5. Michael Hagemeister, “Zur Frühgeschichte der Protokolle der Weisen von Zion, I: Im Reich der Legenden,” Die Fiction von der jüdischen Weltverschwörung (Göttingen, 2012), 140–160.
6. D. I. Storov, introductory essay in Pavel Krushevan, Znamia Rossii, ed. O. A. Platonov (Moscow, 2015), 5–60.
7. Ibid., 35–55.
8. Michael Hagemeister, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: Between History and Fiction,” New German Critique 35 (2008); Cesare G. De Michelis, The Non-Existent Manuscript: A Study of the Protocols of the Sages of Zion (Lincoln, NE, 2001). The linguist Henryk Baran is at work on a comprehensive study of The Protocols.
9. Krushevan, Bessarabiia, and Krushevan, Delo Artabanova (reprint, Moscow, 1995); S. Reznik, Krovavaia karusel’ (Moscow, 1991); Umberto Eco, The Prague Cemetery (Boston, 2011), 192; Krushevan, Znamia Rossii; Urussov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, 46.
10. Irving Howe and Ruth R. Wisse, eds., The Best of Sholem Aleichem (New York, 1979), 115–119.
11. Krushevan Papers, item 1, 1–5, now deposited at the Hoover Institution, Stanford, CA.
12. Ibid.
13. Mikhail Khazin, Kostiuzheny i vokrug (Boston, 2015), translated in Khazin, “The Forgery,” 6.
14. See the eulogy for Krushevan in Moskovskie Vedomosti 7, June 13, 1909; Urussov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, 116.
15. Khazin, Kostiuzheny, 167–169; Krushevan Papers, item 29.
16. Krushevan’s nephew’s memoir manuscript in the Krushevan Papers; Khazin, Kostiuzheny, 158.
17. Ibid., 159–160.
18. Arkadii Mazur, Stranitsy istorii sorokskikh evreev (Chişinău, 1999); Zhukov, Goroda Bessarabii, 38.
19. American Hebrew and Jewish Tribune, June 14, 1934.
20. Rogger, Jewish Policies, 188–211.
21. “Sestra Krushevana—Evreika” appeared on December 21, 1933, probably in Novoe russkoe slovo; the longer, more fanciful version, translated from the Yiddish report in Forverts, appeared as “Krushevan’s Kin Now a Jewess: Sister of Infamous Instigator of Kishinev Pogroms (Here Interviewed) Does Penance for Him in Hebrew Prayers,” American Hebrew and Jewish Tribune, June 14, 1934.
22. Ibid.
23. Krushevan Papers, item 24.
24. P. A. Krushevan, Chto takoe Rossiia? putvyia zamietki (Moscow, 1896), 355.
25. Ibid., 356.
26. Ibid., 356–357.
27. Ibid., 357.
28. Ibid., 358.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., 359.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. See the list of Bessarabets columns in Krushevan Papers, item 12.
35. Judge, Easter in Kishinev, 40.
36. Krushevan Papers, item 23; Urussov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, 10.
37. Krushevan Papers, items 31, 33.
38. De Michelis, The Non-Existent Manuscript, 73–86.
39. Richard Landes and Steven T. Katz, eds., The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-Year Retrospective on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (New York, 2012).
40. Michael Hagemeister, “ ‘The Anti-Christ as an Imminent Political Possibility’: Sergei Nilus and the Apocalyptical Reading of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” in Landes and Katz, The Paranoid Apocalypse, 79–91.
41. L. Wolf, The Jewish Bogey and the Forged Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (London, 1920).
42. De Michelis, The Non-Existent Manuscript, 33–34.
43. Ibid., 23–45.
44. Michael Hagemeister, “The American Connection: Leslie Fry and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 68; Marina Ciccarini et al., eds., Kessarevo Kesarju: Scritti in onore di Cesare G. De Michelis (Florence, 2014), 157–168.
45. De Michelis, The Non-Existent Manuscript, 2.
46. Ibid.,8–9.
47. Ibid., 65.
48. Ibid., 80–82.
49. The Russian text can be found reprinted in De Michelis, The Non-Existent Manuscript, 285–290.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., 369–370.
54. Ibid., 64–66; Yosi Goldshtain, Ben Tsiyonut medinit le-Tsiyonut ma’asit: ha-tenuah ha-Tsiyonit be-Rusyah be-reshitah (Jerusalem, 1991), 40–41, 98–99.
55. Khazin, Kostiuzheny, 157.
56. Mordekhai Nurock, Ve’idat Tsiyonei Rusyah be-Minsk (Jerusalem, 1963–1964); Moshe Cohen, “Ahad Ha’am bi-kenesyat Minsk,” Netivot 1 (1913): esp. 11–13.
57. Zipperstein, Elusive Prophet, 187–193; A. J. P. Taylor, introduction to John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World (London, 1977), ix.
58. Maor, Ha-tenuah ha-tsiyonit, 149–161.
59. De Michelis, The Non-Existent Manuscript, 47–50, 113–114.
60. Tazkir Lopuhin: duah ha-mishtarah haha’it ha-Russit ‘al tenu’ah ha-Tsiyonit, 1897–1902 (Jerusalem, 1988), trans. Yael Ha-Russi, 133–154.
61. Ibid., 28–29. For a detailed description of Bernstein-Kogan’s Zionist activity, see Goldshtain, Ben Tsiyonut medinit, 30–40.
62. Sefer Bernshtain-Kogan, 79–92.
63. Ibid., 122–125.
64. Ibid., 127.
65. Ibid., 129.
66. Ibid., 131; Raphael Patai, ed., The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl (New York, 1960), 1526.
67. Davitt Papers, Ms. 95–1/5305; Sefer Bernshtain-Kogan, 136–137.
68. Khazin, Kostiuzheny, 166.
Chapter 6. Remains of the Day
1. David S. Foglesong, The American Mission and the “Evil Empire” (Cambridge, UK, 2007), 21.
2. Ibid., 21, 24–25.
3. Martin Miller, Kropotkin (Chicago, 1976), 160–173.
4. Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of the New Century (New York, 2000), 65.
5. Jonathan Kaufman, “Blacks and Jews: The Struggle in Cities,” Struggles in the Promised Land: Toward a History of Black-Jewish Relations (New York, 1997), 108; Charles L. Lumpkins, American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Riot and Black Politics (Athens, OH, 2008), 127.
6. W. C. Stiles, Out of Kishineff: The Duty of the American People to the Russian Jew (New York, 1903), 21. See the review in the Jewish Chronicle (London), July 24, 1903.
7. Foglesong, The American Mission, 28; Adler, The Voice of America on Kishineff, passim.
8. Valleri J. Hohman, Russian Culture and Theatrical Performance in America, 1891–1933 (New York, 2011), 41–45; Stansell, American Moderns, 123–125; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, vol. 1 (New York, 1931), 359, 369–370.
9. Hohman, Russian Culture, 40–48.
10. Stansell, American Moderns, 123–124; Goldman, Living My Life, vol. 1, 367.
11. E. N. Chirikov, Evrei (Munich, 1910); Christopher John Tooke, “The Representation of Jewish Women in Pre-Revolutionary Russia” (PhD diss., University College London, 2011), 114; Hohman, Russian Culture, 41.
12. Tooke, “The Representation,” 118–121; Goldman, Living My Life, vol. 1, 367; Stansell, American Moderns, 124.
13. Ibid., 125.
14. Broad Axe, June 20, 1903.
15. Cleveland Gazette, May 23, 1903.
16. Ibid., August 15, 1903.
17. Boyland, Revolutionary Lives; Leon Fink, Progressive Intellectuals and the Dilemmas of Democratic Commitment (Cambridge, MA, 1997), 114–146.
18. Ernest Poole’s essay in William English Walling: A Symposium (New York, 1938), 25; Earle Labor, Jack London: An American Life, 130.
19. Labor, Jack London, 146–147, 154–155.
20. Fink, Progressive Intellectuals, 122.
21. Walling (Anna Strunsky) Papers, Ms. 1111, Box 32, Folders 387–388, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
22. Mary White Ovington, “William English Walling,” Crisis, November 1936; Charles Elliot Kellogg, NAACP: A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Baltimore, 1967), 12.
23. William English Walling, Russia’s Message: The True World Import of the Russian Revolution (New York, 19
08), 46, 52, 56–58, 61–65.
24. Anna Strunsky Walling, The Homel Massacre: An Address Delivered Before the New York Section Council of Jewish Women (New York, 1914).
25. Walling (Anna Strunsky) Papers, Ms. 111, Box 32, Folders 387, 235, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
26. Boyland, Revolutionary Lives, 152.
27. William English Walling, “The Race Riot in the North,” The Independent, July–December 1908.
28. Ibid.
29. I thank David Fort Godshalk, author of Veiled Visions: The 1906 Atlanta Riot and the Reshaping of American Race Relations (Chapel Hill, 2005), for sharing his typescript “African Americans, American Jews, and the Pogroms: How Russian Ethnic Violence Transformed American Racial Politics Between 1903–1909.”
30. Walling, “The Race Riot.”
31. Mary White Ovington, How the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Began (New York, 1914), n.p.
32. Boyland, Revolutionary Lives, 156.
33. Kellogg, NAACP, 19.
34. Boyland, Revolutionary Lives, 159–160.
35. Strunsky Papers, File 387, n.p.
36. Aviva F. Taubenfeld, Rough Writing: Ethnic Authorship in Theodore Roosevelt’s America (New York, 2008), 16.
37. Nahshon, From the Ghetto to the Melting Pot, 363; Leftwich, Israel Zangwill, 256; Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italian and Irish of New York City (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 289.
38. Alroey, Zionism Without Zion; Glazer and Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot, v.
39. Leftwich, Israel Zangwill (New York, 1957), 255.
40. Ezra Mendelsohn, On Modern Jewish Politics (New York, 1993), 18.
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