetts, 184
New Deal, 200–201, 204–5, 215–16, 228, 230–31
business and labor in, 193–200, 201–5, 215, 230–31
Communist Party unions, 195, 196, 213
federal declarations of labor rights, 193, 198, 232
grassroots unionism, 193, 194–200, 202, 203–4, 214
initiatives, 192–93, 200–201, 216
“Second,” 200–202, 204, 215
New England, 10–11, 12–13, 17, 29, 72
New England Offering, 71
New England Workingmen’s Association, 65, 66, 69
New Era (CNLU newspaper), 102
New Hampshire, 36, 46, 50, 65
New Haven, Connecticut, 318
New Helvetia colony, 76
New Jersey, 13, 32, 36, 184, 251, 257, 258, 317
New Mexico, 4–5, 17, 18, 76, 77, 113
New Orleans, Louisiana, 17, 18, 92, 93, 96, 97, 130, 325
New York, colonial, 10, 19, 26, 32, 36
New York City, New York, 90, 111, 187, 271, 312
colonial, 19, 26, 27, 28, 36
labor activism, 62, 66, 105, 123, 124, 125, 156, 157, 180, 195, 266, 289
Progressive Era, Tammany Hall, 143
in sixties, 254, 257, 258, 259, 266
in twenties, 178, 181, 184
women’s labor, 156, 157, 180, 195, 289
New York Life Insurance Company, 147
New York Times, 169, 180, 217, 292, 332
New York Weekly Journal, 15
New York Working Women’s Association, 100
Newark, New Jersey, 257, 258
Newfoundland Fisherman’s Union (NFU), 294
Newman, Pauline, 156
Newport News Shipbuilding, 324
newspaper chains, 179, 326
Newspaper Publishers’ Association, 147
newspaper strikes, 326
Nez Perce Indians, 114
Nicaragua, 144, 179, 289, 292, 309
Nimham, Daniel, 34
9 to 5 National Association of Working Women, 314
Nissan, 326
Nixon, E.D., 247, 249
Nixon, Richard, 244, 252, 269, 270–71, 272–73, 274
NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
NLU. See National Labor Union (NLU)
Non-Partisan League, 156, 204, 205
nonviolence, civil rights movement and, 251
Norris-LaGuardia Act, 188
North American Aviation, 222
North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, 219
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 306, 309
North Carolina, 96, 198, 248
North Dakota, 156
Northhampton Association of Education and Industry, 64
Northrup, Solomon, 56
Northwest Airlines, 326
Norton, George, 130
Nowicki, Stella, 229
nuclear industry, 268
nuclear weapons, 224, 230, 234, 235, 289
Nucor, 285
Nussbaum, Karen, 314
Oakland, California, 232, 318
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 268
Office of Economic Opportunity, 270
Office of Price Administration (OPA), 224, 230, 232
Office of Production Management (OPM), 222
Oglala Sioux, 256
O’Hare, Kate Richards, 151
Ohio, 104, 112, 196–97, 203–4
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW), 268, 287, 293, 304, 313, 317, 328
Oil and Gas Workers, 203
Oil Workers Industrial Union, 231
Oklahoma, 75, 113, 114, 156–57, 163, 178, 268
Olney, Richard, 133
Omai Fa’atasai (Samoan activist group), 257
Oneita Knitting Mills, 270
Open Shop Drive (1903), 148, 149
Operating Engineers, 243, 317
“Operation Bootstrap” (Puerto Rico), 240, 281
“Operation Dixie” (CIO), 237
Order of United American Mechanics (OUAM), 70, 72
Oregon, 113, 114
Organization of African American Unity (OAAU), 251
Organization of Patriotic Haitian Women, 255
O’Toole, Donald, 233
Ottawa Indians, 117
Overstolz, Henry, 107
Overstreet, Danny Lee, 314
Owen, Chandler, 163
PACE (Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Industrial Union), 313
Pacific region, World War II and, 224
; Packinghouse Workers’ Organizing Committee, 213
Pagkakaisa (Filipino activist group), 257
Paine, Thomas, 29, 31, 44
Painters’ Union, 147
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 167
Panama, 144, 179
Panama Canal, 144
Pan-American Federation of Labor (PAFL), Fourth Congress, 172
Panic of 1873, 103–4, 110
Paris Commune (1871), 108
Parks, Rosa, 247–48
Parsons, Albert, 126–27, 157
Parsons, Lucy Eldine Gonzalez, 127, 157
Partida del Pueblo, 135
Partido Popular Democrático (Puerto Rico), 240
Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) (Mexico), 293
Partido Socialista Puerrtoriqueño (PSP), 166, 185–86, 254
Passaic, New Jersey, 184
PATCO strike, 276–77
patriotism, radical, 217–19
Patterson, Ben, 135
Pattison, Robert, 131
Pawnee Indians, 114
“Paycheck Protection” (Proposition 226), 327
peace movement, 252, 267. See also antiwar activism
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 223
Pemberton Mill, 52, 53
Pennsylvania, 32, 36, 65, 71, 106, 131–32. See also individual cities
People’s Council of America for Democracy and Peace (WWI), 163
People’s Party. See Populists
Pequot War, 6
Perkins, Frances, 199
Perkins, George, 142
Perry, Cesar, 34
Peru, 2
Phelps, John S., 107
Phelps Dodge Copper Corporation, 282–83, 317
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 10, 14, 21, 24, 28–29, 37, 42, 61, 62, 68, 70, 73, 99
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 105
Philadelphia Inquirer, 169
Philadelphia Trades Union, 62
Philippines, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 166, 185, 186, 225, 234, 289. See also Filipinos
Philistine, The (magazine), 145
Pine Ridge Reservation, 256
Pinkerton Detective Agency, 105, 131
Pinochet, Augusto, 273
Pitts, E. Frances, 129
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 106, 107, 165, 187, 297
Pittsburgh Journal, 68
Pittson Coal Company, 295
plantation labor, 53, 54, 55–59
planters, Southern, 53, 54, 55–59, 84, 85
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 144, 236
police unions, 288
Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations (PASSO), 255
poll taxes, 140, 219, 232
polluting industry unions, 317
Ponca Indians, 114
Populists, 134–36, 151
Porter, James, 130
Portugal, 2, 273
Post Office, U.S., 50, 163, 269, 273
poverty, 244, 249, 270–71, 275, 292, 306, 310
Powderly, Terence, 122, 124, 125, 127
“Power to the People” slogan, 253
Powhatan’s War, 6
“Preparedness Movement” (WWI), 161
price wars, by railroads and manufacturers, 115
Pride at Work (PAW), 314
prison uprisings, 256, 317
Proctor, Jenny, 56
productivity, 148, 176, 182, 270, 284, 319
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), 276–77
Progressive Alliance, 275
Progressive Era, 142–51, 156–60. See also American Federation of Labor (AFL); Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); Socialist Party of America
Progressive Miners of America, 189
Progressive Party, 150, 183, 237
Prohibition, 169, 184, 192
Protestantism, 70
Prudential Life Insurance, 238
public employees, union organizing of, 296–97, 301
public sector organizing, 269
Public Utility Holding Company Act, 201
public works, WPA, 200–201
Pueblo Indians, 4–5, 18, 117
Puerto Rico, 2, 139, 141, 142, 166, 185–86, 196, 219, 236, 240, 254, 266, 272, 281, 325
Pullman, George, 133
Pullman strike, 133–34, 136, 151
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 142
Quaker Oats, 200, 216
Quill, Mike, 238, 240, 242
quotas, immigration, 236
racism, 140, 186, 225–27, 236, 247–55, 257, 288
AFL and, 129–30, 146, 149, 165, 167, 228
AFL-CIO and, 242, 244, 288
Knights of Labor, 123–24
labor and, 72, 74–75, 101, 103, 108, 130, 165, 167, 242, 288–89
19th-century labor and, 60–61, 72, 75
women’s suffrage and, 168
See also segregation, racial
racketeering, 184, 242, 312
Radicalesbians, 259
radicals
AFL and, 184–85, 214
CIO and, 213, 217–20
ethnic associations and, 213
labor activism, 190, 196, 213, 217–20, 266
repression and attacks on, 167–69, 175
in sixties, 246, 258, 266
in twenties, 175, 184–85
See also communism; Communist Party; Socialist Party of America
radio, broadcast, 179
railroads/railroad workers, 112–15, 117, 132–34, 164, 226, 313
Great Railroad Strike, 105–8, 112
land grabs by, 53, 98, 113
in twenties, 181, 183, 185
Railway Labor Act (1926), 183
Railroad Trainmen, 158, 232
Ramírez, Juan, 147
Randolph, A. Philip, 163, 185, 212, 226, 236, 242, 244, 247, 248, 260
Raskob, John J., 178
RCA Corporation, 281–82
Reagan, Ronald, 276, 277, 288
Reagan years
business and, 277, 280–82, 284–85, 305
foreign policy, 292, 293
government spending, 291–92
Reconstruction, 92–105
labor organizing in, 94, 97–104
racist violence, 93, 95, 96–97
Reconstruction Act (1867)
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 188
Red Guards (San Francisco), 257
Red scares, 200, 233–40
“Red Squads,” 175
Regulator Movement, 29
regulatory agencies, 142
religion and religious groups, 180, 316–17
repartimiento de indios, 5, 18
Republic Steel, 213–14, 285
Republican Clubs (Reconstruction), 96
Republican Party, 78–79, 84, 90, 91, 93, 103, 177, 180, 205, 216, 288, 327–28
business and, 177, 204–5, 276
labor and, 102, 103, 149, 150, 172, 228, 276, 327–28
Reagan years, 276, 288
rescate, 5
Retail, Warehouse, and Department Store Workers (RWDSU), 289, 296
Retail Clerks Local 1265, 232
retirement pensions, 176
Reuther, Victor, 296
Reuther, Walter, 228, 231, 232, 239, 240, 241, 242, 245, 272
Revenue Act (1767), 26
Revlon Cosmetics, 235
Revolutionary Union Movements (RUMs), 261
Revolutionary War, 29–35, 38–41
Reynolds, Mary, 55
Rhode Island, 11, 36, 50, 198
Richard Shaw cannery, 294
Richmond Planet, 140
Richmond Post-Dispatch, 183
Rights of Man (Paine), 44
Rights of Man to Property! (Skidmore), 51
“right-to-work,” 240, 242, 243, 244
right-to-work states, 281, 304
River Rouge strike, 229
Rivera, Dennis, 296
ROAR (Restore Our Alienated Rights), 257
Robeson, Paul, 218, 219
Robinson, Earl, 218
> Rock, John, 87
Rockefeller, David, 244
Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 112, 147, 153
Rockefeller, Nelson, 260
Rodgers, Elizabeth, 123
Rogers, Ray, 286
Romualdi, Serafino, 244
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 206
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 191, 192, 193, 198, 204–5, 216, 230, 233
administration, 200, 214–16, 219
World War II, 220, 221, 222, 223, 228
Roosevelt, Theodore, 140, 144, 147, 150, 161
Rosenberg, Ethel, 235
Rosenberg, Julius, 235
“Rosie the Riveter,” 225
Ross, Harriet, 57
Rowan, Andrew, 145
rubber workers, 203–4
Russell, Ben, 34
Russia, 309, 310
Ryan, Joseph, 231
Sacco, Nicola, 167–68, 185
Sadlowski, Ed, 274
Saffin, John, 12, 17
sailors, 14–15, 20, 22, 32, 97
Salomon Smith Barney, 318–19
Sampson, Deborah, 34
San Antonio, Texas, 196, 214
San Francisco, California, 101, 115, 190, 197, 303
San Jose, California, 273
Sancho (slave), 47, 58
Sanders, Bernie, 298
Sandinistas, 289
Santa Anna, Gen. Antonio Lopez de, 75
Santa Fe Railroad, 117, 121, 159
Sapiro, Aaron, 181
Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 310
Savimbi, Jonas, 289
Scally, John, 302
Schnitzler, William, 241
Scholars, Writers and Artists for Social Justice (SAWSJ), 316
school system, public, 72, 92, 94, 95, 144, 236, 249, 272
Schultz, Dutch, 184
Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, 70–71, 105
Schwab, Charles, 147, 176, 177
Schwab, Michael, 126, 127
“scientific management,” 147–48, 176, 183
Scottsboro, Alabama, 190
Screen Actors Guild, 195, 292, 313
Sea Islands (South Carolina), 55, 87
seamstresses, strikes by, 62
Sears Roebuck, 216
Seattle, Washington, 166, 328
Sedition Act (1798), 44
Sedition Act (1918), 162
segregation, racial, 92, 95, 144, 157, 225, 236
desegregation, 236, 247–48, 257, 272
Jim Crow system, 135, 144, 228, 242, 247, 248
labor and, 130, 165, 212, 242, 272, 288–89
See also racism
Selma, Alabama, 248, 250
Senate, U.S., 37, 46, 214, 217
Sentinels of the Republic, 199
Septek, Mary, 121
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 288, 293, 296, 300, 302, 303, 312, 313, 315, 319, 324–25, 327
service jobs, Reagan years, 290
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill of Rights) (1944), 230
Seward, William, 77
“sexploitation,” 266
Shankar, Al, 292
Share Croppers’ Union, 190
sharecropping, 94–95, 96, 115, 189–90, 251
Shaughnessy, Kate, 324
From the Folks Who Brought You the Weekend Page 48