Elizabeth

by John Guy

  4 Clapham, Certain Observations, ed. Read and Read, p. 90.

  5 Winwood, I, p. 292; M. Wyatt, The Italian Encounter with Tudor England (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 130–34.

  6 Alnwick Castle, MS 7, fo. 22, facsimile in N. Drumbolis, The Chamberlain’s Notes for Twelfth Night at Whitehall: A Closer Look at the Alnwick Manuscript (n.p., 2014), p. 56.

  7 L. Hotson, The First Night of Twelfth Night (London, 1954), passim; ‘Introduction’, Twelfth Night, ed. E. S. Donno and P. Gay (Cambridge, 2004; 2nd edn), pp. 1–4.

  8 For Hales’s presence that day, see Alnwick Castle, MS 7, fo. 22.

  9 Wyatt, Italian Encounter with Tudor England, pp. 132–3, which is based on the transcript of one of Orsini’s letters to his wife by R. Zapperi, Virginio Orsini: Un paladino nei palazzi incantati (Palermo, 1993), pp. 60–68. In readiness for Orsini’s entertainment, the Earl of Worcester’s lodging at Whitehall was refurbished, as were the chapel and closet. See E 351/543 (entries for 1600–1601).

  10 De Maisse, p. 95.

  11 De Maisse, p. 95; G. Goodman, The Court of King James I, ed. J. S. Brewer, 2 vols. (London, 1839), I, pp. 17–18; Wyatt, Italian Encounter with Tudor England, p. 133.

  12 Chamberlain, pp. 99–100.

  13 CCM, 1601–1603, no. 315.

  14 The Letters and Epigrams of Sir John Harington, ed. N. E. McClure (Philadelphia, 1930), pp. 90–91.

  15 Secret Corr., p. 26; Hartley, III, pp. 288–9.

  16 ‘The State of England AD 1600 by Thomas Wilson’, ed. F. J. Fisher, Camden Society, 3rd Series, 52 (1936), pp. 2–6; ‘Introduction’, in Doubtful and Dangerous: The Question of Succession in Late-Elizabethan England, ed. S. Doran and P. Kewes (Manchester, 2014), pp. 4–5.

  17 SP 12/273, no. 35; SP 12/278, no. 55.

  18 J. Harington, A Tract on the Succession to the Crown, ed. C. R. Markham (London, 1880), pp. 38–9.

  19 Harington, Tract on the Succession, ed. Markham, p. 51.

  20 HMC, Hatfield MSS, VIII, pp. 77–8, 152–3.

  21 A. Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court: The Secret Correspondence of James VI, 1601–1603’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, p. 136.

  22 SP 52/62, nos. 39, 43, 49–51.

  23 SP 52/62, no. 44 (endorsed as written in Elizabeth’s own hand); HMC, Hatfield MSS, XIX, pp. 1–3 (where wrongly dated).

  24 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XI, pp. 137–8; LQEJ, p. 137.

  25 Secret Corr., pp. 1–12. That James dictated Mar and Bruce’s instructions himself and kept them secret even from his own advisers is clear from SP 52/67, no. 8.

  26 Secret Corr., pp. 9–10.

  27 CSPD, 1601–1603 and Addenda, p. 25; Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, p. 138.

  28 SP 52/67, no. 32, endorsed by the filing clerk ‘Copy of her Majesty’s letter to the King of Scots written with her own hand’.

  29 CKJVI, p. xxxv.

  30 LQEJ, p. 138.

  31 Secret Corr., pp. 13–235; CKJVI, pp. 38–52. Much of this correspondence was intended for James, to be channelled through third parties, chiefly Edward Bruce.

  32 Secret Corr., p. 66. Elsewhere, Howard spoke of the ‘diabolical triplicity’ of Ralegh, Cobham and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland. See Secret Corr., pp. 29, 112.

  33 Secret Corr., pp. 27–39.

  34 Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, pp. 143–4.

  35 Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir George Carew, ed. J. Maclean, Camden Society, Old Series, 88 (1864), pp. 84–5, 89, 108, 116; M. Nicholls and P. Williams, Sir Walter Ralegh in Life and Legend (London, 2011), pp. 182–5.

  36 The Works of Sir Walter Ralegh, Knight, 8 vols. (Oxford, 1829), VIII, pp. 756–70.

  37 SP 52/67, no. 54; Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, p. 139.

  38 CKJVI, p. xxxv.

  39 CKJVI, pp. xxxv–vi; Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, pp. 139–41.

  40 SP 52/69, no. 65; Secret Corr., pp. 100, 114, 191, 225; CKJVI, p. xlii.

  41 Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, pp. 139–40.

  42 Collins, II, pp. 326–7; CKJVI, pp. xl–xli.

  43 Collins, II, pp. 326–7. A report of a narrow squeak in which Cecil’s secret correspondence was one day almost intercepted by the queen on its arrival at Greenwich Palace seems to be an invention. See Goodman, The Court of King James I, ed. Brewer, I, p. 32.

  44 CKJVI, p. 13.

  45 CKJVI, p. 7.

  46 ‘Lethington’s Account of Negotiations with Elizabeth in September and October 1561’, in A Letter from Mary Queen of Scots to the Duke of Guise, January 1562, ed. J. H. Pollen (Edinburgh, 1904), Appendix I, p. 41.

  47 CKJVI, pp. 7–8.

  48 CKJVI, p. 10.

  49 CKJVI, p. 31; Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, p. 141.

  50 CKJVI, p. 35; ‘The Journal of Sir Roger Wilbraham for the Years 1593–1616’, ed. H. S. Scott, Camden Society, 4th Series, 4 (1902), pp. 49–50.

  51 J. C. Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, University of Durham Ph.D. (1975), p. 165 (citing AGS, E972/sf).

  52 Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, pp. 154–77; A. J. Loomie, ‘King James I’s Catholic Consort’, HLQ, 34 (1971), pp. 305–7; A. J. Loomie, ‘Philip III and the Stuart Succession in England, 1600–1603’, Revue Belge de philologie et d’histoire, 43 (1965), pp. 498–501.

  53 J. D. Mackie, ‘The Secret Diplomacy of King James VI in Italy Prior to His Accession to the English Throne’, SHR, 21 (1924), pp. 275–82; A. O. Meyer, ‘Clemens VIII und Jakob I von England’, Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, herausgegeben vom Preußischen Historischen Institut in Rom, VII (1904), pp. 277–83; Loomie, ‘Philip III and the Stuart Succession in England’, pp. 496–8.

  54 Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, p. 159.

  55 Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, pp. 160–67.

  56 Loomie, ‘Philip III and the Stuart Succession in England’, pp. 502–3.

  57 Winwood, I, p. 26.

  58 Loomie, ‘Philip III and the Stuart Succession in England’, pp. 503–4.

  59 Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, pp. 167–8; P. C. Allen, Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy (New Haven, CT, 2000), pp. 100–104.

  60 SP 52/69, no. 53.

  61 Loomie, ‘Philip III and the Stuart Succession in England’, pp. 507–9, 512–13; Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, pp. 170–72.

  62 Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, pp. 92–128, 172–5; Allen, Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, pp. 104–7; G. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659 (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 80–86.

  63 Although lost, the letter is fully described by F. Moryson, An itinerary written by Fynes Moryson Gent. First in the Latine tongue, and then translated by him into English (London, 1617), Pt. II, ii, 2, p. 198.

  64 Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, ii, 2, pp. 184–5; R. B. Wernham, The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 390–91.

  65 SP 63/211, Pt. 1, stamped fos. 274–6, 278–83.

  66 SP 63/212, stamped fos. 153–6, 161, 213, 271–3.

  67 Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, iii, 1, pp. 267–71.

  68 E 351/543, mm. 79v–81; Nichols, III, pp. 577–9, 581–5.

  69 Lodge, II, pp. 552–4, 560–3, 568–9; Nichols, III, pp. 577–600; O. Poncet, Pomponne de Bellièvre (1529–1607): Un homme d’état au temps des Guerres de Religion (Par
is, 1998), pp. 239–40.

  70 Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir George Carew, ed. Maclean, p. 128.

  71 Lodge, II, p. 578.

  72 CSPV, 1592–1603, nos. 770, 870, 900.

  73 CSPV, 1592–1603, no. 1135 (where the dates are New Style).

  74 Letters and Epigrams of Sir John Harington, ed. McClure, pp. 96–8.

  75 SP 12/287, no. 50.

  76 Adams, ODNB, s.v. ‘Katherine Howard, née Carey’.

  77 Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth (Edinburgh, 1808), p. 116.

  Chapter 23: The Final Vigil

  1 Bodleian, Tanner MS 76, fo. 167; ECW, pp. 404–405. Compare the usual English view of the Gaelic Irish that ‘justice without mercy must first tame and command them, without the which . . . they will never be drawn to God or civil good’. See SP 63/145, stamped fo. 178.

  2 F. Moryson, An itinerary written by Fynes Moryson Gent. First in the Latine tongue, and then translated by him into English (London, 1617), Pt. II, iii, 2, p. 275.

  3 Bodleian, Tanner MS 76, fos. 171–2; ECW, pp. 405–8; Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, iii, 2, p. 275.

  4 CCM, 1601–1603, no. 378.

  5 J. Clapham, Certain Observations Concerning the Life and Reign of Queen Elizabeth, ed. E. P. Read and C. Read (Philadelphia, 1951), p. 98.

  6 SP 14/1, no. 6.

  7 BL, Cotton MS, Julius C.III, fo. 64, printed by Ellis, 2nd Series, III, p. 179, where the date is said, wrongly, to be 1596.

  8 SP 84/62, fo. 307 (where the date, obligingly, is said to be Old Style). See also CSPV, 1592–1603, nos. 1162, 1167, where fanciful gossip about the queen allegedly pining for Essex is interspersed with confirmation of the mouth abscesses.

  9 CKJVI, pp. xlviii–xlix; HMC, Hatfield MSS, XII, p. 667.

  10 Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth (Edinburgh, 1808), p. 116.

  11 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 117.

  12 SP 14/1, no. 6.

  13 ‘Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account of the Death of Queen Elizabeth’, ed. C. Loomis, English Literary Renaissance, 26 (1996), p. 485.

  14 ‘Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account’, ed. Loomis, pp. 485–6.

  15 Southwell’s testimony ended up with a large collection of Catholic and Jesuit relics at Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, where it can be found among the papers of Robert Parsons.

  16 ‘Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account’, ed. Loomis, pp. 485–6.

  17 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 119.

  18 SP 12/287, no. 50.

  19 Diary of John Manningham, ed. J. Bruce, Camden Society, Old Series, 99 (1868), p.146; SP 14/1, no. 6.

  20 Birch, Memoirs, II, p. 505.

  21 BNF, MS FF 3501, fo. 233.

  22 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 120.

  23 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 121.

  24 Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 121–2.

  25 SP 12/215, no. 65.

  26 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 122; J. E. Neale, ‘The Sayings of Queen Elizabeth’, History, 10 (1925), pp. 228–32.

  27 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 119

  28 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 120.

  29 SP 52/69, no. 53, endorsed by the filing clerk ‘Copy of her Majesty’s letter to the King of Scots written with her own hand’.

  30 ECW, p. 97.

  31 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 120.

  32 CSPV, 1592–1603, no. 1169.

  33 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 16.

  34 BL, Cotton MS, Titus C.VII, fo. 57r; W. Camden, Annales rerum anglicarum et hibernicarum Regnante Elizabetha, ed. T. Hearne, 3 vols. (London, 1747), III, p. 909.

  35 BL, Cotton MS, Titus C.VII, fo. 57r–v; Camden, Annales, ed. Hearne, III, pp. 911–12; Nichols, III, pp. 607–9. In Cotton’s manuscript, the dates given do not match the stated days of the week by a factor of one. I have taken the days to be correct but not the dates, otherwise Elizabeth died one day after she was already dead.

  36 Camden, pp. 660–61; Camden, Annales, ed. T. Hearne, III, pp. 909–11.

  37 The original dispatches are from de Beaumont’s letter-book covering the years 1602–1605, now BNF, MS FF 3501 (where all the dates are New Style). Previously, scholars had to rely on the Victorian excerpts by Armand Baschet in the NA.

  38 BNF, MS FF 3501, fo. 233v (date given in New Style). See also John Chamberlain’s report, SP 14/1, no. 6.

  39 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 32 (where the dates are New Style); Neale, ‘The Sayings of Queen Elizabeth’, p. 229.

  40 BNF, MS FF 3501, fos. 275v–7v.

  41 BNF, MS FF 3501, fos. 275v–7v; BL, Cotton MS, Titus C.VII, fo. 57r; Diary of John Manningham, ed. Bruce, p. 170.

  42 Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, iii, 2, p. 277; R. B. Wernham, The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 405–406.

  43 SP 63/215, no. 34; Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, iii, 2, pp. 278–80. Although the document recording Tyrone’s submission to Elizabeth is lost, Fynes Moryson confirms that its terms were identical to those of his later submission to King James, the name only changed. See SP 63/215, no. 13; Moryson, Itinerary, Pt. II, iii, 2, p. 281.

  44 SP 63/215, nos. 15, 17–18.

  45 R. Rapple, ‘Brinkmanship and Bad Luck: Ireland, the Nine Years’ War and the Succession’, in Doubtful and Dangerous: The Question of Succession in Late-Elizabethan England, ed. S. Doran and P. Kewes (Manchester, 2014), p. 252.

  46 J. C. Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, University of Durham Ph.D. (1975), pp. 128, 131.

  47 P. C. Allen, Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy (New Haven, CT, 2000), pp. 105–107.

  48 Allen, Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, pp. 105–107; Thewlis, ‘The Peace Policy of Spain’, p. 207.

  49 A. J. Loomie, ‘Philip III and the Stuart Succession in England, 1600–1603’, Revue Belge de philologie et d’histoire, 43 (1965), pp. 506–14.

  50 CKJVI, pp. xlix–liv.

  51 BNF, MS FF 3501, fos. 227v–9v, 233v–6; CSPV, 1592–1603, no. 1162; APC, XXXII, pp. 493–4; A. Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court: The Secret Correspondence of James VI, 1601–1603’, in Doubtful and Dangerous, ed. Doran and Kewes, pp. 144–6.

  52 CSPV, 1592–1603, no. 1162; CKJVI, p. 73.

  53 APC, XXXII, pp. 491–2; CKJVI, p. 73; CSPV, 1592–1603, no. 1162.

  54 BNF, MS FF 3501, fos. 227v–9v, 233v–6, 239; CSPV, 1592–1603, no. 1159.

  55 CKJVI, pp. li, 47.

  56 CSPV, 1592–1603, no. 1164.

  57 CSPV, 1592–1603, no. 1166.

  58 Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 122–4.

  59 Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 124–8. See also SP 14/1, no. 6.

  60 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XV, pp. 9–10.

  61 SP 14/1, nos. 1, 6; Folger MS V.b.142, fos. 65–8; Stuart Royal Proclamations, ed. J. F. Larkin and P. L. Hughes, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1973–83), I, pp. 1–4; Diary of John Manningham, ed. Bruce, p. 147.

  62 Diary of John Manningham, ed. Bruce, p. 147.

  63 SP 14/1, no. 7.

  64 SP 14/1, no. 7.

  65 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XV, pp. 10–11; J. Richards, ‘The English Accession of James VI: “National” Identity, Gender and the Personal Monarchy of England’, EHR, 117 (2002), p. 519.

  66 Richards, ‘The English Accession of James VI’, pp. 517–18.

  67 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 91.

  68 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 32; Anon., England’s Welcome to James, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith etc. (London, 1603), sig. B4. See also I. F[enton], King James, His Welcome to London (London, 1603), sig. B3v; Richards, ‘The English Accession of James VI’, p. 519.

  69 Diary of John Manningham, ed. Bruce, p. 159. The only dissentient source claiming the queen was embalmed is Clap
ham, Certain Observations, ed. Read and Read, p. 112.

  70 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 6; Diary of John Manningham, ed. Bruce, p. 159; R. Horrox, ‘Purgatory, Prayer and Plague’, in Death in England, ed. P. C. Jupp and C. Gittings (Manchester, 1999), pp. 99–100.

  71 C. Gittings, ‘Sacred and Secular, 1558–1660’, in Death in England, ed. Jupp and Gittings, pp. 156–7.

  72 Diary of John Manningham, ed. Bruce, p. 159.

  73 Clapham, Certain Observations, ed. Read and Read, p. 110.

  74 Ellis, 1st Series, III, pp. 65–6.

  75 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 40; Memoirs of the Duke of Sully during His Residence at the English Court (Dublin, 1751), pp. 126–7; Richards, ‘The English Accession of James VI’, pp. 524–5.

  76 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 6.

  77 SP 14/1, no. 21.

  78 SP 14/1, nos. 51–4; Clapham, Certain Observations, ed. Read and Read, pp. 111–15; Nichols, III, pp. 621–7; W. A. Jackson, ‘The Funeral Procession of Queen Elizabeth’, The Library, 4th Series, 26 (1946), pp. 262–71.

  79 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 36; Clapham, Certain Observations, ed. Read and Read, pp. 111–12.

  80 SP 14/1, no. 52; Clapham, Certain Observations, ed. Read and Read, p. 112.

  81 Clapham, Certain Observations, ed. Read and Read, p. 114.

  82 Clapham, Certain Observations, ed. Read and Read, p. 115.

  83 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 36; J. M. Walker, ‘Bones of Contention: Posthumous Images of Elizabeth and Stuart Politics’, in Dissing Elizabeth: Negative Representations of Gloriana, ed. J. M. Walker (Durham, NC, 1998), pp. 252–6, 270–71; J. Guy, ‘My Heart is My Own’: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 2004), pp. 504–5.

  84 The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, ed. J. Nichols, 4 vols. (London, 1828), I, pp. 98–101.

  Epilogue

  1 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XV, pp. 345–6; Ellis, 1st Series, III, p. 63.

  2 SP 14/1, nos. 16, 59.

  3 SP 14/1, nos. 18, 21.

  4 Diary of John Manningham, ed. J. Bruce, Camden Society, Old Series, 99 (1868), pp. 168, 171; The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, ed. J. Nichols, 4 vols. (London, 1828), I, pp. 52, 98.