Pogrom
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Chinese Americans, 101–3, 186
Chinese Theater, New York City, 101, 104
Chirikov, Evgenii, 190–92
Chişinău (Kishinev’s current and pre-Russian name), xiii, 21, 38, 64, 207–8
Chomsky, Noam, 18–19
Choral Synagogue, Kishinev, 55
Chosen People, The (Chirikov), 190–92
Christianity:
contempt for Russian Orthodoxy, 186, 188
Jewish threat to, 174, 177, 183
see also blood libel
“Christian socialism,” 22, 148
Chto takoe Rossiia (What Is Russia?), Krushevan, 159
Ciuflea Church, Kishinev, 61, 63
Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881–1914 (Fuller), 222n54
civil rights, black, 188, 194–95
NAACP, xv, xix, 14, 188, 194, 198, 200–203
Cleveland Gazette, 194
Cohn, Norman, 146–47
Collier’s, 200
Committee for the Advancement of the Negro, 202–3
see also National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Communism, Transdniestria, 21
conservatism:
Russian, 12, 15, 22, 37, 95, 157
Zionist, 114, 175–76
see also antisemitism; Black Hundreds
conspiracy theory, 167
constitutional crisis (1905–6), Russia, 4, 17, 192–93
Correspondence Regarding the Treatment of Jews in Russia (British Parliament), 5
cowardice:
Jewish male, xviii, 83, 89, 109, 117–18, 130–38, 141, 142
“sheep to the slaughter,” 141
Crane, Stephen, 109
Crimean War (1856), 30
Crown Heights riots (1991), Brooklyn, 3
Darwin, Charles, 163
Davidic kingdom, Jewish restoration of, 169, 174
see also Zionists
Da Vinci Code, 167
Davitt, Michael, 106, 119–24
Bernstein-Kogan and, 181–82
The Boer War for Freedom, 120–21
Kishineff character modeled on, 105
on Kishinev pogrom, 68, 73, 76–77, 98, 103, 105, 133–38, 189
Kishinev stay, 44, 52, 109, 119–20, 123–24, 134, 164
newspaper writing, 103, 105–6, 120, 136, 138, 189
relief collections, 180
Within the Pale, xviii, 105–7
deaths:
Kishinev pogrom, xiv
yizkor (memorial for the dead), 103
see also ritual murder accusations
Delo Artabanova (Krushevan), 150
De Michelis, Cesare G., 149, 153, 170
Democratic Party platform (1892), U.S., 186
Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavelli et Montesquieu (Joly), 168–69, 171
Diaspora, Bialik and, 108, 115, 125, 131, 140–42
Dinkins, David, 3
Dinur, Ben-Zion, xiii–xiv, 140–41
Dizengoff, Meir, 113, 122–23, 181
Dniester River, xvi, 32, 42, 43, 56, 154
Doiben, David, 67, 68
“Dom nomer 13” (“The House at Number 13”), Korolenko, 77–78, 81
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 11
dress, Jewish, 82
Dreyfus Affair, 10
Dubnow, Simon, 107, 114–17, 137
Dubrossary killing, 56–58, 97
Dveste let vmeste (Two Hundred Years Together), Solzhenitsyn, 20–21
earthquake, Kishinev (1940), 208
East Africa, English-sponsored Jewish settlement, 14, 177
Eco, Umberto, 150
economics:
Bessarabia, 33–35, 43
fundraising for relief, 102, 104, 149
Jewish characteristic, 5, 6, 7, 15, 122, 162–63, 207
Kishinev, 34–35, 42–53, 149, 207
Eichmann, Adolf, 141
Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 2, 141
elder, Jewish, 168, 182
see also Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Enemies of the Human Race, The (Butmi), 171–72
England:
Ahad Ha’am model, 112
Irish vs., 119–20
synagogue ritual, 103
see also British; London
ethnic and religious groups:
Bessarabia, 32–33, 36–37
see also race; religion
European nationalism, 111
Evansville, Illinois, the American Kishineff, 193–94
feathers, in pogroms, 10, 131
Fein, Yisroel ben Yehudah, 103
Feldman, Herman, 65–66, 67
Fishman, Yudel, 66
forgery, 206
Plehve letter, 15, 96, 183
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, xvi–xvii, 99, 168–69
For Two Thousand Years (Sebastian), 145
Forverts (Yiddish daily), 11, 104, 158, 187, 189
Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, The (Chamberlain), 148
France, synagogue ritual, 103
Frankel, Jonathan, xx, 103–4
Frankfurter, Felix, 1
Frederic, Harold, 5
“Free Russia” movement (1890s), 186
Friends of Russian Freedom, American, 188–89, 196
Frug, Shimen, 103, 107
Fuller, William C., Jr, 222n54
fundraising, for relief, 102, 104, 149, 180
Gandhi, Mohandas, 120
Gaster, Moses, 181
Gaza war (2014), 21
gentiles, 73, 143, 171
Kishinev, 24, 45, 47–48, 66, 69, 71–75, 79, 84, 88, 97, 117–18, 128, 208
U.S., 122
Ghetto, The (Wirth), 185
Ginzberg, Asher, see Ahad Ha’am
Giuliani, Rudy, 3
Glazer, Nathan, 205
Gluzman, Michael, 125
Goldman, Emma, xix, 189–92
Golinkin, M., 113
Golovinskii, Matvei, 169, 170
Gomel:
Jewish self-defense, 18, 86, 89–90
pogrom, 198–99
Gorky, Maxim, 180, 191
government responsibility, belief in, 18
for Kishinev pogrom, xvi, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 90–97, 117–19, 137–38, 198
Governor General of Bessarabia:
Raaben, 44–45, 48, 68, 71, 87, 90–91
see also Urussov, Sergei S.
gravestones, Bessarabia, 53–54, 54
Greenschopin, Mordecai Mottel, 81
Gringmut, V., 144
Haganah, xv, xx, 13, 86
Hagemeister, Michael, 149, 153, 170
Har ha-keramim (The Mountain of Vineyards), Hillels, 35, 154
Harshav, Benjamin, 6
Ha-Shiloach journal, 124
Hasidism, 53, 57, 128
Ha-Tsofeh, 140
“Have Pity” (Frug), 103, 107
Ha-Zeman (St. Petersburg Hebrew daily), 117
Hearst, William Randolph/Hearst press, 13, 76, 103, 104, 120, 123, 180–82, 189
Hebrew language, 55, 108, 111, 113, 115, 125
Hebrew literature, 118
Ahad Ha’am, 111
Bialik, 108, 115, 125
school role, 55
Hebrew opera, 113
Hebrew press, 117, 147
Hebron riot, 2
Hemon, Aleksandar, 24
Herald Square Theater, New York City, 190
Herzl, Theodor, 14, 92, 111, 167, 175–78, 180–81
Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden, Berlin, 180
Hillels, Shlomo, 35, 154
history:
Jews in, 175
Kishinev (1700s and 1800s), 38–40
made and remade, 23
memory preferred over, 132–33
truth and fiction, 24–25
History of a Lie, The (Bernstein), 146–47
History of the Jews of Russia and Poland (Dubnow), 107
Hitler, A., xiii, 148
Holocaust:
Kishinev anticipating, xiii–xiv
; pogrom term compared, 3
Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 61
Homeland (TV Show), 3
Horowitz, M., 105
Hyndman, Henry, 121–22
Illinois State Journal, 200–201
immigration:
Jewish, 92, 103–4, 122, 123
restrictions on, 92, 102–3
Independent, The, 200
Independent Order, The, 106–7
industry:
Bessarabia, 33–34
Kishinev, 52, 84
riots rising from disputes in, 91
insularity, 149
intelligentsia, Jewish:
Odessa, 110–17, 113
responsibility of, 163
“In the City of Killing” (Bialik’s best-known pogrom poem), xviii, 13, 107–9, 116, 124, 128–43, 206
Dubnow’s admiration for, 116, 137
in Israeli schools, 107, 128, 140–43
Jabotinsky translation into Russian, 7, 86, 140
on Jewish male cowardice, xviii, 85–86, 89, 109, 130–38, 141, 142
nationalism, 114–15, 132–33
Netanyahu referencing, 21
weather, 61, 70, 129
Ireland:
Davitt, 119–20, 121, 122, 136
vs. England, 119–20
Limerick riot and boycott (1904), 122
nationalists, 121, 135
Iskra (Spark), 45
isolation, 112, 163, 164
Israel:
ambassador to the U.S., 3
armed forces, xv, 86
Bialik in school curriculum, 107, 128, 140–43
Bialik veneration, 140
birth of State of, 20
land of, 111–12
Prime Minister Ben-Gurion, 140, 141
and Sabra-Shatilla massacre, 3, 19
Supreme Court, 3
university qualifying exams (bagrut), 142
Zionist goal, 111
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 7, 86, 114, 140
Jan, Ira (Esfir Yeselevich), 126–28, 127
Jassy, 179, 180
Jerusalem:
Eichmann trial (1961), 141
temple destruction, 112, 114, 175
Jesenská, Milena, 2
“The Jewbird” (Malamud), 1–2, 3
Jewish aggression, Kishinev pogrom (1903), 89, 132, 149, 182
Jewish characteristics, 5–7, 15, 22, 123, 149
economic, 5, 6, 7, 15, 122, 162–63, 207
Jewish Chronicle, 205
Jewish Masonic Lodge of the Free Sons of Israel, 106
Jewish passivity, 89, 118, 141–42
see also cowardice
Jewish press:
Bikher-velt (Book World), 16
Crane, 109
Davitt’s Within the Pale, 107
Forverts (Yiddish daily), 11, 104, 158, 187, 189
Ha-Shiloach journal, 124
Ha-Tsofeh, 140
Ha-Zeman (St. Petersburg Hebrew daily), 117
The Independent Order, 106–7
Jewish Chronicle, 205
on Kishinev pogrom, 11, 106–7, 189
on Krushevan family, 158
postpogrom, 90
Jewish Publication Society of America, 106–7
Jewish responsibility:
for Russian anti-Jewish violence, 5, 117–19
Jewish separatism, 162–63, 205
Jewish Socialist Labor Bund, xx, 13–14, 18, 83, 104, 131, 199
Jewish Territorial Organization, 205
Jewish water carrier, 49
Joly, Maurice, 168–69, 171
Journey from London to Odessa, A (Moore), 8–9
“Journey to Iceland” (Auden), 101
Joyce, James, 120
Judaism:
first-century, 114
Odessa intelligentsia and, 110–15
“Judaism in Music” (Wagner), 204
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 120
Kafka, Franz, 2
Kahal, 175n
Kahan Commission, 3, 19
Kariv, Avraham, 139
Kaufman, Melekh, 85
Kazioshner, Chaim, 88
Kempton-Wace Letters, The (London and Strunsky), 196
Kennan, George, 186
Khazin, Mikhail, 151–52
Kiev, 28, 30, 43, 163
Kigel, Moshe, 82–83, 103
Kiserman, Yehiel, 86
Kishineff plays, 104–5
Kishinev, 27–60
agriculture, 34–35, 38
Alexandrov neighborhood, 40–41
Alexandrovskaia Street, xxii, 40–41, 43, 44, 48
Bernstein-Kogan, 178–82
Bolgarskaia Street, 88
burned down by invading Russians (1748), 38
as Chişinău (current and pre-Russian name), xiii, 21, 38, 64, 207–8
Chuflinskii Square, 63, 64, 67
city duma, 155, 156
Ciuflea Church, 61, 63
correspondence bureau, 179–80
Davitt stay, 44, 52, 109, 119–20, 123–24, 134, 164
earthquake (1940), 208
economics, 34–35, 42–53, 149, 207
extremes of wealth and poverty, 42
gentiles, 24, 45, 47–48, 66, 69, 71–75, 79, 84, 88, 97, 117–18, 128, 208
history (1700s and 1800s), 38–40
Jewish religious and cultural institutions, 54–55
Krushevan, 155–56, 159, 182–83
Manchester Way/Muncheshtskii Street, 76, 83–85, 90
maps, 25, 29, 39
moral laxity, 44–45
Museum of Ethnography and National History, 51, 207
neighbor relations before pogrom, 79–80, 82, 83
New Market, 50, 65–71, 87–89
Nikolaevskii Street, 69, 73, 75
photos, 26, 40, 41, 42, 55
physical characteristics, 29–30, 207
population, 37, 40, 43, 50
powder keg, 46
Pushkin on, 28
rabbis, 53
refugees from, 117, 187
residences, 41–42, 50–51, 65–66
Schmidt (Karl), 29, 42, 45, 46, 49–50, 65, 98, 123
seminary, 39
urban qualities, 28
Yiddish-language commercial guide (1901), 52–53
see also Bessarabets (Kishinev newspaper); Governor General of Bessarabia; Lower Kishinev
Kishinev pogrom (1903), 45–46, 61–100, 185–208
American black mistreatment compared with, 187–88, 192–94
Bernstein-Kogan spreading word of, 178–83
Bialik interviews of victims, 73–76, 80, 85–86, 88, 115–16, 124–25, 128–29, 132, 137
buildings targeted, 65–67, 70–71
Christian framework, 188
Davitt on, 68, 73, 76–77, 98, 103, 105, 133–38, 189
extent of devastation, 72–73, 81–82, 100
first day, 44, 61–71, 77, 89, 129
government responsibility for (belief in), xvi, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 90–97, 117–19, 137–38, 198
impact, 10–26, 82, 206–8
Jewish aggression, 89, 132, 149, 182
Jewish male cowardice, xviii, 83, 89, 109, 117–18, 130–38, 141, 142
Jewish self-defense and, 13, 85–90, 132, 179–80
justifications, 22, 58, 64–65, 119
Kigel’s martyrdom, 82–83, 103
Krushevan role, 64, 66, 90, 97–99, 135, 137, 145–46, 153
number of rioters, 65, 68, 134, 137
plays inspired by, 104–5, 189–92, 203–5
rapes, xiv, 68, 73–79, 85, 125, 132, 134, 135
relief campaigns for victims of, xix, 12, 101–4, 117, 149, 180, 189
seminarian rioters, 64–65, 69, 80, 84, 90, 96, 137
sources on, xvii–xviii
synagogue liturgies highlighting, 5–6, 83, 103
trials of the accused, 132, 137
victims, 85, 134
weather, 17, 61, 63, 70, 129
world’s press on, 17–18, 91, 149, 183
see also “In the City of Killing” (Bialik’s best-known pogrom poem); press
Klausner, Joseph, 108, 124, 140
Koestler, Arthur, 2–3
Kogen pharmacy, 50–51
Korolenko, Vladimir, 77–78, 81
Kresilchik, Mitya, 74
Kristallnacht, 2, 10
Kropotkin, Prince Peter, 186, 190
Krushevan, Anastasia (Pavel’s sister, Jewish name Sarah Borenstein), 155, 156, 158–59
Krushevan, Pavel, 144, 149–79, 157, 166, 207
antisemitism, 145–65, 172–76, 198
assassination attempt on (June 1903), 147
Bernstein-Kogan known to, 182–83
Bessarabia guide, xvi, 46, 150, 152, 165
Chto takoe Rossiia (What Is Russia?), 159
Davitt seeking out, 123
death (1909), 147
debts, 165–66
Delo Artabanova, 150
favored themes, 155
Jewish stepmother, 155–56
Kishinev pogrom role, 64, 66, 90, 97–99, 135, 137, 145–46, 153
personal papers, 150–61
Protocols of the Elders of Zion version, xvi–xvii, xviii–xix, 16, 22, 99, 146–50, 153, 159, 167–71, 183
sexuality, 154
Shornikov study, 22–23
Znamia (St. Petersburg newspaper), 146–47, 165–67, 171, 172–74
see also Bessarabets (Kishinev newspaper)
Krushevan, Pavel Epiminovdovich (Pavel’s nephew), 151, 155–56, 175
Krushevans, 145
Landauer, Gustav, 19
Language at a Time of Revolution (Harshav), 6
languages:
Hebrew, 55, 108, 111, 113, 115, 125
Moldavian, 33, 39
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 167
Romanian, 33
Russian, 36, 195
Ukrainian, 171
Yiddish, 52–53, 123, 125, 156, 195
The Lazarus Project (Hemon), 24
Lebanon, Sabra-Shatilla massacre, 3, 19
Left:
and Black Hundreds, 37
Jews, xix, xx, 10
London, 186
U.S., xix, xx, 185–97
see also Marxists; socialism
Lenin, Vladimir, 13–14, 145
Leonard, Oscar, 187
Levandal, Baron L. M., 104
liberalism:
American, 185–86, 190
“Christian socialism” and, 148
Israeli, 20
Krushevan and, 23, 155, 156
Liber, Mark, 199
libraries, set up by Jews, 7
Lilien, Ephraim Moses, 83
Limmerick riot and boycott (1904), 122
Lindbergh nomination, 1
liquor’s allure:
Jews able to resist, 6–7
liquor stores:
Kishinev pogrom targeting, 64–65, 84, 135
Soroki, 156
Lis, Mordecai Zvi, 86
literacy rates, Bessarabia, 37
literature:
of lamentation, 133
see also Hebrew literature; plays; poetics
Litvak, Mordecai ben Aaron, 86
Living My Life (Goldman), 191
London, England: