Elizabeth

by John Guy

  30 Victoria and Albert Museum, ref P8–1940. See R. Strong, Artists of the Tudor Court (London, 1983), p. 124.

  31 Strong, Artists of the Tudor Court, pp. 124–6.

  32 Strong, Artists of the Tudor Court, pp. 126–7.

  33 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XII, pp. 506–7, 560.

  34 CP 140/132; Diary of John Manningham, ed. J. Bruce, Camden Society, Old Series, 99 (1868), pp. 99–100; Chamberlain, pp. 167–8, 169–70; B. Nicholson, ‘Manningham’s Diary and Sir John Davies’, Notes and Queries, 7th Series, 4 (1887), pp. 305–306.

  35 F. A. Yates, Astraea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1975), pp. 215–22; Strong, Gloriana, pp. 158–61; M. C. Erler, ‘Sir John Davies and the Rainbow Portrait of Queen Elizabeth’, Modern Philology, 84 (1987), pp. 359–71; Arnold, Queen Elizabeth’s Wardrobe Unlock’d, pp. 81–97; K. Sharpe, Selling the Tudor Monarchy: Authority and Image in Sixteenth-Century England (London, 2009), pp. 384–6.

  36 J. Dickinson, Court Politics and the Earl of Essex, 1589–1601 (London, 2012), p. 31.

  37 BNF, MS FF 15974, fos. 182v, 194v, 214; De Maisse, pp. 26, 38, 59.

  38 BNF, MS FF 15974, fo. 264r–v; De Maisse, pp. 113–14.

  39 BNF, MS FF 15974, fos. 161, 252; De Maisse, pp. 4, 100.

  40 Collins, II, pp. 83, 88–9; Devereux, I, p. 473.

  41 Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 373.

  42 SP 78/41, fos. 177–80.

  43 P. Croft, ‘Trading with the Enemy, 1585–1604’, HJ, 32 (1989), pp. 281–302. For wider contexts, see also A. Gajda, ‘Debating War and Peace in Late-Elizabethan England’, HJ, 52 (2009), pp. 851–78.

  44 Mémoires de Bellièvre et de Sillery, ed. A. Moetjens, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1696), I, pp. 143–54; Birch, Hist. View, pp. 99–100.

  45 Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 374.

  46 Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 374; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, pp. 219–22.

  47 SP 77/5, fos. 245–6, 251–2, 262–3, 288, 295–6, 322; BL, Cotton MS, Vespasian C.VIII, fos. 267–70v, 273–4, 276, 281–4, 289–93, 313–14, 315–16v, 217–18, 319–20; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, pp. 223–4.

  48 SP 77/5, fos. 256–7; SP 12/268, no. 29.

  49 Mémoires de Bellièvre et de Sillery, ed. Moetjens, p. 208; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, p. 222.

  50 Phelippes was finally let out of prison by Robert Cecil shortly after Burghley’s death. See CSPD, 1598–1601, p. 104. Cecil then retained Phelippes as his personal intelligencer for the rest of the reign.

  51 SP 78/41, fos. 246–8.

  52 Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 374–5; SP 78/42, fos. 51, 54–6, 60–63v; Mémoires de Bellièvre et de Sillery, ed. Moetjens, pp. 238–52; Lettres de Henri IV, IV, p. 964.

  53 Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 375–9; Mémoires de Bellièvre et de Sillery, ed. Moetjens, pp. 257–61, 261–2.

  54 SP 78/42, fos. 80, 155.

  55 Lettres de Henri IV, IV, pp. 970–76, 981.

  56 SP 78/42, stamped fos. 91–2; Lettres de Henri IV, IV, pp. 970–72; HMC, Hatfield MSS, VIII, p. 154 (where the dates are New Style).

  57 Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 375–80.

  58 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula E.IX, Pt. 2, fo. 225; SP 78/42, fos. 129–30, 131–2 (although these are only office copies, the original as sent was in the queen’s own handwriting).

  59 Camden, p. 548.

  60 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula E.IX, Pt. 2, fo. 65; Lettres de Henri IV, IV, pp. 1000–1001.

  61 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula E.IX, Pt. 2, fo. 226v.

  62 Gedenkstukken van Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, ed. M. L. van Deventer, 2 vols. (The Hague, 1860–62), II, pp. 257–64; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, pp. 235–6.

  63 SP 103/35, fos. 192–5v; Gedenkstukken van Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, ed. van Deventer, II, pp. 266–8. See also SP 103/35, fos. 203–206v; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, pp. 241–2. The numbers of auxiliaries and their costs are given in SP 12/268, nos. 7–8.

  64 SP 12/269, no. 71; Gedenkstukken van Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, ed. van Deventer, II, p. 268.

  65 Camden, p. 559.

  66 S. Alford, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I (London, 2008), pp. 320–31; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, pp. 241–3.

  67 CSPV, 1592–1601, no. 733; Alford, Burghley, pp. 330–31.

  68 P. E. J. Hammer, ‘“Absolute and Sovereign Mistress of Her Grace”? Queen Elizabeth I and Her Favourites, 1581–92’, in The World of the Favourite, ed. J. H. Elliott and L. W. B. Brockliss (London, 1999), p. 50.

  69 CUL, MS Ee.3.56, no. 138.

  Chapter 18: Opening New Fronts

  1 CSPV, 1592–1601, nos. 731–2, 734, 737. See also SP 12/270, no. 31 (I).

  2 CSPV, 1592–1601, no. 737.

  3 J. C. Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, University of Durham Ph.D. (1975), pp. ii–iii.

  4 Discurso político al Rey Felipe III al comienzo de su reinado, ed. M. Santos (Madrid, 1990), pp. 78–9; Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, p. 139.

  5 Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, pp. 140–44; B. Bradshaw, ‘Sword, Word and Strategy in the Reformation in Ireland’, HJ, 21 (1978), pp. 475–502; S. J. Connolly, Contested Island: Ireland 1460–1630 (Oxford, 2007), pp. 90–99, 184–200.

  6 F. Moryson, An itinerary written by Fynes Moryson Gent. First in the Latine tongue, and then translated by him into English (London, 1617), Pt. II, i, 1, pp. 19–21.

  7 Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, i, 1, pp. 24–5; Chamberlain, p. 17.

  8 Collins, II, p. 103; Spedding, II, pp. 122–3; H. Morgan, ‘Hugh O’Neill and the Nine Years’ War in Tudor Ireland’, HJ, 36 (1993), pp. 21–37; H. Morgan, DIB, s.v. ‘Hugh O’Neill’; T. Clavin and A. McCormack, DIB, s.v. ‘Thomas, Lord Burgh (Boroughs)’.

  9 J. Spottiswoode, The History of the Church in Scotland, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1850), III, pp. 1–5.

  10 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula D.II, fo. 305; CSPSM, 1595–7, pp. 346, 524–5, 530–31; Foedera, XVI, pp. 312–13 (supplies missing words in Elizabeth’s handwriting lost in the Cottonian Library fire of 1731).

  11 LQEJ, pp. 121–3.

  12 LQEJ, pp. 123–5.

  13 A. J. Loomie, ‘King James I’s Catholic Consort’, HLQ, 34 (1971), pp. 303–16.

  14 SP 52/59, no. 74.

  15 J. D. Mackie, ‘The Secret Diplomacy of King James VI in Italy Prior to His Accession to the English Throne’, SHR, 21 (1924), pp. 274–7; A. O. Meyer, ‘Clemens VIII und Jakob I von England’, Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, herausgegeben vom Preußischen Historischen Institut in Rom, VII (1904), pp. 268–83; C. Sáenz-Cambra, ‘Scotland and Philip II, 1580–1598’, University of Edinburgh Ph.D. (2003), pp. 196–8.

  16 CKJVI, pp. 38–42; Mackie, ‘The Secret Diplomacy of King James VI’, pp. 277–82.

  17 SP 63/202, Pt. I, stamped fos. 110, 174; R. Rapple, ‘Brinkmanship and Bad Luck: Ireland, the Nine Years’ War and the Succession’, in Doubtful and Dangerous: The Question of Succession in Late-Elizabethan England, ed. S. Doran and P. Kewes (Manchester, 2014), pp. 236–52.

  18 Chamberlain, p. 15.

  19 Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 390–91.

  20 Devereux, I, p. 493.

  21 SP 12/45, fos. 20v–1 (the printed abstract in CSPD, 1598–1603, pp. 88–9 garbles the sense of this passage).

  22 APC, XXIX, p. 153; Hammer, ODNB, s.v. ‘Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex’.

  23 Chamberlain, pp. 19–23.

  24 Chamberlain, p. 23.

  25 SP 63/203, nos. 88, 94–9; SP 63/204, stamped fos. 218–23; SP 12/269, no. 12.

  26 SP 63/204, stamped fo. 138r–v.

  27 Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, i, 1, pp. 27–33; Camden, pp. 568–9; Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 396–7.

  28 L. W. Henry, ‘The Earl of Essex and Ireland’, BIHR, 32 (1959), pp. 1–23.

  29 APC, XXIX, pp. 13–34, 73–5, 79–80, 84–7
, 90–91, 100–101, 199–201, 274–5, 323–4; Collins, II, p. 155.

  30 SP 63/202, Pt. 4, no. 52.

  31 Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, i, 1, p. 26; Henry, ‘The Earl of Essex and Ireland’, pp. 4–5.

  32 Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, i, 1, pp. 33–7; CCM, 1589–1600, no. 304.

  33 Hammer, ODNB, s.v. ‘Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex’.

  34 HMC, Hatfield MSS, IX, pp. 188–9; SP 63/205, nos. 52, 67. See also Essex’s strident appeals to the Privy Council, SP 63/205, nos. 38, 65.

  35 CCM, 1589–1600, no. 306.

  36 CCM, 1589–1600, no. 306; SP 63/205, nos. 79, 85.

  37 SP 63/205, nos. 109, 121; SP 63/204, stamped fos. 177v–9v; CCM, 1589–1603, no. 307.

  38 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XI, pp. 47–8, 72–3; R. B. Wernham, The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 312–13.

  39 SP 12/273, no. 35. No one ever knew what precisely had been said at the parley, but for a clear summary of Tyrone’s mindset and the main issues, see S. J. Connolly, Contested Island: Ireland 1460–1630 (Oxford, 2007), pp. 242–9.

  40 SP 63/205, nos. 164, 172; CCM, 1589–1600, no. 321; Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 428–9; CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 685.

  41 Spedding, II, p. 254.

  42 HMC, Bath MSS, V, p. 271; SP 12/278, nos. 63, 66; Spedding, pp. 254–6; Rapple, ‘Brinkmanship and Bad Luck’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, pp. 236–52.

  43 SP 63/204, stamped fo. 201v.

  44 CCM, 1589–1600, no. 316.

  45 SP 12/271, no. 133; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, pp. 263–71.

  46 HMC, Hatfield MSS, IX, pp. 273, 280–82; APC, XXIX, pp. 740–41; SP 12/272, nos. 11–12, 25, 35; CSPD, 1598–1601, p. 290; Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, pp. 144–5.

  47 SP 12/272, nos. 21, 49 (I); HMC, Hatfield MSS, IX, pp. 282–3; Chamberlain, pp. 56, 58–60, 61–4; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, p. 268.

  48 SP 12/272, nos. 70, 80, 84; Collins, II, pp. 111, 119; HMC, Hatfield MSS, IX, pp. 327–8; Wernham, Return of the Armadas, p. 270.

  49 E. Pears, ‘The Spanish Armada and the Ottoman Porte’, EHR, 8 (1893), pp. 439–96; A. L. Horniker, ‘William Harborne and the Beginning of Anglo-Turkish Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, JMH, 14 (1942), pp. 308–13; S. A. Skilliter, ‘The Turkish Documents Relating to Sir Edward Barton’s Embassy to the Porte, 1588–1598’, University of Manchester Ph.D. (1965), pp. 17–19, 120–21; F. Essadek, ‘Representations of Ottoman Sultans in Elizabethan Times’, University of Durham Ph.D. (2013), pp. 107–9.

  50 C. Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1925), III, pp. 226–8; Skilliter, ‘Turkish Documents’, pp. 15–16; L. Jardine, ‘Gloriana Rules the Waves, or, The Advantage of Being Excommunicated (and a Woman)’, TRHS, 14 (2004), pp. 214–17.

  51 Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. III, iii, 1, pp. 126–8.

  52 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XIII, pp. 378–80; R. Knolles, The Generall Historie of the Turkes (London, 1610), pp. 1006–1007, where the Sultan’s reply is misdated to 1589.

  53 SP 97/2, fos. 247–50, 261, 263. Don Solomon was Lopez’s sister-in-law’s brother.

  54 SP 97/2, fo. 255. Don Solomon’s agent in London, Judasser Fatim, went to great lengths to persuade Burghley to secure an indefinite reprieve for Lopez, oblivious to the fact that Burghley’s and Robert Cecil’s interests by that time meant that he had to die, whether guilty or not.

  55 Skilliter, ‘Turkish Documents’, pp. 65–83, 146–51.

  56 Skilliter, ‘Turkish Documents’, pp. 157–8.

  57 SP 102/61, fos. 82 (original), 80 (Italian translation); Skilliter, ‘Turkish Documents’, pp. 98–9, 161–2.

  58 CSPV, 1592–1601, no. 240; S. A. Skilliter, ‘Three Letters from the Ottoman “Sultana” Sa¯fiye to Queen Elizabeth I’, in Documents from Islamic Chanceries, ed. S. M. Stern, Oxford Oriental Studies, III (Oxford, 1965), p. 149; Jardine, ‘Gloriana Rules the Waves’, pp. 217–20; Essadek, ‘Representations of Ottoman Sultans’, pp. 118–19.

  59 Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, pp. 119–57.

  60 BL, Cotton MS, Nero B.VIII, fos. 61–2 (original); SP 97/2, fos. 295–6 (Italian translation); Hakluyt, II, i, pp. 311–12; Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, pp. 130–33, 147–8; Jardine, ‘Gloriana Rules the Waves’, p. 219. An inventory and valuation of these gifts prepared under Barton’s supervision before they left Istanbul reckoned they were worth £120 (£120,000 in modern values) and also indicates that some items were embezzled before delivery to the queen. See SP 97/2, fo. 230; Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, p. 148.

  61 SP 102/4, fos. 5, 19; SP 102/61, fo. 74 (Italian translation of SP 102/4, fo. 19); Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, pp. 133–40; Jardine, ‘Gloriana Rules the Waves’, pp. 220–22.

  62 SP 97/4, fos. 48–50; Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, pp. 150–51.

  63 Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. J. T. Bent, Hakluyt Society, 1st Series, 87 (1893), p. 63.

  64 For a fuller description of the voyage and of Dallam’s adventures, see Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. Bent, pp. 4–98. See also J. Carswell, ‘The Queen, the Sultan and the Organ’, Asian Affairs, 25 (1994), pp. 13–23.

  65 See Treasures of the Royal Courts: Tudors, Stuarts and the Russian Tsars (London, 2013), pp. 159–65.

  66 Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. Bent, pp. 61–3; Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, p. 150 (where the dates are New Style).

  67 Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. Bent, pp. 67–8. The description given by Carswell, ‘The Queen, the Sultan and the Organ’, pp. 16–18, drawn from an article in the Illustrated London News for 20 October 1860, may not conform to the finished version of the instrument, even if the (lost) document from which it purports to be derived is genuine.

  68 E 112/26/101. For Schetz’s activities, see E 351/543 (entries for 1598–9, 1599–1600); LC 5/31; REQ 2/34/115; REQ 2/136/91; REQ 2/265/25.

  69 Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. Bent, pp. 68–70.

  70 Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. Bent, pp. 70–73; Carswell, ‘The Queen, the Sultan and the Organ’, pp. 20–22.

  71 Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. Bent, pp. 73–80.

  72 SP 97/4, fos. 53–4; Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. Bent, p. 80; Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, p. 151 (where the dates are New Style).

  73 Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, pp. 139, 151.

  74 Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’, pp. 152–3.

  75 Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, ed. Bent, p. 98; Collins, II, p. 194.

  76 K. N. Chaudhuri, The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company, 1600–1640 (London, 1965), pp. 10–14.

  Chapter 19: Defying the Queen

  1 Collins, II, p. 114; SP 12/264, no. 77; BNF, MS FF 15974, fo. 174v.

  2 Harington, II, p. 291.

  3 Harington, II, p. 255.

  4 Harington, II, pp. 289–90.

  5 SP 63/205, no. 121.

  6 SP 63/205, no. 121.

  7 P. E. J. Hammer, ‘“Absolute and Sovereign Mistress of Her Grace”? Queen Elizabeth I and Her Favourites, 1581–92’, in The World of the Favourite, ed. J. H. Elliott and L. W. B. Brockliss (London, 1999), pp. 49–50.

  8 Collins, II, pp. 119–22.

  9 Collins, II, p. 128; Devereux, II, p. 77.

  10 Collins, II, pp. 127–9; Devereux, II, pp. 77–9.

  11 Collins, II, pp. 127–8.

  12 Collins, II, p. 129.

  13 Collins, II, p. 129.

  14 Collins, II, p. 129.

  15 Collins, II, p. 129.

  16 Collins, II, pp. 131–2.

  17 The Letters and Epigrams of Sir John Harington, ed. N. E. McClure (Philadelphia, 1930), p. 122.

  1
8 Folger, MS V.a.321, fos. 4v–5; Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 440–41.

  19 Folger, MS V.a.321, fos. 4v–5; SP 63/205, no. 246; SP 12/268, no. 45; SP 12/273, nos. 36–7.

  20 SP 12/273, no. 38.

  21 SP 12/273, no. 38.

  22 Collins, II, p. 134; Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 436. For the identity of ‘Dr Brown’, see E 351/543, m. 52.

  23 Collins, II, p. 139; Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 438.

  24 Collins, II, p. 151; Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 441.

  25 Collins, II, p. 153.

  26 Collins, II, p. 159; Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 441.

  27 Collins, II, p. 167; HMC, De L’Isle and Dudley MSS, II, p. 443.

  28 Collins, II, pp. 156, 158; Birch, II, Memoirs, p. 441.

  29 Collins, II, p. 156; Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 441.

  30 BM, Department of Prints and Drawings, ref O.7.283 (engraving of Essex); Hammer, ODNB, s.v. ‘Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex’.

  31 Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 442.

  32 SP 12/274, no. 39.

  33 SP 12/274, no. 40.

  34 SP 52/52, p. 29 (this entry book is paginated, not foliated).

  35 SP 12/274, no. 40 (endorsement).

  36 This is the only possible inference from the sequence of events. In any case, Elizabeth had ordered only Windebank’s written version of her instructions not to be sent. Her order to him to inform Cecil verbally of her wish to stop the Star Chamber proceedings still stood.

  37 SP 12/274, no. 42.

  38 Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 443.

  39 SP 12/274, no. 95.

  40 Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 384, 444.

  41 Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 444. For a highly convincing argument that the printed edition of Essex’s Apologie would be deliberately disseminated by his secretariat in the context of the peace negotiations at Boulogne in 1601, see A. Gajda, ‘Debating War and Peace in Late-Elizabethan England’, HJ, 52 (2009), pp. 858–62.

  42 SP 12/275, no. 13; Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 447–54.