electoral votes and, 149, 154
and Jackson’s invasion of Florida, 102, 148
preamble of, 125–26
Cooper, James Fenimore, 139
Cooper, Samuel, 319
Coosa River, 22, 24, 27, 211, 270
cotton, 30, 94–95, 96, 141
Crawford, William H., 88–89, 145–46, 150
Creek Nation, 8, 9, 22, 27, 32, 38–50, 81, 139, 162–63, 164, 165, 272, 283, 300
alcohol and, 31–32
Cherokee Regiment and, 41, 42, 44–46, 48
Cherokees and, 60
conference of, 234
in Horseshoe Bend battle, 42–50, 116
Jackson’s campaign against, 14–15, 18, 20, 27–28, 35–37, 38, 39, 41, 42–45, 47–50, 285
Lafayette and, 162–63, 166
mail service and, 233, 234
Red Stick rebels in, 14–15, 34, 35, 38–50, 102, 285
Ridge and, 124
Seminoles and, 284
Treaty of Fort Jackson and, 50, 80, 84
in War of 1812, 14–15
white culture and, 32–33
Creek Nation, land of, 83, 158, 163, 232–33, 234
in Alabama, 187–88
Jackson and, 49–50, 80, 84–85, 116
Treaty of Indian Springs and, 164–66
Crockett, Davy, 7, 16, 17, 39–41, 237–38, 240, 307
Cumberland River, 30, 81
Currey, Benjamin F., 293, 294–95, 299
Cypress Land Company, 100, 104
Dade, Francis, 286
Dahlonega, 210
Davis, Jefferson, 5, 231, 232, 270
Declaration of Independence, 69, 199
Deep South, 9, 159, 175, 337
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 268
Democratic Party, 6, 265, 267, 277, 341–42
Democratic-Republican Party, 143–44, 173, 184
de Soto, Hernando, 60, 210
Detroit, 34, 203
Division and Reunion (Wilson), 349
Donelson, Andrew Jackson, 183
Donelson, Emily, 183
Donelson, John, 71, 81, 98, 103
Donelson, William, 99
Donelson family, 80–81, 82
Doublehead, 83, 91, 123, 127, 343
Douglas, Stephen A., 5, 265
Dred Scott decision, 341
Dwight, Timothy, 197
Eaton, John, 18–19, 191, 206, 215
Ehle, John, 351
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 259
Emancipation Proclamation, 341, 342
Erie Canal, 138, 231
Esther, Queen, 220, 224
Evans Spring, 99
Evarts, Jeremiah, 193–200, 204, 217, 221, 248, 261
Beecher and, 217, 218, 219
Cherokees and, 194, 197, 198–200
Ross and, 194, 195, 198–99
slavery and, 198, 199
“William Penn” essays of, 193–94, 195–96, 199, 200, 217, 223
Worcester and, 242
Everett, Edward, 237, 266
Fallen, William, 174
Farmington, 223
Faubus, Orval, 259
Federalists, 143
Federal Reserve, 266
financial panic of 1837, 308, 320
First Jackson Bank, 338
Five Civilized Tribes, 9
Florence, 100, 103, 104, 110, 125, 137, 141
Florida, 9, 34, 43, 49, 50, 55, 108, 120, 121, 316
Jackson’s invasion of, 101–3, 147–49, 152, 283
Seminoles in, 9, 232–33, 272, 284–85, 300
Creeks and, 284
Jackson and, 102
Ross and, 286–87, 310–11
Second Seminole War, 286–87, 308–9, 310, 316, 342
slaves and, 285
Foreign Mission School, 178, 179
Forks of Cypress, 100
Forrest, Edwin, 232
Forsyth, John, 166
Fort Dearborn, 5
Fort Jackson, 48
Treaty of, 50, 80, 84
Fort King, 283, 285
Fort Loudon, 61
Fort Massac, 4
Fort McHenry, 270
Fort Mims, 38–39, 43, 44
Fort Mitchell, 215
Fort Monroe, 270
Fort Moultrie, 159, 309
Fort Payne, 334–35
Fort Strother, 13, 14–15, 21, 22, 23, 27, 41, 42
Fort Sumter, 159, 317
Franklin, Benjamin, 141
Franklin House (Gadsby’s hotel), 145, 146, 152–53, 156, 157, 182, 183, 192
Freedom’s Journal, 174
Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 237, 244–45, 260, 266
French, 197
Cherokees and, 62–63
French Revolution, 144
Fulbright scholarships, 178
Fulton, Robert, 30
Gadsby, John, 182
hotel of (Franklin House), 145, 146, 152–53, 156, 157, 183, 184, 192
Gadsden, James, 205, 284, 341
Gaines, Edmund P., 166
Garrison, William Lloyd, 226
Genius of Universal Emancipation, 226
Georgia, 107, 139, 161, 162, 163, 164, 180, 185, 197, 206, 207–8, 234
Cherokee land in, 114–19, 120, 187, 190, 191, 195, 199–200, 208–9, 210–11, 219, 229–30, 235–37, 273, 282, 291–99
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 247–49
gold in, 210–11
growth of, 270–71
history of, 114–15
lottery for Cherokee land in, 252, 256, 273, 291, 326
Treaty of Indian Springs and, 164–66
Treaty of New Echota and, 296–99, 300–305, 321
Worcester’s arrest in, 243–44
Yazoo fraud and, 116, 118
Georgia Guard, 243–44, 255–56, 276, 291–92, 293, 295
Gilmer, George, 243–44, 248, 251
gold, 210–11, 216, 256
Great Smoky Mountains, 59–60
Greco-Roman tradition, 151–52
Grimké, Angelina, 224–25
Guess, George (Sequoyah), 24, 90, 171, 274
Habersham County, 210
Haley, Alex, 100
Hamilton, Alexander, 73
Harrison, William Henry, 32, 34, 231
Hartford, 220–21, 223
Hartford Female Seminary, 222
Harvard, 137, 172
Head of Coosa, 211, 291
Henry, Patrick, 246, 247
Hickory Hill, 100
Hicks, Brian, 351
Hicks, Charles, 65, 124
Hicks, Elijah, 255
Hillabee, 41
Horace, 152
Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka), 28
battle of, 42–50, 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 116, 123, 148, 150, 157, 163, 239, 279, 284, 304, 307, 337
House of Representatives, 133–35, 139, 146, 151
Clay in, 147–48, 150, 152
Indian Removal Bill and, 229–30
Jackson’s Florida campaign and, 147–49
Houston, Sam, 16, 44, 150, 307
Huntsville, 96–97, 98
Hutchings, Andrew Jackson, 99
Hutchings, Major, 94
Illinois, 139, 141
Indiana, 138
Indiana Territory, 32
Indian Intercourse Acts, 25
Indian lands, 232–33
Cherokee, 6, 57, 83, 180, 207, 213, 217, 232–33
Beecher’s women’s campaign in support of, 218–21, 223–26
Cherokees’ efforts to evict white families from, 212–15
Cherokees’ natural right to, 199
efforts to push white settlers off of, 108–13
$5 million price for, 291, 296, 298–99
in Georgia, 114–19, 120, 187, 190, 191, 195, 199–200, 208–9, 210–11, 219, 229–30, 235–37, 273, 282, 291–99
in Georgia, lottery for, 252, 256, 273, 291, 326
Jackson and, 47–48, 80, 86, 88–91, 93–94, 108–11, 127, 187, 216, 235–36,
272–73, 294–95
in North Carolina, 128–30
in South Carolina, 160–61
Treaty of New Echota and, 296–99, 300–305, 321
U.S. government annuities and, 6, 245–46
Chickasaw, 80, 83, 85, 100–101, 104
Creek, 83, 158, 163, 232–33, 234
in Alabama, 187–88
Jackson and, 49–50, 80, 84–85, 116
Treaty of Indian Springs and, 164–66
growth in white settlement of, 231, 270
Jackson and, 73–74, 78–80, 83–85, 86, 88–91, 92–101, 102–4, 140–41
map of, vs. white man’s map, 8, 29, 63–64, 108, 114, 187, 206, 235, 236, 254
poor people occupying, 112
traded for American goods, 83
violence over, 211–15
white settlers’ preservation of names of, 138–39
Indian Queen, 278, 279, 280
Indian removal, 6, 185, 186–87, 195, 225–26, 276
African removal and, 226
alternatives to, 235–36
arguments over, 203–5
Beecher’s campaign against, 218–21, 223–26
of Cherokee (Trail of Tears), 312–36, 342–43, 346, 350
Indian Removal Act, 229–30, 234–35, 237–41, 244, 245, 260, 283
interpretations of, 349–50
Jackson’s policy of, 6, 186–87, 205–9, 244, 265–66, 279, 306, 308
opposition to, 238–39
sectional politics and, 260
Tocqueville on, 269
Indians:
alcohol and, 31–32
Bureau of Indian Affairs and, 157
civilization program for, 64–65, 121
Clay’s view of, 136, 159, 199, 204–5
Jackson’s view of, 47–48, 136, 205
Jefferson and, 64, 83, 236
marriage between whites and, 179
oral history among, 171–72
Tocqueville on U.S. policies toward, 269
total size of nations of, 63
Washington and, 25–26, 63–64, 219–20
whites’ identification with, 232
white society deleterious to, 32
whites’ use of native names, 138–39
Indian Territory, 343
industry, 30
Iraq, 197, 286, 294
Jackson, Andrew, 1, 4–5, 7, 8–9, 29, 57, 58, 68–74, 161, 166, 214, 231, 277, 206–8, 346
Adams and, 184
alcohol and, 31
arms depots recommended by, 92–93
Bank of the United States and, 266–67, 280, 282
banks and, 266–67, 280, 282, 308
Big Spring plantation of, 99
Black Hawk and, 270
Blount and, 73, 82
Burr and, 73
Cherokee government and, 208
Cherokee land and, 47–48, 80, 86, 88–91, 93–94, 108–11, 127, 187, 216, 235–37, 272–73, 294–95
Cherokee treaties with, 47–48
Chickasaw land bribe of, 101, 104, 183–84
childhood and teenage years of, 69–70
Clay and, 7, 135–36, 146–49, 151–52, 155–56, 205, 266
Coffee and, 13, 17, 20–21, 22, 78–79, 84–85, 90, 93, 95–98, 100, 101, 110, 153, 182–83, 216, 258
Congress attended by, 138
Creek campaign of, 14–15, 18, 20, 27–28, 35–37, 38, 39, 41, 42–45, 47–50, 285
Creek lands and, 49–50, 80, 84–85, 116
death of, 341
Deep South created by, 9
divide in forces of, 50
duels of, 14, 31, 58, 70–72, 279
elected president, 6, 180, 184–85, 191
emotionality of, 71
farewell message of, 306, 308
Florida conquered by, 101–3, 147–49, 152, 283
Georgia and, 116
in gunfight with Benton, 14, 36, 225, 279
Hermitage home of, 30, 36, 71, 73, 79–80, 95, 99, 167, 182, 183, 279, 307, 313, 350
highway bill and, 239, 240
inaugural address of, 186
inauguration of, 181–82, 190, 194–95
Indian orphan adopted by, 41, 99
Indian Removal Act and, 229–30, 234–35, 237–41
Indian removal policy of, 6, 186–87, 205–9, 244, 265–66, 279, 306, 308
Indians as viewed by, 47–48, 136, 205
Lafayette and, 145, 167, 182
land dealings of, 73–74, 78–80, 83–85, 86, 88–91, 92–101, 102–4, 140–41
McLean and, 256
Muscle Shoals and, 80–81
newspapers and, 173–74, 193–94
nickname of, 36
opponents of, 238–39, 244
parents of, 68, 69
physical appearance of, 14
positions in administration of, 185
in presidential campaign of 1824, 101, 135–36, 144, 146, 150, 153–56, 167
in presidential campaign of 1828, 19, 104, 180, 183–84, 191
Rachel’s death and, 182, 185
railroads and, 231
Ridge and, 157–58
rise to prominence, 6
Ross and, 4–5, 6, 7, 24, 85, 88, 90, 278–82, 284, 299, 330–33
and Ross’s efforts to push white settlers off Cherokee lands, 108
Ross’s letters to, 45, 107–8, 112–13, 190–91, 280–81
Scots-Irish background of, 68–69
second term of, 265, 306
slaves and, 70, 71, 72, 99, 140, 183
Spain and, 55
store operated by, 30, 71
Sunday mail service and, 185, 217
Supreme Court and, 257–58, 259–60
Texas and, 306–7
Thompson and, 283–84
train tour of, 265
and Treaty of Fort Jackson, 50, 80, 84
Troup and, 161
wealth of, 92, 95
Wood and, 13–14, 15, 17–21, 22, 36, 183, 282
Wool and, 300–301
Worcester and, 243–44
Jackson, Andrew, in War of 1812, 4–5, 6, 16–17, 32, 74
army raised by, 16–17, 35
Battle of New Orleans, 77–78, 86
Cherokee Regiment of, 5, 24–28, 87, 124
Creeks and, 41, 42, 44–46, 48
establishment of, 26
at Horseshoe Bend, 42–50, 67, 87, 123, 279
Ridge in, 26–27, 44, 123
Ross in, 5, 16, 22–25, 27, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, 279
Creek campaign, 14–15, 18, 20, 27–28, 35–37, 38, 39, 41, 42–45, 47–50, 285
and feeding of troops, 27
Horseshoe Bend battle, 42–50, 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 80, 87, 116, 123, 148, 150, 157, 163, 239, 279, 284, 304, 307
Jackson, Andrew, Jr., 41, 72, 99, 279
Jackson, James (Andrew’s friend), 79, 95, 98, 100, 101, 184, 313, 339
Jackson, James (Andrew’s son), 331
Jackson, Rachel (Andrew’s wife), 13, 36, 37, 41, 45, 67, 71, 72, 80–81, 82, 90, 95, 99, 138, 145, 150, 152, 153
death of, 182, 185
first husband and remarriage to Andrew, 72, 184
Jackson, Robert (Andrew’s brother), 69–70
Jacksonville, 283
Jefferson, Thomas, 31, 116, 143, 199
Indians and, 64, 83, 236
Jesup, Thomas, 309, 311
Jim Crow, 270
Jones, Evan, 325
Judiciary Act, 257
Junaluska, 346, 348
Kalsatee, 2, 4
Kendall, Amos, 174
Kentucky, 101, 127, 140, 151, 174, 236, 239
Kentucky Reporter, 183–84
Ladies’ Circular, 220–21, 223–24, 225
Lafayette, Marquis de, 134–40, 141, 143, 144–45, 156, 157, 159–67, 233, 267
Adams and, 144–45, 159
in American Revolution, 134, 135, 145
Clay and, 135, 139–40
Creeks and, 162–63, 166
Jackson and, 145
, 167, 182
Laffite, Jean, 77
Lamochattee (William Weatherford), 38–39, 48–49
Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 139
Lauderdale County, 140
Lavender, George, 247–48
Lee, Robert E., 38, 48–49, 138, 231–32
Levasseur, Auguste, 143, 156, 159, 163
Liberator, 226
Lide, J. W., 327
Lincoln, Abraham, 5, 138, 231, 237, 265, 269–70, 342, 343
Emancipation Proclamation of, 341, 342
voting rights and, 218
Lincoln, Thomas, 138, 231
Little Rock Central High School, 259
Livingston, Edward, 182
Lookout Mountain, 53
Louisiana, 150
Louisiana Purchase, 29
Lowrey, George, 87, 118, 249, 304
Lumpkin, Wilson, 225, 232, 234, 237, 238–39, 260
Clay and, 238–39
speech on Indian removal, 229–30, 238, 239
Macon, 162
Madison, James, 5, 86, 87
Jackson’s land dealings and, 88–89, 92–93
mail service:
Creeks and, 233, 234
Sunday, 185, 217
maps, white man’s vs. Indian, 8, 29, 63–64, 108, 114, 187, 206, 235, 236, 254
Marbury v. Madison, 250
Marshall, John, 7, 200, 245, 255–57, 305, 341
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and, 247–49
Marbury v. Madison and, 250
portraits of, 250
Ross and, 251
Wirt and, 250–51
Worcester v. Georgia and, 251–54
Maysville Road Bill, 239, 240
McDonald, John, 54–55, 198
McIntosh, Chilly, 165
McIntosh, William, 163, 164–65
McKenney, Thomas, 122, 157, 158, 204, 205
McLean, John, 256–57, 274
Meacham, Jon, 350
Meigs, Return J., 22–23, 26, 151, 152
Melton, John, 81, 94
Melton’s Bluff, 81, 94, 95, 96, 274
Melville, Herman, 350
Memphis, 73
Menawa, 45
Metamora, 232, 271
Mexico, 284, 310
Micanopy, 311
Milledgeville, 162, 165, 247, 255, 260
Minnesota, 204
Mississippi, 9, 15, 29, 93, 116, 139, 150, 204, 236, 270
Mississippi River, 55, 73, 82
Mississippi Territory, 15, 24, 33, 34, 36, 38
Mississippi Valley, 166
New Madrid earthquake in, 34
Missouri, 136, 331
Missouri Compromise, 261
Mobile, 166
Mobile Bay, 22
Mobile Register, 233
Monroe, Elizabeth, 145
Monroe, James, 65, 95, 135, 143
Georgia and, 117–18
and Jackson’s invasion of Florida, 102
Ross and, 111, 128
Morgan, Gideon, 24
Morse, Samuel F. B., 134, 139
Muscle Shoals, 2, 8, 80–84, 90–91, 92–94, 96, 98–100, 141, 231, 312–13, 339
Muscle Shoals Company, 82
Jacksonland: A Great American Land Grab Page 43