The Extended Phenotype
Page 49
flowers, mimics of, 243–244, 246, 247
flukes, 210–213, 218, 224, 226–227
footprints, 206, 234
fox, 65
free lunch, no such thing as, 47
French Revolution, 84
frequency-dependent selection, 67, 121–123, 136, 155, 240–247
frogs, 63, 73–74
fundamentalism, 51, 101–102, 171
Gaia hypothesis, 234–237
galls, 218–219
game theory, 77, 120–132, 155
Gammarus lacustris, 216–218
gannet, clutch size, 35
gavotte of chromosomes, 134–135, 159
gemmules, 167
gene manipulation, 160
gene-pool, as replicator, 108
genes
problems of definition, 85–86, 89
jumping, 159, 165, 170
as units of selection, 18, 82
genet, 254
genetic determinism, 9–14
genetic engineering, 160
genetic label, 143–144
genetic variation, used up by selection, 21
gens (pl. ‘gentes’), 68
germ-line, 83, 164, 166–169, 254–255
giraffe’s neck, 39, 171–172
God, 51–52, 181
gold atoms, 84–85
gorilla, green beard, 154
gradualism, 103–104
green-beard effect, 143–155
and outlaws, 148–149
group selection, 6, 50–51, 82, 85, 114–115, 134–135, 184
Gaian, 236
of mammary glands and uterus, 184
Panglossian, 50–51
of parasites, 215
and signals, 58
and species selection, 106
as vehicle selection, 114
growth and reproduction, 255–258
Guardian, The (newspaper), 101, 171
haplodiploidy, 74–76
heart, evolution of, 258–259
helpers at the nest, 144, 194
Hemilepistus reamuri, 150
heterozygous advantage, 52
hierarchy, 82, 112–113, 204, 251
historical constraints, 38
holism, 113
homeotic mutants, 203–204
homosexuality, human, 37–38
honeybees
dance, 31, 43
hygienic behaviour, 25, 230
swarming democracy, 205
honorary diploid, 191–192
hormones, 63, 214–215
horse evolution, 105, 106
house blueprint, 175
hypnosis, 62, 70
idiotype, 166
imaginal disc, 259
immune tolerance, 167
inclusive fitness, 5, 7, 55, 80, 153
facetious definition of, 187
misunderstanding of, 185–186
individuality, 250, 253–254
industrial melanism, 92–93, 161
insect ‘cuckoos’, 70–72
insects
democratic, 205–206
gall, 219
oceanic, 42
instructive origin of adaptation, 168, 173–176
intelligent genes, 188, 190, 192
interactors, 83, 100
intra-selection, 169, 172
intron, 86
Ityraea gregorii, 243
Ityraea nigrocincta, 247
i-culture, 109
Jack Sprat principle, 239–240
Japanese macaque, 109
Jesuits, 13
jet engine, 38
journalists, anti-Darwinian, 101–102, 165
jumping genes, 159, 165, 170
junk DNA, 157
just-so story, 36, 42
juvenile hormone, 215
katydids, 48, 121
kin selection, 144, 153, 194
misunderstandings of, 15, 189, 193
kin-group selection, 262
K-selection, 158
lag load, 35
Lamarckism, 94, 101, 112, 116, 164–177
Larus ridibundus, 23–24
Lasioglossum zephyrum, 150
learning, 173
Leucochloridium, 213, 216, 218
life/dinner principle, 65, 67, 69, 75, 80, 219, 248
lily pad, 256–258
Limnaea peregra, 228
lineages, 100, 193
Lingula, 100
linkage disequilibrium, 89
Linum usitissimum, 247
lion, copulation stamina, 64
lipstick, a super-stimulus, 69
local mate competition, 74
local optima, 40
local vs global rules, 204, 206
lock and key analogy, 173
longevity/fecundity/fidelity, 84, 87
lupins, 243–244, 246, 247
Macaca nemestrina, 150
Macrotermes, 203
Magicicada, 64–65
malevolent environment, 54
mallard, as host, 216–217
mammary glands, 184
manipulation, 55–80
parasitic, 216–220
parental, 56–58, 61, 75, 153, 229
psychological, 64, 69
resistance to, 55, 60
Mars, 162
maternal effects, 228–229
meiosis, paradox of, 160–161
meiotic drive, 133, 135–137, 149, 153
Melampsora lini, 247
meliorizing, 46
melanism, industrial, 92–93, 161
memes, 87, 109–112, 168
Darwin joke, 180
phenotypic effects, 108, 110
relationship to gene, 108, 111–112
mental ability, genetic variation in, 26
meristem, 256
milk, why don’t males secrete?, 43–44
millers and farmers, 239
mimicry, 40–41, 68–69, 242–246, 247
selfish DNA, 162
mistakes, 53–54
mitochondria, 177
kiss of death, 224
as symbionts, 222–223
model, digger wasp, 124
modifier genes, 35, 134, 137–139, 231
Molothrus ater, 70
monkeys
Japanese, 109
mistakes by, 54
relative-recognition by, 150
Monomorium santschii, 70–72
mosquito, yellow-fever, 138, 139
moths
flying into candle flames, 36–37
peppered, 92, 147–148
wing stripes of, 241
mud-daubing wasp, 78–80
Müllerian mimicry, 40–41
muskrat, as host, 217
mutation availability, 42–45
muton, 81, 86
myopia, 239
m-culture, 109
narcotic effect of pheromone, 71
Nasonia vitripennis, 140–141
Nature (journal), 156, 158
Necker Cube, 1, 4, 7, 232, 251
nematomorph worms, 216
nervous system
clonal selection applied to, 169–170
as computer, 17–18, 129–130
neuro-economics, 113
neutral mutations, 19, 32
‘nice guys finish last’, 237
nightingale, song, 63
nitrous oxide, atmospheric, 235
Nosema, 215
Occam’s Razor, 105, 108
oceanic insects, 42
Oecanthus, 63
opines, 218
opportunity cost, 129
optimizing, 45
optimon, 81, 83, 85, 86, 179
options, closure in evolution, 45
organism parasites, 226
organisms, attributes of, 263
ornament, 31
orthoselection, 104
‘our boys shall not have died in vain’, fallacy, 48
outlaws, 133–155, 224, 253
allelic and laterally spreading, 133, 162
selfish DNA, 163–164
oxygen, atmospheric, 235
Oyarina nigritarsus, 243
oystercatcher, footprints, 206
Paley’s watch, 108
pangenesis, 167
Pangloss, 50
Paramecium, 176–177
parasites, 210–227
castration by, 213–216, 225
parental manipulation, 56–58, 61, 75, 153, 229
parliament of genes, 138–139
Partula suturalis, 228
passwords, 162
peppered moths, 92, 147–148
perfectionism, 50
Peter Pan syndrome, 220
pharmacological manipulation, 71
pheromones, 73, 79, 152, 203–204, 230
Phigalia titea, 147
philandering, 10
pig-frog, snort, 63
pigs, wings, 42
pit-digging, antlions, 20
pituitary gland, 63
plasmids, 159, 218–219, 226
pleiotropy, 33, 34, 136, 145, 152
pluralism, of Darwin, 19
Poeciliopsis monacha-occidentalis, 74
poison analogy, 69
police dogs, 146
polymorphism, 122
Polymorphus marilis, 216–217
Polymorphus paradoxus, 216–217
Polyxenus, 31
power, 75–78, 212–213, 247, 264
preadaptation, 153
preening invitation display, 70
preformationism, 174–176
primates, teeth, 33
program, the word, 118
prokaryotic sociobiology, 178
proof-reading, DNA, 162–164
propagule overlap, 221–225
protozoan parasites, 215, 226
proviruses, 166
punctuated equilibria, 101–109
pygmy, 7
quail, kin-recognition in, 150
rabbit, 65, 166–168
rabies, 220
radio howling, 25
ramet, 254
Rana esculenta, 73–74
Rana grylio, 63
rare-enemy effect, 65–67, 69–70, 80, 248
reading, gene for, 23
reciprocal altruism, 155
recognition alleles (green-beard), 145
recon, 81, 86
recurrent laryngeal nerve, 39
red deer, 129
reductionism, 89, 113–114, 239
redundancy in sensory systems, 32
reed warbler, 67–68, 227, 233
regicide, 71
replicating absence, 164
replicator, 4, 82–96
active, 83
dead-end, 73, 83, 261
defined, 83
germ-line, 73, 83, 255, 261
passive, 83
reproduction and growth, 255–258
research methodology and replicators, 118
retina installed backwards, 39
reverse optimality, 48
reverse transcription, 166
rhinoceros horns, 41
robots, 14
rowing crew, 239
rust fungus, 247
r-selection, 158
Sacculina, 214, 220, 226
sand grains, 100–101
satisficing, 45
Science (journal), 101
sea anemone, fake, 242–243
segregation distorter, 133, 135–137
deleterious effects of, 136–137
selection, unit of, 81, 82, 89
selective neurone death, 170
selecton, 81
selfish cell, 170
selfish centriole, 160
selfish DNA, 83, 155–164, 170, 223, 224
selfish gene, 85, 180
selfish mitochondria, 177, 223–224
selfish nucleotide, 90–92
selfish organism, 5
selfish plasmagene, 177
selfish sperm, 141–143
self-inspection, 145–147, 149–151
senescence, 35
sex chromosomes, driving, 78, 139–141, 143
sex differences, genetic, 11, 13
sex ratio
distorter, 138–139
and endosymbionts, 222
fine adjustment of, 52
in Hymenoptera, 74–80, 135, 152
lack of genetic variation in, 43
mixed ESS and, 123
and model of harmonious cooperation, 242, 246
and Panglossism, 51
sexual battle, 60
shoelaces, gene for tying, 22–23
shrimp, as host, 216–218
single locus models, 21
siphonophore, colonial, 253
Sir Adrian Boult principle, 59
slave ants, 72–74
snail shell
banding pattern on, 31
coiling direction of, 228
as extended phenotype, 210–212, 214, 221–222
optimal thickness, 210–211
snails, as hosts, 210–214, 226
sneeze, 220
snow on boots myth, 9
software explanation, 113, 119
somatic mutation, 166
spacer DNA, 157
Spanish fly, 220
species
as individual, 100
as replicator, 100–101
selection, 87, 101–109
Sphex ichneumoneus, 43, 48–50, 118, 121–132
spider web, 198–199
Spirometra mansanoides, 215
spite, 72
split-level evolution, 262
stable equilibrium, 41, 102–103, 244
sterile workers, 83, 85
stick insects (Amer. ‘walking stick’), 97
stigmergie, 204
strategy, 118
conditional, 121, 131
mixed, 121–122
strawberry runners, 259–262
Streptocarpus, 84
strike, slave ants on, 72–73
subroutines, 122, 129–132
Sunday Times, The (newspaper), 101, 165, 171
supergenes, 241, 244
supernormal stimulus, 68–69
survival of the fittest, 179–180
suture lines, 34, 37
swallow, and distant extended phenotype, 233–234
sweat bee, 150
Swiss Army Knife, 56
symphylic substances, 71
tadpoles, 150
tapeworm, 215
tautology, 42, 180–183, 193
team of genes, 239
teleonomy, 81, 113, 132
temperature, 98–99
termites, 144, 200–206
tetraploid extended genetics, 202–203
thought experiments, 3–4
black pigment, 196–197
chimpanzee green beard, 154
lily pad, 256–258
lupin, 244
strawberry, 259–262
swallow, 233–234
time as resource, 128–129
time lags, 35, 55
tinkering, 39
tissue parasites, 226
tits, 109
tonic signals, 63
trade union spirit, 221–222
trade-off, 210–211
‘tragedy of the commons’, 237
train velocity analogy, 182
transcription vs translation, 168
transformations, D’Arcy Thompson’s, 2
travel bug, 220
Tribolium, 215, 220
Trypoxylon politum, 78–80
unfalsifiability, 35, 42, 74, 172, 180
uniqueness of the individual, 250
unit of selection, 81, 82, 89
use and disuse, 167, 170
uterus, 184
vehicle, 82, 112, 133, 134, 153, 170, 196, 257, 260
defined, 114
group as, 114–115
reproduction of, 114
venereal diseases, 220
viruses, 220, 226
Waddington Effect, 44
‘war of attrition’, 49
wasps
daughterless, 140–141
digger, 43, 48–50, 118, 121–132
mud-daubing, 78–80
Weismannism, 112, 164, 166, 172
whales, 106–107
wings
costly, 42
evolution in bats and birds, 44–45
woodlouse, 150
Wright’s Rule, 104–108
xenophobia, 19
Y-chromosome inertness, 35
yellow-fever mosquito, 138, 139
Zygiella-x-notata, 198–199