by John Guy
5 Neither party would live down the ensuing scandal. Mountjoy died only three months later, in 1606, Penelope following him to the grave within eighteen months.
6 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XV, pp. 9–10.
7 M. Lee, Great Britain’s Solomon: James VI and I in His Three Kingdoms (Urbana and Chicago, 1990), p. 103.
8 APC, XXXII, p. 495.
9 APC, XXXII, pp. 496–7.
10 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XV, pp. 345–6; Ellis, 1st Series, III, p. 63.
11 CUL, MS Ii.5.21, fol. 47v; J. H. Baker, ODNB, s.v. ‘Sir Thomas Egerton’.
12 APC, XXXII, p. 497; Lee, Great Britain’s Solomon, p. 103.
13 APC, XXXII, p. 497.
14 APC, XXXII, p. 501.
15 The Letters of Sir Walter Ralegh, ed. A. Latham and J. Youings (Exeter, 1999), no. 164; M. Nicholls and P. Williams, Sir Walter Ralegh in Life and Legend (London, 2011), pp. 191–2.
16 APC, XXXII, p. 498.
17 Lee, Great Britain’s Solomon, p. 103.
18 Diary of John Manningham, ed. Bruce, pp. 160, 171.
19 SP 14/11, no. 44* (stamped fos. 134–5); Diary of John Manningham, ed. Bruce, pp. 168, 171.
20 BNF, MS FF 3501, fos. 313v–18v.
21 CSPV, 1603–1607, no. 22.
22 Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, ed. Nichols, I, p. 118.
23 Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, ed. Nichols, I, p. 152.
24 S. R. Gardiner, A History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642, 10 vols. (London, 1900), I, pp. 108–40; M. Nicholls, ‘Treason’s Reward: The Punishment of Conspirators in the Bye Plot of 1603’, HJ, 38 (1995), pp. 821–42; M. Nicholls, ‘Sir Walter Ralegh’s Treason: A Prosecution Document’, EHR, 110 (1995), pp. 902–24; M. Nicholls, ‘Two Winchester Trials: The Prosecution of Henry, Lord Cobham, and Thomas, Lord Grey of Wilton, 1603’, HR, 68 (1995), pp. 26–48; P. Lefranc, ‘Ralegh in 1596 and 1603: Three Unprinted Letters in the Huntington Library’, HLQ, 29 (1966), pp. 337–45; Nicholls and Williams, Sir Walter Ralegh, pp. 194–222.
25 Nicholls, ‘Treason’s Reward’, pp. 822–3.
26 Gardiner, History of England, I, pp. 116–20; Nicholls, ‘Sir Walter Ralegh’s Treason’, pp. 906–10, 912–24.
27 Gardiner, History of England, I, p. 117; Nicholls, ‘Sir Walter Ralegh’s Treason’, p. 911.
28 Nicholls, ‘Treason’s Reward’, pp. 907–8.
29 State Trials, I, pp. 212–26; SP 12/278, no. 102 (pencilled fos. 199–205, formerly fos. 219–25).
30 SP 12/278, no. 102 (pencilled fos. 204v–5, formerly 224v–5); Nicholls, ‘Sir Walter Ralegh’s Treason’, pp. 907–8.
31 Nicholls and Williams, Sir Walter Ralegh, p. 241.
32 APC, XXXIV, p. 456.
33 Camden, pp. 659–60.
34 G. Goodman, The Court of King James I, ed. J. S. Brewer, 2 vols. (London, 1839), I, pp. 96–8.
35 R. Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia, printed in Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth (Edinburgh, 1808), pp. 178–9. For Naunton’s career, see Birch, Memoirs, II, pp. 198–9, 200–202, 211–13, 237–9, 241–8, 256–66, 286–9, 292–4.
36 Hartley, III, p. 278.
37 Harington, II, p. 292.
38 Harington, II, p. 212.
39 Harington, II, pp. 220–21.
40 The Works of Sir Walter Ralegh, Knight, 8 vols. (Oxford, 1829), VIII, p. 246.
41 SP 52/69, no. 53. Elizabeth gave a not dissimilar justification of herself and her foreign policy in her closing speech at the end of the 1601 Parliament. See Hartley, III, pp. 278–81.
42 Hartley, III, p. 278.
43 A. Courtney, ‘The Scottish King and the English Court: The Secret Correspondence of James VI, 1601–1603’, in Doubtful and Dangerous: The Question of Succession in Late-Elizabethan England, ed. S. Doran and P. Kewes (Manchester, 2014), p. 139.
44 State Trials, I, p. 217.
Illustration Credits
Archives Générales du Royaume, Brussels
Document showing Elizabeth suing abjectly for peace with Spain as late as 20 June 1588, ref. T 109/587/2
The Bridgeman Art Library
The ‘Siena Portrait’ of Elizabeth holding a sieve, by Quentin Metsys the Younger, Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena, Italy/Bridgeman Images
Mary Queen of Scots, by Nicholas Hilliard, Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Bridgeman Images
Lettice Knollys, English School, Private Collection/Bridgeman Images
William Cecil, Lord Burghley, English School, after 1572, Burghley House Collection, Lincolnshire/Bridgeman Images
Philip II, by Sofonisba Anguissola, Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain/Bridgeman Images
Portrait of a man often said to be Sir Francis Drake, by Isaac Oliver, Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Bridgeman Images
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, depicted as ‘The Young Man among the Roses’, by Nicholas Hilliard, Victoria and Albert Museum, London/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images
Sir Walter Ralegh, showing the battle for Cádiz in the background, attributed to William Segar, National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland/Bridgeman Images
The ‘Armada Portrait’ of Elizabeth, circle of George Gower, Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire/Bridgeman Images
Elizabeth aged fifty-nine, by Isaac Oliver, Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Bridgeman Images
Robert Cecil, by John de Critz, Hatfield House, Hertfordshire/Bridgeman Images
Equestrian portrait of Henry IV of France before the walls of Paris, 1594, Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Paris/Bridgeman Images
The ‘Rainbow Portrait’ of Elizabeth, by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Hatfield House, Hertfordshire/Bridgeman Images
British Library
Elizabeth corrects the second version of her reply to Parliament’s petition in 1586 urging her to execute Mary Queen of Scots, from Lansdowne MS 94, art. 35, fo. 87, photo © The British Library, 2016
British Museum
Thomas Cockson’s engraving of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, 1600, ref. O.7.283 © The Trustees of the British Museum
Jan Rutlinger’s engraved portrait of Elizabeth c.1585, ref. 1905.0414.45 © The Trustees of the British Museum
Clare College, Cambridge
Elizabeth’s letter of instructions to Lord Willoughby, concerning the towns of Dordrecht and Geertruidenberg, 30 March 1588 (document on loan from an anonymous benefactor), with the kind permission of the benefactor and by courtesy of the Master, Fellows and Scholars of Clare College
Sir Walter Ralegh captures Don António de Berrío, the governor of the Spanish colony of Trinidad, woodcut by Theodor de Bry, 1602, shelfmark F.3.7, by courtesy of the Master, Fellows and Scholars of Clare College
The meeting on the south bank of the Orinoco between Sir Walter Ralegh and King Topiawari, woodcut by Theodor de Bry, 1602, shelfmark F.3.7, by courtesy of the Master, Fellows and Scholars of Clare College
The Elizabethan Gardens, Manteo, North Carolina
Elizabeth aged sixty-two or sixty-three, studio of Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, by courtesy of The Elizabethan Gardens. Photographer: Ray Matthews
Lambeth Palace Library
A copy of the warrant for the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, prepared by Robert Beale for the personal use of the Earl of Kent, one of the officiating commissioners present at Fotheringhay Castle, MS 4769, fo. 1
National Archives, Kew
The cipher used by Elizabeth’s peace commissioners at Bourbourg in 1588 to report their negotiations with the Duke of Parma’s representatives, ref. SP 106/1, no. 14, fo. 49
The third draft, heavily corrected by Burghley, of one of Elizabeth’s letters to Essex, recalling him from Rouen, ref. SP 78/25, fo. 388
Private Collection
Robert Vaug
han’s posthumous portrait of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1588, photograph © John Guy, 2016
Elizabeth’s tomb in the north aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel in Westminster Abbey, engraved by Magdalena or Willem de Passe
Public Domain
Archduke Albert of the Netherlands and Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain and Archduchess, c.1600, by courtesy of the University of Heidelberg/Arolsen Klebeband
Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut
An unknown woman, possibly the young Kate Carey, English School
Probably Katherine Carey, Elizabeth’s first cousin, wife of Sir Francis Knollys, by Steven van der Meulen
Anne of Denmark, studio of Nicholas Hilliard, after 1603
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in his mid-thirties, by Steven van der Meulen
Sir Francis Walsingham, by John de Critz, c.1585
‘The Family of Henry VIII’, a copy of a painting Elizabeth gave to Walsingham in c.1572, after Lucas de Heere
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, depicted with a spade-shaped beard, miniature sketch by Isaac Oliver
James VI of Scotland and I of England, by Nicholas Hilliard, c.1610
The ageing Elizabeth, based on Isaac Oliver’s face pattern, engraved by Crispijn de Passe, 1596
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abenaes, Solomon 313–14
Act for the Queen’s Surety 77, 82, 83–4, 365–6
African slaves 205–6
Águila, Juan del 349
Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of 31
Albert of Austria, Archduke: attack on Calais 258, 259; takes Amiens 275–6; loses Amiens to Henry 287; overtures from Henry 287; engagement to the Infanta 288; correspondence with Philip II 297–8; grows more conciliatory 302; enters Brussels 347; Verreycken’s demands to 348; and the Infanta’s claim to English throne 370–71; impotence 370
Alexander VI, Pope 64
Allen, Thomas 360–61, 393
Amadas, Philip 73
Amiens: taken by Albert 275–6; recovered by Henry IV 287
Anderson, Sir Edmund 353
Andrada, Manuel de 224–6, 228, 348
Angoulême, Charles, Duke of 47
Anjou, Francis, Duke of 32, 33–4, 36, 47–8
Anne Boleyn: marries Henry VIII 8; gives birth to Elizabeth 8; beheaded 46–7; Pollini’s claims concerning 196
Anne of Austria 20
Anne of Denmark: and Elizabeth 121–6, 245–6; marries James 125; gives birth to Prince Henry 237; and Catholicism 306–7, 370; attire allowed in presence of James 389
António, Prior of Crato 129, 130, 132–3, 208, 223, 224, 229, 231, 235
Antwerp 31, 32–3, 34, 37, 71
Arden, Edward 34
Ardern Hall, Horndon-on-the-Hill 107
Aremberg, Charles de Ligne, Comte d’ 395
Armadas, Spanish 4; first 94, 99–100, 103–6, 110; celebration of defeat of first Armada 115–16; second 221, 258, 273–4, 276, 314; and English counter-Armada 258–64; third 280–81; fourth 312–13; fifth 335, 349
Arundel, Anne Howard, Countess of 173
Ascham, Roger 12
Ashley, Sir Anthony 266
Ashley, John 62
Ashley, Katherine (‘Kat’), née Champernowne 62
Assheton, Abdias 343, 344
Aubespine, Guillaume de l’, Baron de Châteauneuf 84–5, 88
Aylmer, John 11, 163–4, 165, 173
Azevedo, Pedro Enríquez de, Count of Fuentes 258
Azores 96, 130, 264, 279–80, 313, 339, 399
Babington, Anthony, and his plot 81–2
Bacon, Anne, née Cooke 272–3
Bacon, Anthony: as Essex’s chief intelligencer 214, 227n, 230, 242–3, 245, 251; and Stafford 214; and Lopez 231; and Foulis 242–3, 245; and Ralegh 260; and A True Relation of the Action at Cádiz 266; terminal illness 271; and Phelippes 298
Bacon, Francis: Essex lobbies for 227–8, 231; and Phelippes 229; mocks Cecil 243; pageant on Essex’s love for Elizabeth 254–5, 257; advises Essex concerning treatment of Elizabeth 267–8; on Essex’s vulnerability 311; at trial of Essex and Southampton 342
Bacon, Sir Nicholas 14
Bailey, Dr 84
Ballaclinch ford 311, 320
Bancroft, Richard 164
Barker, Robert 356
Barlowe, Arthur 73
Barrientos, Baltasar Álamos de 304
Bartholomew Fair 196–7
Barton, Edward 314, 315
Bassani brothers 39–40
Beale, Robert 36, 86, 88, 251
Beauchamp, Edward Seymour, Lord 156, 249, 364
Beaufort, Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby 223
Beaumont, Christophe de Harlay, Comte de 373, 380, 382–3, 389–90, 394
Beauvoir-la-Nocle, Jean de la Fin, Sieur de 139, 141
Begoña 258
Bellamy, Anne 173
Bellamy, Thomas 173
Berkeley, Henry, 7th Baron 148–9
Berkeley, Katherine, née Howard 148
Berkeley, Sir Richard 327
Berkeley Castle 148–9
Bernard of Anhalt 227
Berrío, António de 219, 220
Bertie, Peregrine, 13th Baron Willoughby 58, 138–9, 142
Beza, Theodore 161, 165
Biron, Armand de Gontau, Marshal 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 188
Blount, Charles see Mountjoy, Charles Blount, 8th Baron
Blount, Sir Christopher 114, 216, 331, 335, 337, 343
Blount, Elizabeth (‘Bessie’) 282
Blount, Sir Michael 234–5
Blount, Thomas 46
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus 198
Boleyn, Lady Elizabeth 196
Boleyn, George 47
Boleyn, Mary 26
Bond of Association 76–7, 85, 248, 365–6
Book of Common Prayer 167
Boris Godunov 316
Bothwell, Francis Stewart, Earl of 241–2, 244
Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of 28
Boulogne peace conference 348
Bourbon, Cardinal Charles of, archbishop of Rouen 36, 121
Bourbourg 98, 288, 297
Bracciano, Virginio Orsini, Duke of 362–3
Brakenbury, Richard 140
Brancas, André, Sieur de Villars 183
Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk 9
Brandon, Eleanor 9, 250
Brandon, Frances 9
Brewe, Patrick 331
Britten, Benjamin, Gloriana 5
Bromley, Sir Thomas 127
Brooke, Elizabeth, later Elizabeth Cecil 150, 269
Brooke, George 394
Brown, Dr 324
Browne, Anthony, 1st Viscount Montague 152–3, 154–5, 170
Browne, Mabel 153
Bruce, Edward, Lord Kinloss 366, 367–8, 385, 393
Brussels 31, 37, 229–30, 232, 297, 298, 347
Brydges, Bess 273
Brydges, Eleanor 213
Buccleuch, Walter Scott, 1st Lord Scott of 305
Buckett, Rowland 316
Buckhurst, Thomas Sackville, Baron, 1st Earl of Dorset 89, 234, 321, 327, 343, 347–8, 390, 393
Burgh, Sir John 209, 210, 215, 217
Burgh, Thomas, 3rd Baron 283, 305, 309
Burghley, Lady Mildred 240–41
Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Baron: Camden protects reputation 2; Cecil’s promotion to Baron of Burghley 2; as Lord Treasurer 2, 97, 119, 183, 351; and M
ary’s execution 2, 88; Froude’s depiction 4; background 12–13; appearance 12; wishes for masculine succession 12; as Elizabeth’s principal secretary 13, 16, 19, 20; manipulates Elizabeth 13, 14; and Heneage 17; drafting Elizabeth’s letters 19, 20; attitudes and concerns regarding Mary Queen of Scots 20, 29, 30; and the Northern Rising 26; and the Ridolfi Plot 28–9; conforms to Catholicism during Mary Tudor’s reign 30; Protestant faith 30; and the Dutch 43; and the Huguenots 51; and Leicester 58; and Ralegh 65, 128, 138; and the Bond of Association 76; and the succession question 77, 238, 401; and relations between Elizabeth and Mary 80; interrogates those involved in Babington Plot 82; and Mary’s death warrant 84–7, 88–90, 103; and Davison 84, 88–9, 90; fosters false rumour of Spanish troops in Wales 84; and Walsingham 84, 119; banished from Elizabeth’s presence 90; commits perjury 90; urges Elizabeth to prepare for war with Philip 96–7; at Tilbury 107, 109–10; and Elizabeth’s sitting for portraits 118–19; proposes strike at first Armada remnants 128–9; and Essex 128, 138, 143, 180, 181, 183, 184–5, 186, 243, 264, 265, 270–71; and Portugal 129–30; letter to Figliazzi 137; at Theobalds 149–51; secures knighthood for son, Robert 150–51; and Cobham 150; gout 150, 232, 241; and Cartwright 165; and Hatton 166; and the puritan trials 166; and Catholics 172–3; and Elizabeth’s dealings with Essex 180, 181; and Carey 181; and military conscription 202; and Elizabeth’s imposition of martial law 203–5; and Lopez 223–4, 228, 229, 233, 235; and Andrada 225–6; death of wife, Mildred 240–41; arthritis 241; and James 243; political creed 256; and Unton 257; and the counter-Armada 258; intervenes with Elizabeth over signing of warrants 270; and Howard 271; loathed by Rich 271; and the second Gran Armada 274; and correspondence between Albert and Philip II 297–8; and Phelippes 297–8; death 302–3, 319; final words to son, Robert Cecil 303; covers up financial improprieties 351; Elizabeth’s manipulation of 397; and Davison 84, 88–9, 90
Burghley House 149
Burke, Richard, Earl of Clanricarde and Viscount Tunbridge 392
Burnham, Edward 43
Butler, Thomas, Earl of Ormond 107
Byrd, William 271
Cabot, John 64
Cabot, Sebastian 64
Cádiz 94, 95, 260–64, 265, 270, 273, 399
Cahir Castle 309
Calais 32, 220, 258, 260, 297
Calvinism: and Elizabeth 13, 161–3, 164–5, 166–9; Dutch Calvinists 21, 30–33, 34, 37, 41, 43, 53, 193, 370, 403; presbyterians 161–3, 165; Marprelate tracts 164–5; Huguenots see Huguenots