by John Guy
Camden, William, Annales (The History of Elizabeth) 1, 2, 21, 119, 168, 176, 201, 300, 344, 356, 382, 396
Cannon, Ruth Coltrane 293
Carew, Sir George 212, 265, 283, 349, 350
Carey, Sir Edward 344
Carey, Henry see Hunsdon, Henry Carey, 1st Baron
Carey, Katherine (Kate), Countess of Nottingham 100–101, 272, 282, 283, 374–5, 379
Carey, Philadelphia, Lady Scrope 195, 375, 379, 386
Carey, Robert 91, 180–81, 182, 226–7, 375, 378, 381, 386
Carey, William 26
Carleton, George 165
Cartari, Vincenzo 147
Cartier, Jacques 67
cartography 67, 72
Cartwright, Thomas 165–70
Castelnau, Michel de, Sieur de la Mauvissière 33, 36, 48, 50, 70
Castile, Constable of 384–5
Catherine of Lancaster, Queen of Castile 250n
Catherine of Navarre 121, 122
Catholic League 37, 122–3, 138–9, 141, 177–89
Catholicism: and Elizabeth 13, 30, 170, 171, 172–3; Catholic exiles in Paris 26–7, 30, 34; English Catholic exiles 26–7; and the Northern Rising 26; and the question of succession 29–30, 306–7, 370; Inquisition 31; searches for Catholics in London 37–8; Sixtus V’s attempts to convert James to 94, 120; Cowdray proclamations against Catholics 154, 172; seminary priests 154, 171, 175; and Burghley 172–3; and Southwell 173–6; Henry’s conversion to 189–90, 197, 198, 288, 401; Henry berated by Elizabeth over conversion to 190, 401–2; in Ireland 305; and Anne of Denmark 306–7, 370; and James 370, 384, 385, 387; Jesuits see Jesuits
Caudebec 187
Cavalli, Marin 382
Cavendish, Margaret 211
Cecil, Elizabeth, née Brooke 150, 269
Cecil, Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury: and Theobalds 149, 150–51; marriage to Elizabeth Brooke 150, 269; knighthood 151; and Hatton 168; and Essex 179, 231–2, 243, 260, 264, 265, 270–71, 282, 309, 310, 321, 326, 327, 330, 331–2, 336, 339, 340–42, 343, 344, 402; given custody of Ralegh 211–12; and privateering 216–17, 220–21; and Ralegh 216–17, 220–21, 275–6, 327, 367, 394; and Lopez 228, 229, 230–31, 233, 234–5; and de Gama 233–4; and Tinoco 233–4; Elizabeth’s pet names 243; lampooned by the Bacons 243; appointed principal secretary 264, 269; death of wife 269; secures Lord Chamberlain post for Cobham 269; and Henry Howard 271, 367, 392; and the second Gran Armada 275–6; talks with Henry IV 296–7, 298–300; Burghley’s final words to 303; and James 307, 368–9, 378, 381–2, 385–8, 392, 393; and Ireland 309, 310, 373, 377; and Tyrone 309, 310, 373, 377; rewarded by Elizabeth 324; on Elizabeth’s ploys 326, 396–7; and Mountjoy 343; and Verreycken 347–8; leads party for peace with Spain 347; and parliamentary complaints of financial scandals and practices 351–2, 354–6; and monopoly grants 354–5; and Cobham 367, 394; overtures from Mar and Bruce 368; and Cotton 382; rise to Lord Cecil of Essendon, Viscount Cranborne and Earl of Salisbury 393
Cecil, Thomas, Lord Burghley and 1st Earl of Exeter 149
Cecil, Sir William see Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Baron
Cecil House 42
Chamberlain, John 378
Champernownes of Modbury 207–8
Chancellor, Richard 65
Channel privateering 207–8
Charles I of England 365
Charles I, suitability to rule challenge 2
Charles II, Archduke of Austria 47
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 31, 400
Châteauneuf, Guillaume de l’Aubespine, Baron de 84–5, 88
church: presbyterians 161–3, 165; monarch as Supreme Governor 161, 165–7; Calvinist see Calvinism; Catholic see Catholicism; puritans see puritans
Churchyard, Thomas 23, 145
Clanricarde, Richard Burke, Earl of 392
Clapham, John 362
Clement VIII, Pope 307
Clément, Jacques 122
Clifford, Lord George see Cumberland, George Clifford, Earl of
Clifford, Margaret, Dowager Countess of Derby 9, 250
Cobham, Henry Brooke, 11th Baron: and Shakespeare’s Richard II 340; and James 367; and Ralegh 367, 392, 394–5; and peace with Spain 369
Cobham, William Brooke, 10th Baron: and Burghley 150; and the Marprelate tracts 166; death 269; Robert Cecil secures Lord Chamberlain post for 269
Cockson, Thomas 324–5
Coke, Sir Edward 231, 233, 342, 395
Coligny, Gaspard de 67
Compiègne 178
Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England 247–53
conscription, military 202, 205, 276, 349–50, 355
Constable, Sir William 335
Cooper, Thomas 111, 115
Copley, Thomas 174–5
Corsini, Filippo 363
Coruña 103, 132, 274, 276, 312
Cotgrave, Randle 290–91
Cotton, Sir Robert 382
Council of War 263–5
counter-Armada 258–64
Cowdray 152–5, 170, 172
Crichton, Walter 35
Croke, John 351, 359
Cromwell, Oliver 391
Cuffe, Henry: A True Relation of the Action at Cádiz 265–6; and Essex 323, 327, 342; hanged 343
Cumberland, George Clifford, Earl of 110, 146, 209, 217, 218
Curle, Gilbert 81, 82
Curson, Thomas 331
da Gama, Esteban Ferreira 228, 230, 232, 233–4, 235
Dallam, Thomas 316–17
Danvers, Sir Charles 328, 333, 343
Darcy, Edward 344, 352, 353, 360–61, 393
Darcy, Sir Francis 211
Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord 28
Dartmouth 215, 216
Davies, Sir John 333, 335
Davison, William: and Elizabeth 42, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 138, 396; sent to Holland 42; and Leicester 53; and Burghley 84, 88–9, 90; and Mary’s death warrant 84, 85, 85–6, 138, 396; sent to the Tower 88; saved by Buckhurst 89; tried and sentenced 90; and Essex 138, 150
Dee, John 66, 96
Dell, William 356
Derby, Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of 272–3
Derby, Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of 42, 98, 99
Derby, Margaret Clifford, Dowager Countess of 9, 250
Derby, William Stanley, 6th Earl of 250
Devereux, Dorothy 51
Devereux, Frances see Walsingham, Frances, Countess of Essex & of Clanricarde
Devereux, Robert, 2nd Earl of Essex see Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of
Devereux, Robert, 3rd Earl of Essex 392, 394
Devereux, Walter, 1st Earl of Essex 49
Devereux, Walter, brother of 2nd Earl of Essex 134, 179
Devonshire, 1st Earl of see Mountjoy, Charles Blount, 8th Baron
Dieppe 138–9, 141, 177, 182, 186
Dissolution of the Monasteries 148, 305
Donhault, Gregory 360
Dormer, Lady Jane 385
Dorset, Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of 89, 234, 321, 327, 343, 347–8, 390, 393
Dove, Thomas 343
Drake, Sir Francis: debt to visionary queen 3; and Elizabeth 3, 95–6, 97–8; and Virginia 74–5; successes in 1587 against Philip 95–6; Cádiz attack 95; defence against first Armada 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 110; and the counter-Armada 128, 258–9; and Norris 129–33; and Portugal 129–33; and Philip’s treasure ships 129; privateering 208, 258–9
Drury, Sir Robert 333
Drury House 333, 334
Dublin 309
Dudley, Ambrose, Earl of Warwick, 51
Dudley, Amy, née Robsart 45–6
Dudley, Mary (later Mary Sidney) 44
Dudley, Lord Robert see Leicester, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of
Dudley, Robert, Lord Denbigh (died in childhood) 50
Dudley, Sir Robert (son of Leicester and Lady Sheffield) 49, 211, 379
Durham House, the Strand 67, 212, 367
dysentery 133, 259
Dzialynski, Paul 359
Edmonds, Sir Thomas 301
Edward VI 8–9, 23, 45, 65
Egerton, Sir Thomas: as Queen’s Attorney 169, 227–8; and Essex 284, 325, 327, 328, 336; and the uncertainty over succession 364; entertains Elizabeth at Harefield 373; made Baron Ellesmere 393; made Lord Chancellor 393
El Dorado 218–21, 395–6
Elizabeth I: birth 1, 8; executes Mary Queen of Scots 1, 87–8, 403; proclaimed queen 1; reign 1, 5–6, 358, 396, 402; temper 1, 3, 51, 98, 212–14, 364, 398; ‘Good Queen Bess’ myth 2, 201, 206; Religious Settlement 2, 13, 21, 26, 31, 68, 152, 161, 162; Victorian veneration 2; Froude’s depiction 3–4; ‘Coronation Portrait’ 3; defies threat of Philip II of Spain 3; defies threats of Mary Queen of Scots 3; and Drake 3, 95–6, 97–8; vanity 3, 289, 398; Strachey’s depiction 4–6; and the ‘cult’ of Gloriana 5, 23, 145, 158, 267, 401–2; infatuation with, favours to, and need of attention from Essex 5, 116, 128, 227, 254, 268, 282–3, 308, 397; Chamber accounts 7; in Henry VIII’s will 8–9; Henry VIII’s view of 8; Feria’s assessment of 10–11; language skill 12, 359–60; smallpox 13–14, 44–5; and Calvinism 13, 161–3, 164–5, 166–9; and Catholicism 13, 30, 170, 171, 172–3; manipulated by Burghley 13, 14; pastimes 15–16; use of Privy Chamber 15; late rising and dressing 16–17; and the bureaucratic system 17–21; ghostwritten letters of 18–20; shifting blame on to others 20–21; and Wyatt’s rebellion against Mary Tudor 20–21, 80; and deteriorating Anglo-Spanish relations 20; seizes Genoese treasure bound for Philip’s troops in the Netherlands 20; passes age of childbearing 21–2; motto, Semper Eadem 21, 146, 200; ageless image 22; context of relationship with Essex and Ralegh 22; mortality 22, 113, 138, 238–9, 294; Ralegh as a favourite of 22, 60, 63, 66–7, 327; as Virgin Queen 22, 145; physical appearance/complaints with ageing 23–4, 239–40, 245, 279, 292–6, 300, 319, 362, 364, 366, 373–5; ‘Rainbow Portrait’ 23, 292, 295; succession question 23, 29–30, 77, 237, 238–9, 248–51, 307, 364–71, 375, 380–83,
401; excommunicated 25–6; papal decree deposing 25–6, 34; response to Northern Rising 26; Ridolfi Plot against 27–9; ambivalence towards Mary Queen of Scots 29–30, 78–80; belief in primacy of dynasty over religion 30; conforms to Catholicism during Mary Tudor’s reign 30; and the Netherlands 31–3, 41–2, 51, 53–7, 98, 276, 288, 297, 301, 302, 400; and Philip II’s actions in the Netherlands 31–3, 400–401; and Anjou 32, 33–4, 36, 47–8; treated by Philip as diplomatic pawn 32, 224, 288; Somerville’s plot against 34–5; Guise conspiracy against 35–6; Mendoza’s involvement in plots against 36, 57; and the Bassani brothers 39–40; gastric disorder 41–2; Parry’s plot against 42–3; and Davison 42, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 138, 396; love for Leicester 44, 45, 48–9, 50, 52, 56–7, 116; psychological doubts about marriage 46–8; suitors 47–8; denies report of pregnancy by Seymour 47; Philip II as suitor 47; and Leicester’s marriage to Lettice Knollys 50–51, 52, 113–14; hunting 51, 148; and Kenilworth Castle 51; and Leicester’s actions in the Netherlands 53–7; and Parma 55, 95, 96–7, 98–9, 187, 224, 288; questions Leicester over use of Crown funds 58; and Hatton 60–61, 63, 88, 161–2, 167–8, 255–6, 267, 398; and von Wedel 60; monopoly grants 65, 67, 352–6, 360–61; and the New World 68, 69–70, 71–4; refuses payment/help to soldiers and mariners 74, 119–20, 187, 201, 402; and the Bond of Association 76–7; dilemma of defending both Protestant faith and God-appointed monarchy 76, 169, 400; Act for the Queen’s Surety 77, 82, 83–4, 365–6; Babington Plot against 81–2; and implications of Mary’s death on sovereignty of the monarchy 82–3, 87, 403; gives Ralegh Babington’s lands 82; and Mary’s death warrant 84–7, 88, 89–90, 103, 138, 403; sardonic humour 85, 151, 319; dreams of Mary’s death 87; banishes Burghley from her presence 90; coming to terms with having executed Mary 91–2; attests innocence concerning Mary’s death to James 91; denies responsibility for regicide 91, 396; bribes James 93; and James’s pension 93, 121, 237, 305, 368; league with James (ratified 1586) 93; spied on by Stafford, as ‘Julio’ 94–5, 99, 101; Sixtus V urges Philip to overthrow her 94; instructs Howard to take defensive action against first Armada 100–101; takes charge of defence against first Armada 100, 102–3; freezes out Burghley from highest decision-making 103; inspects and addresses troops at Tilbury 106–10, 119, 200–201; letters from Leicester at end of his life 111–13, 380; Accession Day celebrations 111, 145–7; grief at Leicester’s death 114–15; celebration of Armada defeat 115–16; depression 115, 226–7, 319, 374–5; makes Essex Master of the Horse 115; ‘Armada’ portraits 117–18; portrait sittings 117–18; as defender of social hierarchy 117; Hilliard portrait 118, 188; and the typhus epidemic 119–20; and Anne of Denmark 121–6, 245–6; backs Catherine of Navarre 121; backs Henry of Navarre in succession struggle 121; and Huntly 122, 124–5, 237, 241–2, 306–7; supports Henry IV against Leaguers and Spain 123, 141, 177–89, 400; correspondence with James 125, 161, 164, 237–8, 244, 366–7, 400; does not give Essex a pet name 128; responds to Essex joining Drake and Norris 130–32, 133–5; letter to Essex 131; and António 132, 223; ‘authority to rule’ 132; disapproval of illicit sex 136; rescue mission for Henry IV 138–9; and Essex’s secret marriage 140–41; treaties with Henry IV 141, 188, 259–60; commissions Essex as Lieutenant-General in France 142–3; letters to Henry IV 143, 179, 184, 190, 191, 300–301; ‘Ditchley Portrait’ 145; ‘Siena Portrait’ 145; 1591 summer progress of ‘the visible queen’ 147–60; at Berkeley Castle 148–9; at Theobalds 149–51; tries to arrange rendezvous with Henry IV in Portsmouth 151–5; at Cowdray 152–5, 170; and Hertford 155–7, 159–60; at Elvetham 155–9; and Topcliffe 170, 171, 172, 173–4; sends gifts to James 171; and Southwell 173–6; and Essex in France 177–82, 184–6; miscalculates over Henry IV 177; concerns that Henry IV would convert to Catholicism 188, 189–90; mistrustful relations with Henry IV 188, 288, 300–302; supports Henry IV against Spain after his conversion 190–91, 259–60, 299; berates Henry over conversion 190, 401–2; upset at Henry IV’s conversion 190, 197, 198, 288; looks to Whitgift for advice 197; religious faith 197, 198–9, 401–2; translates Boethius’s The Consolation 198; lives in luxury in time of food scarcity 199–200; Henry IV’s gift of an elephant 200; imposes martial law 203–5; and the slave trade 206; and Ralegh’s privateering 207, 209–10, 214–21; and Ralegh’s marriage 211–14; greed 217; and Lopez, her chief physician 222–36; uses Essex as stage prop 226; hair extensions 240; wigs 240; silence at birth of Prince Henry 241; and Cecil 243–4; and A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England 247–53; and Arbella Stuart 248–9; and the counter-Armada 258–64; Burghley intervenes over signing of warrants 270; and the second Gran Armada 275–9; promotes Essex to Earl Marshal 282–3; Essex loses temper and refuses to apologize to 283–4; enduring estrangement from Essex 283–5, 322, 324, 328; Essex calls her conditions ‘as crooked as her carcass’ 284, 344, 402; and de Maisse 288–93, 295–6; and détente 288, 296; ‘Manteo Portrait’ 293–4; ‘Mask of Youth’ face pattern 294–5; Oliver portrait 294; reluctance to make peace with Spain 301–2, 347–8; suspects James’s involvement with Tyrone rebellion 305–6, 307; and Philip III 305; retort to James over his criticism 306; and Essex’s commission in Ireland 307–9, 310–12, 320–22, 399; and Muslims 313–18; fury with Essex over unlicensed return from Ireland 322–3; intervenes to stop Essex’s trial 324–5, 396; rewards Cecil 324; weasel words 326, 396; and Essex’s attempt to raise the city 336–7; and Essex’s death warrant 343–4; feelings over Essex’s death 345–6; announces, ‘I am Richard II’ 345, 346; and Verreycken 347–8; and the financing of Mountjoy’s campaign 350, 360; ‘Golden Speech’ 356–60; public speaking skills 359–60; weakness with age 362; dances 363–4; and Tyrone’s submission 372–3, 375, 376–7, 383–4; letters to Mountjoy 372, 376; 160
2 progress 373; and death of Kate Carey 374–5; memory loss 374; letter to Mountjoy (16 February 1603) 376; final days 377–80; reports of naming a successor 380–83; death 380; laid in state 388–9; instructions not to be embalmed 388; funeral
389–90; Naunton on the rule of 396; and her father’s prediction of areas of vulnerability for a female ruler 398–9; hatred of risk 400; and the Privy Council see Privy Council: and Elizabeth; maids of honour see queen’s maids of honour
Elizabeth Jonas 119
Elizabeth R 3
Elizabeth Stuart 365
Ellesmere, 1st Baron see Egerton, Sir Thomas
Elvetham 155–9
Épernay 188
Eric XIV of Sweden 47
Erskine, Sir Thomas 394
Essex, Lettice Devereux, dowager Countess of see Knollys, Lettice, dowager Countess of Essex, Countess of Leicester
Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of: Elizabeth’s infatuation with, favours to, and need of attention from 5, 116, 128, 227, 254, 268, 282–3, 308, 397; in the Netherlands 57; at Leicester’s funeral 113; as Master of the Horse 115; Hilliard portraits 116–17, 257; relations of rivalry and antagonism with Ralegh 116, 127–8, 135, 265, 279–80, 282, 330, 339, 394; challenges Ralegh to a duel 127–8; as a dandy 127; narcissism 127; Segar portrait 127; and Burghley 128, 138, 143, 180, 181, 183, 184–5, 186, 243, 264, 265, 270–71; not given pet name by Elizabeth 128; and the war with Philip II’s treasure fleet 128, 279–80, 281; defiance of Elizabeth to join Drake and Norris on Portugal expedition 130–35; courts Frances Sidney 135–6; marries Frances Sidney 135–6, 140–41; bribes Vavasour 136; impregnates Elizabeth Southwell 136, 247; abortive overture to James VI 137–8; and James 137–8, 243, 244–5, 329, 330–31, 332, 342, 366; and Davison 138, 150; and Henry IV 138, 139–40, 177–8, 185–6, 257; and Turenne 140; commissioned Lieutenant-General in France 142–3; and Willoughby 142; Elizabeth and his actions in France 177–82, 184–6, 399; in France 177–82, 183–6; and Robert Cecil 179, 231–2, 243, 260, 264, 265, 270–71, 282, 309, 310, 321, 326, 327, 330, 331–2, 336, 339, 340–42, 343, 344, 402; surrenders command to Leighton 180; at siege of Rouen 185–6, 399; lack of understanding of Elizabeth’s thinking 212, 255–6; petitions Elizabeth for Ralegh 212; used by Elizabeth as stage prop 226; venereal disease rumours 227, 228; accuses Lopez of being traitor 228, 230; and Phelippes 229; sulks over relations with Elizabeth 229, 264, 272, 274, 281, 282, 307; interrogates Lopez 230–31, 232–3; success with outcome of Lopez affair 236; and A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England 247–53; illnesses 252, 324; Bacon’s pageant on Essex’s love for Elizabeth 254–5, 257; self-depiction as victim of the Court 254; and Unton 256–7; and the counter-Armada 258, 261, 262–4; defies queen’s orders concerning Cádiz 263–4, 270, 399; Council of War 263–5; and Charles Howard 264, 274–5, 281–2, 283, 321, 327, 338, 340; in Portugal 264; and Cuffe 265–6, 327, 342; Gheeraerts portrait 266–7; advised by Bacon concerning treatment of Elizabeth 267–8; Oliver portrait 267; debts 269–70; and Cobham 269; and Henry Howard 271; and Southampton 271, 310, 330, 331, 333; sexual transgressions 272–3; offensive against Spain in response to second Armada 273–81; split with Ralegh at Faial 279–80, 339; promotion to Earl Marshal 282–3; boycotts Privy Council 282; loses temper with Elizabeth and refuses to apologize 283–4; enduring estrangement from Elizabeth 283–5, 322, 324, 328; enduring estrangement from Privy Council 283–5, 310, 320–21, 324, 328; and Knollys 283, 307; calls Elizabeth’s conditions ‘as crooked as her carcass’ 284, 344, 402; and Egerton 284, 325, 327, 328, 336; in Ireland 307–12, 320–21, 328; and Tyrone’s rebellion 307–12, 320, 323, 328, 342; and Lee 308, 329; patriotism 311; and Robert Sidney 319–20; returns from Ireland in defiance of orders 320–21, 399; and Buckhurst 321, 327, 343; incarcerated in York House 322; Cockson portrait 324–5; trial stopped at Elizabeth’s intervention 324–5, 396; trial for lese-majesty 325; interrogation following publication of An Apologie 327–8; An Apologie of the Earle of Essex 327, 332; put under custody of Berkeley 327; throws himself on Elizabeth’s mercy 327; and Mountjoy 328–9, 330; banished from Court 328; plan for ‘sending emissaries’ into Ireland 328, 329; stripped of his offices of state 328; attempts to rouse the city of London 331–2, 333–7; in Cheapside, crying ‘the Crown of England is sold to Spain’ 331, 333–4, 337; musters armed following at Essex House 335–6; sent to the Tower 338, 343; and Shakespeare’s Richard II 339–40; challenges Nottingham to a duel 340; trial for treason 341, 342–3; subjected to full body search 342; signing of death warrant by Elizabeth 343–4; beheaded 343