Jacksonland: A Great American Land Grab
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Wilson, Woodrow. Division and Reunion, 1829–1889. New York: Longmans, Green, 1893.
Wood, Betty, ed. Mary Telfair to Mary Few: Selected Letters 1802–1844. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007.
Woodward, Grace Steele. The Cherokees. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
Wright, James Leitch. Creeks and Seminoles: The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
Journals and Articles
Bacon, Jacqueline, “The History of Freedom’s Journal,” Journal of African-American History, vol. 88, no. 1, Winter 2003.
Berutti, Ronald A., “The Cherokee Cases: The Fight to Save the Supreme Court and the Indians,” American Indian Law Review, vol. 17, no. 1, 1992, p. 300.
Breyer, Stephen, “The Cherokee Indians and the Supreme Court,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 87, no. 3/4, Fall/Winter 2003, pp. 408–26.
Butler, Brian M., “The Red Clay Council Ground,” Journal of Cherokee Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, Winter 1977, pp. 140–53.
Cass, Lewis, “Removal of the Indians,” North American Review, January 1830, vol. 30, pp. 62–121.
Chappell, Gordon T., “Some Patterns of Land Speculation in the Old Southwest,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 15, no. 4, November 1949, pp. 463–77.
Cole, Arthur H., Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States, 1700–1861. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938. Republished by Centers for International Price Research.
Conser, Walter H., “John Ross and the Cherokee Resistance Campaign, 1833–1838,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 44, no. 2, May 1978, pp. 191–212.
DeWeese, Georgina G., W. Jeff Bishop, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, Brian K. Parrish, and S. Michael Edwards. “Dendrochronological Dating of the Chief John Ross House,” Southeastern Archaeology, Winter 2012, pp. 221–30.
Dupre, Daniel, “Ambivalent Capitalists on the Cotton Frontier: Settlement and Development in the Tennessee Valley of Alabama,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 56, no. 2, May 1990, p. 215.
Evans, E. Raymond, “Fort Marr Blockhouse,” Journal of Cherokee Studies, Spring 1977, pp. 256–62.
Fiorato, Jacqueline, “The Cherokee Mediation in Florida,” Journal of Cherokee Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, Spring 1978, pp. 111–19.
Glaeser, Edward, “A Nation of Gamblers,” NBER Working Paper 18825, Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2013.
Hauptman, Laurence M., “General John E. Wool in Cherokee Country, 1836–1837: A Reinterpretation,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 85, no. 1, Spring 2001, pp. 1–26.
Hershberger, Mary, “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle against Indian Removal in the 1830s,” Journal of American History, vol. 86, no. 1, June 1999, pp. 15–40.
“James Jackson, Thomas Kirkman and the Chickasaw Treaty of 1818,” unpublished paper.
Jenkins, Jeffrey A., and Brian R. Sala, “The Spatial Theory of Voting and the Presidential Election of 1824,” American Journal of Political Science, vol. 42, no. 4, October 1998, pp. 1157–79.
King, Duane H., and Raymond, Evans, eds., Journal of Cherokee Studies, special issue, “The Trail of Tears: Primary Documents of the Cherokee Removal,” vol. 3, no. 3, Summer 1978.
Magliocca, Gerard N., “The Cherokee Removal and the Fourteenth Amendment,” Duke Law Journal, vol. 53, no. 3, December 2003, pp. 875–965.
Malone, Henry T. “The Cherokee Phoenix: Supreme Expression of Cherokee Nationalism,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 3, Sept. 1950, pp. 163–88.
McLoughlin, William G., “Experiment in Cherokee Citizenship, 1817–1829,” American Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 1, Spring 1981, pp. 3–25.
———, and Walter H. Conser, “The Cherokees in Transition: A Statistical Analysis of the Federal Cherokee Census of 1835,” Journal of American History, vol. 64, no. 3, December 1977, pp. 678–703.
Miles, Edwin A., “After John Marshall’s Decision: Worcester v. Georgia and the Nullification Crisis,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 39, no. 4, 1973, pp. 519–44.
Moulton, Gary, “Cherokees and the Second Seminole War,” Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 53, no. 3, January 1975, pp. 296–305.
Olmstead, Alan L., and Paul W. Rhode, “Slave Productivity in Cotton Production by Gender, Age, Season, and Scale,” unpublished paper, Harvard University, October 2010.
Prucha, Francis Paul, “Andrew Jackson’s Indian Policy: A Reassessment,” Journal of American History, vol. 56, no. 3, December 1969, pp. 527–39.
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Quaife, Milo M., “The Fort Dearborn Massacre,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 1, no. 4, March 1915, pp. 561–73.
Remini, Robert, “Andrew Jackson Takes an Oath of Allegiance to Spain,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly, vol. 54, no. 1, Spring 1995, p. 9.
Rezneck, Samuel, “The Depression of 1819–1822, A Social History,” American Historical Review, vol. 39, no. 1, October 1933, pp. 28–47.
Roberts, Albert Hubbard, “The Dade Massacre,” Florida Historical Society Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 3, January 1927, pp. 123–38.
Scott, Winfield, “If Not Rejoicing, At Least in Comfort: General Scott’s Version of Removal,” 1864 autobiographical fragment, Journal of Cherokee Studies, vol. 3, no. 3, Summer 1978, pp. 138–40.
Simmonds, P. L., “Statistics of Newspapers in Various Countries,” Journal of the Statistical Society of London, July 1841, collected in Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 4. London: Charles Knight & Co., 1841, pp. 111–36.
Sioussat, St. George L., “Letters of General John Coffee to His Wife, 1813–1815,” Tennessee Historical Magazine, December 1916.
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Thornton, Russell, “Cherokee Population Losses during the Trail of Tears: A New Perspective and a New Estimate,” Ethnohistory, vol. 31, no. 4, Autumn 1984, pp. 289–300.
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White, Flint H. “A Memorial of Rev. Samuel Austin Worcester,” Congregational Quarterly, July 1861.
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Yarbrough, Fay, “Legislating Women’s Sexuality: Cherokee Marriage Laws in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Social History, vol. 38, no. 2, Winter 2004, pp. 385–406.
Young, Mary E., “Indian Removal and Land Allotment: The Civilized Tribes and Jacksonian Justice,” American Historical Review, vol. 64, no. 1, October 1958, pp. 31–45.
Indian Treaties
The principal authority consulted for treaty texts is:
Kappler, Charles J., ed., Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904. 7 vols. Vol. 2, Treaties, 1778–1883. Oklahoma State University Digital Library. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/index.htm.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Adair, James, 60–61
Adams, John, 117, 144, 250
Adams, John Quincy, 117–19, 144–45, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 183, 185, 259
Cherokees and, 118–19, 158–59
Jackson and, 184
Lafayette and, 144–45, 159
Treaty of Indian Springs and, 165–66
African Americans, 88, 142, 268
Brown v. Board of Education and, 259
Dred Scott decision and, 341
Freedom’s Journal and, 174
slavery and, see slaves, slavery
Age of Jackson, The (Schlesinger), 350
Alabama, 9, 15, 82, 83, 90, 91, 93, 96–98, 100, 101, 116, 121, 127, 140, 150, 161, 166, 187–88, 206–8, 211, 216, 233, 236, 270, 300, 305, 316, 326–27, 337
Alamo, 307
alcohol, 31, 305
Indians and, 31–32
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 194, 198, 242, 243, 261
American colonies, migration to, 54, 68
American Colonization Society, 141, 142, 175
American Revolution, 27, 161, 178, 250
Cherokee and, 25
Lafayette in, 134, 135, 145
Anderson, Robert, 270, 317, 344
Andover, 223
Anthony, Susan B., 218
Appalachians, 59, 61, 69, 80, 88, 231
Appomattox, 48
Argus of Western America, 140, 141
Arkansas, 213, 274, 313
Arkansas National Guard, 259
Atkinson farm, 109–10, 111–12
Atwater, Caleb, 185
Augusta, 271
Austill, Margaret Eades, 33–35
Baldwin, Henry, 167, 184
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 231, 265
Bank of the United States, 266–67, 280, 282
Battle of New Orleans, 50, 77–78, 86
Battle of San Jacinto, 307
Battle of the Thames, 34, 203
Bear’s Paw, 174
Beecher, Catharine, 7, 217–26
education of, 221–22
Evarts and, 217, 218, 219
nervous collapse of, 222
physical appearance of, 219
schools of, 222–23, 224, 225, 231
slavery as viewed by, 224–25
Beecher, Lyman, 185, 217, 221, 222, 231
Benton, Thomas Hart, 225
in gunfight with Jackson, 14, 36, 225, 279
Berrien, John Macpherson, 245, 292
Biddle, Nicholas, 280
Big Spring, 96
Big Warrior, 32, 49–50
Black Belt, 341
Black Hawk, 269–70, 317
Blair, Francis P., 174, 331
Bloody Fellow, 55
Blount, William, 73, 82, 231
Blythe’s Ferry, 334, 335
Boudinot, Elias, 7, 175–80, 187, 212, 213, 275–76, 277, 295, 296, 297, 299
Cherokee Phoenix, 171–73, 174–76, 177, 179–80, 187, 190, 194, 211, 212, 215, 226, 245, 256, 275
Boudinot’s resignation from, 212, 275, 276
printing press for, 174, 180, 194, 245, 261, 291–92, 293
Worcester and, 243, 244
murder of, 343
name change of, 177–78
Worcester and, 243
Boudinot, Harriett, 177, 178–79, 296
Brainerd, 198
Brands, H. W., 350
Britain, British, 147, 197
Capitol burned by, 86, 133
Cherokees and, 54, 60, 61, 62–63
Brown v. Board of Education, 259
Buchanan, James, 150–51
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 157
Burr, Aaron, 73
Butler, Elizur, 251–52, 258, 259, 260, 272, 327–28
Caesar, Julius, 152
Cahaba, 138
Calhoun, John C., 119, 160, 232
Call, Richard K., 16, 17, 37
Calvinism, 222
Canada, 63, 235
Cannon, B. B., 313–14
Carney’s Bluff, 35, 36
Cass, Lewis, 7, 203–4, 231, 260, 305
Cass Lake, 204
Castle Garden, 137
Catlin, George, 309, 321
Chambers, Edward O., 140
Charleston, 60, 61, 159–60, 198
Charleston Mercury, 176
Chattanooga, 8
Cherokee Light Horse, 109, 111, 112–13, 212–13
Cherokee Nation, Cherokees, 4, 7, 8, 9, 22, 29, 59–67, 81, 84, 107, 166, 171, 272–77, 343–44
Adair’s observations on, 60–61
Adams and, 118–19, 158–59
in American War of Independence, 25
assimilation of, 9, 25
Bird Clan of, 54
British and, 54, 60, 61, 62–63
census of, 315–16
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and, 247–49
Christianity and, 64–65, 126–27
citizenship for, 236, 344
civilization and, 118–19, 120–21
in Civil War, 343
clothing of, 9, 25, 61–62
constitution of, 6, 187
constitutional convention of, 121, 124–28
corn planting of, 319–20
Creeks and, 60
crime and punishment among, 62
deadline for removal of, 309–10, 312, 315, 316, 319
democratic system and, 172
detention camps for, 325–26, 327–28
Eastern Band of, 345–46
emigration of (Trail of Tears), 312–36, 342–43, 346, 350
European contacts with, 60, 61–62
Evarts and, 194, 197, 198–200
French and, 62–63
government of, 62, 121, 123, 208, 245
Great Smoky Mountains and, 59–60
Green Corn Festival of, 54, 59
in Indian Territory, 343
McDonald and, 54–55
migration story of, 59
missionaries and, 64, 125, 126–27, 179, 242, 261
names among, 24
National Academy of, 172
National Committee of, 124, 175
National Council of, 123, 124, 175
National Party (Ross Party) in, 277
passive resistance to oppression by, 192, 194
political parties in, 277
reservation for, 345
Ridge in, 26
Ross as leader of, 1, 4, 6, 9–10, 57–58, 122, 124, 172
Ross criticized in, 273, 276, 278
Ross on boundary of, 53, 108
Ross’s annual message to legislators in, 209
support for Ross among, 249, 273, 276
Supreme Court and, 247–49, 251–54, 255–60
tattoos of, 61
as territorial or state government, 236
Timberlake’s observations on, 61–63, 65
towns of, 62
Treaty Party in, 277, 295, 296, 297, 343
U.S. agents and, 6, 190–91
U.S. treaties with, 6, 25–26, 47–48
Van Buren and, 309–10
Washington delegations of, 87–88, 117, 118, 158, 190, 256, 278–80, 295–96
white ancestry in, 179
women in, 9, 25, 61, 65–67
Wool and, 300–305, 316
Worcester v. Georgia and, 251–54
Cherokee Nation, land of, 6, 57, 83, 180, 207, 213, 217, 232–33
Beecher’s women’s campaign in support of, 218–21, 223–26
Cherokees’ efforts to evict white families from, 212–15
Cherokees’ natural right to, 199
efforts to push white settlers off of, 108–13
$5 million price for, 291, 296, 298–99
in Georgia, 114–19, 120, 187, 190, 191, 195, 199–200, 208–9, 210–11, 219, 229–30, 235–37, 273, 282, 291–99
in Georgia, lottery for, 252, 256, 273, 291, 326
Jackson and, 47–48, 80, 86, 88–91, 93–94, 108–11, 127, 187, 216, 235–36, 272–73, 294–95
in Nor
th Carolina, 128–30
in South Carolina, 160–61
Treaty of New Echota and, 296–99, 300–305, 321
U.S. government annuities and, 6, 245–46
Cherokee Phoenix, 171–73, 174–76, 177, 179–80, 187, 190, 194, 211, 212, 215, 226, 245, 256, 275
Boudinot’s resignation from, 212, 275, 276
printing press for, 174, 180, 194, 245, 261, 291–92, 293
Worcester and, 243, 244
Cherokee Regiment, 5, 24–28, 87, 124
Creeks and, 41, 42, 44–46, 48
establishment of, 26
at Horseshoe Bend, 42–50, 67, 87, 123, 279
Ridge in, 26–27, 44, 123
Ross in, 5, 16, 22–25, 27, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, 279
Cherokees, The (Woodward), 351
Chester, Elisha, 260–61
Chester, Mrs. Thomas, 221
Chicago, 5, 265
Chickamauga, 23, 53
Chickasaws, 8, 9, 84, 272
Jackson’s land bribe and, 101, 104, 183–84
land of, 80, 83, 85, 100–101, 104, 232–33
China, 137, 194
Choctaws, 9, 232–33
alcohol and, 31
in Battle of New Orleans, 77, 78
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and, 272
Chota, 66
Christianity, 64–65, 126–27
Calvinism, 222
Jackson and, 185, 217
Sunday mail service and, 185, 217
Christian Watchman, 223–24
Chuwoyee, 214–15
Cicero, 152
Civil War, 5–6, 53, 165, 261, 317, 341
Cherokees in, 343
Lee in, 38, 48–49
Clark, Thomas N., 335–36
Clay, Henry, 7, 135–36, 141, 144, 145, 150–52, 173, 174, 183, 231, 238, 239, 257, 261, 265, 277, 299, 307
American System of, 147, 151, 186
Bank of the United States and, 266–67, 280
Indians as viewed by, 136, 159, 199, 204–5
Jackson and, 7, 135–36, 146–49, 151–52, 155–56, 205, 266
Lafayette and, 135, 139–40
Lumpkin and, 238–39
physical appearance of, 146–47
political career of, 147
slaves of, 141–42
upbringing of, 147
Cocke, John, 128–29
Coffee, John, 96–98, 99–100, 125, 184, 272, 313
Jackson and, 13, 17, 20–21, 22, 78–79, 84–85, 90, 93, 95–98, 100, 101, 110, 153, 182–83, 216, 258
Coldwater, 81, 99
Coldwater Creek, 84–85, 98
Coles, Edward, 141
Colonization Society of Kentucky, 238
Constitution, U.S., 70, 121, 125, 147, 244, 247, 250, 254