Elizabeth
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Medici, Marie de’ 362–3
Medina Sidonia, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of 99, 103, 105–6
Mehmed III 314, 317
Mendoza, Bernardino de: and plots against Elizabeth 36, 57; uses Stafford as spy, ‘Julio’ 94–5, 99, 101; and Kate Carey 101; and Andrada 224
Merbury, Charles 42
Metsys, Quentin, the Younger 145
Meyrick, Sir Gelly 230, 280, 334, 335, 338, 339, 343
military conscription 202, 205, 276, 349–50, 355
Mills, Thomas 225, 226
Moffett, Thomas 239, 252
monarchy: Elizabeth’s dilemma of defending both Protestant faith and God-appointed monarchy 76, 169, 400; questioned/compromised as God-given 76, 87, 161, 165–6, 346, 361, 400, 403; implications of Mary’s death on sovereignty of 82–3, 87, 403; monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church 161, 165–7
monopoly grants 65, 67, 352–6, 360–61, 393
Mont Sainte-Catherine fort 183–4, 185–6
Montague, Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount 152–3, 154–5, 170
Moody, Michael 84
Moore, Francis 353
More, Sir Thomas 8, 167, 176, 195; Utopia 200
Mountjoy, Charles Blount, 8th Baron: takes Penelope Rich as lover 271; and Essex 328–9, 330; and Tyrone’s rebellion 328–9, 343, 348, 376–7, 383–4; and Cecil 343; and Kinsale 349–50, 372; letters from Elizabeth 372, 376; marries Penelope Rich 392; made Earl of Devonshire 393
Moura, Cristóbal de 224, 225, 230, 231
Mowbray, Thomas, 1st Duke of Norfolk 340
Murad III of Turkey 313, 314, 317
Muscovy Company 65, 67, 68
Nantes, Edict of 299–300
Nau, Claude 81, 82
Naunton, Sir Robert 396
Neale, Sir John 3; Queen Elizabeth 2–3
Netherlands: Wars of Religion 3; Dutch Calvinists 21, 30–33, 34, 37, 41, 43, 53, 193, 370, 403; Dutch Revolt 21, 30–33, 43, 53–7; and Spain 30–33, 41–4, 98, 99–100, 258, 288, 297, 370; and Elizabeth 31–3, 41–2, 51, 53–7, 98, 276, 288, 297, 301, 302, 400; Spanish Army of Flanders 31, 99–100, 258; and France 41–2; Anglo-Dutch treaty 43; and Leicester 45, 51, 52–7, 58–9, 398; military successes under Maurice 187, 275, 287; English financing of auxiliaries fighting for Maurice 301, 350; Dutch merchant ships sail to East Indies via Cape of Good Hope 318; and Verreycken 347–8; and the Boulogne peace conference 348; English trade with 348
Neufville, Nicolas de, Sieur de Villeroy 383
Neville, Sir Henry 348
New World 64–75, 258–9 see also Azores
Newfoundland 64, 65–6, 72
News from Spain and Holland 248
Nicholson, George 368, 378
Nombre de Dios 259
Nonsuch Palace 43, 134, 152, 223, 304, 321–2
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of: offer to marry Mary Queen of Scots 27; sends secret messages to Mary 28; sentenced to death for part in Ridolfi Plot 29
Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of 340
Norris, Sir John 129–33, 141, 186, 187–8
North, Roger, 2nd Baron 113
Northampton, Helena Snakenborg, Marchioness of see Snakenborg, Helena, Marchioness of Northampton
Northampton, Henry Howard, 1st Earl of see Howard, Henry, 1st Earl of Northampton
Northern Rising 26, 250
Northumberland, Mary, Countess of 388
Norton, Robert 2, 201
Nottingham, Charles Howard, 1st Earl of see Howard, Charles, 1st Earl of Nottingham
Noyon 178
Nuestra Señora del Rosario 104
Nuñez, Hector 224
Oatlands 39, 70, 181
Olivares, Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of 94, 371
Oliver, Isaac 267, 294
O’Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone 305
Orations of Isocrates to Nicocles 109
Ormond, Thomas Butler, Earl of 107, 307
Orsini, Virginio, Duke of Bracciano 362–4
Ottoman empire 313–18
Palavicino, Horatio 119
Panama Isthmus 207
Paris: St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 25, 32, 67; Catholic exiles in 26–7, 30, 34; Henry’s aims to recover from Parma 141, 177
Parker, Matthew 19, 156, 249
Parma, Alexander Farnese, Duke of: and the Dutch Calvinists 34, 37, 43, 55, 57; and Elizabeth 55, 95, 96–7, 98–9, 187, 224, 288; and Philip 99–100, 288; and the first Gran Armada 104, 105; plans to attack England via Scotland 120–21, 122; and Huntly 122, 124; and Henry IV 141–3, 177–8, 187; death 187; wounded at Caudebec 187
Parr, Katherine see Katherine Parr
Parry, Dr 379
Parry, William 42–3
Parsons, Robert 331, 364–5; A Conference (penned as R. Doleman) 247–53; News from Spain and Holland 248
Passe, Crispijn de 294
Paulet, Sir Amyas 80–81, 85, 86, 87
Pavilly 179
Petit, John 298
Peyton, Sir John 342, 344
Phelippes, Thomas 81–2, 229, 297–8
Philip II of Spain: threats defied by Elizabeth 3; sends Feria to England 10–11; and England’s war against France 10, 32; marries Mary I 10; styled ‘King Philip I of England’ 10; and Ridolfi 28; at Whitehall Palace and Hampton Court 28; Elizabeth’s
concerns over his actions in the Netherlands 31–3, 400–401; unleashes Catholic Inquisition against Dutch Calvinists 31; treats Elizabeth as diplomatic pawn 32, 224, 288; claims throne of Portugal 33, 34, 69, 208; places bounty on William of Orange 37; embargo on English and Dutch shipping in Iberian ports 44, 208; as suitor of Elizabeth 47; and Ralegh 60; claims kingdom of England for Spain on death of Mary Queen of Scots 93; named Mary’s dynastic heir 93; first Gran Armada 94, 99–100, 103–6, 110; urged by Sixtus V to overthrow Elizabeth and convert James to Catholicism 94; and Parma 99–100, 288; intensification of Catholic piety 101–2; payments and ransoms 120; and the Catholic League 122–3, 138; and civil war in France 122–3, 138, 189; and the Huguenots 123; treasure fleet 129, 207, 209, 210, 261–3, 265, 279–80, 281; second Gran Armada 221, 258, 273–4, 276, 314; and Andrada 224–6; and Lopez 228, 229, 230; Parsons claims him as rightful successor to Elizabeth 250–51; rebuilds navy 258; vow of revenge for the sack of Cádiz 273–4; third Gran Armada 280–81; declares bankruptcy 286; and peace talks between France and Spain 287, 296–7; correspondence with Albert 297–8; death 304
Philip III of Spain: father’s actions to clear path for 287; ascends to the throne 304; and Elizabeth 305; and Ireland 305, 348–50, 372; and the Treaty of Vervins 305; fourth Gran Armada 312–13; treasure fleet 313; Albert lies about 347; and Tyrone 348–50, 372; fifth Gran Armada 349; and the Infanta’s claim to English throne 369, 370–71; and James 384
Philippa of Lancaster, Queen of Portugal 250n
Phillips, Augustine 339
Pindar, Paul 315, 316, 317
Pius V, papal excommunication of Elizabeth 25–6, 34
plague 185, 193–4, 195, 196–7, 226, 389
Pollini, Girolamo 196
Popham, Sir John 166–7, 168, 175, 336, 341, 342, 361
Pormort, Thomas 171–2
Portugal: Philip II claims throne of 33, 34, 69, 208; exploration and colonization 64; Drake’s and Norris’s expedition to 129–33; Portuguese exiles in London 224; Essex in 264
presbyterians 161–3, 165
Primrose 44, 208
privateering 207–10, 214–21, 258–9
Privy Council: and Elizabeth 11, 17, 18, 22, 33–4, 41, 43; and Henry VIII 17–18; and Mary Tudor 18; and the Northern Rising 26; orders concerning Catholics in London 37–8; and the Bassani brothers 39–40; and Spencer 39–40, 202–3; and the Netherlands 41, 43; and exploration/colonization 64–5; proclamations at Cowdray against Cat
holics 154, 172; and Hatton 167–8; and Topcliffe 171; and the London riots 192–3; and the plague 194; dearth orders 199; and reprisal for Spanish embargoes on shipping 208; and privateering 216; and Wentworth 239; and the third Gran Armada 280; Essex’s enduring estrangement from 283–5, 310, 320–21, 324, 328; and Essex in Ireland 309, 310; and the fourth Gran Armada 312; and Essex’s return from Ireland 322, 324; and Mountjoy 329; party for peace with Spain 347; and monopoly grants 353, 360; and the proclamation of James as king 387; and Elizabeth’s funeral 389; authority renewed by James 392
Protestant Religious Settlement 2, 13, 21, 26, 31, 68, 152, 161, 162
Provost Marshals 204, 205
Puckering, Sir John 284
puritans: presbyterians 161–3, 165; Whitgift’s campaign against 163–4, 169, 170; Leicester’s protection of 163; Marprelate tracts 164–5; trials 166–70
queen’s maids of honour 15, 136, 211, 213, 271, 289, 321, 375
Rabot, Anne 373
Ralegh, Elizabeth (‘Bess’), née Throckmorton 210–14, 218
Ralegh, Sir Walter: debt to visionary queen 3; patriotism 3, 207, 221, 311; as a favourite of Elizabeth 22, 60, 63, 66–7, 327; masculinity 60; and Philip II 60; Amore et Virtute motto 61; Court connections 62–3; rumours of sexual conquests 62; and Ireland 63; and the New World 64, 65, 68–70, 73–5; and Burghley 65, 128, 138; and Walsingham 69; Roanoke expeditions 73, 74; knighthood 74; Elizabeth gives him Babington’s lands 82; relations of rivalry and antagonism with Essex 116, 127–8, 135, 265, 279–80, 282, 330, 339, 394; challenged by Essex to a duel 127–8; made Captain of the Queen’s Guard 207; privateering 207, 209–10, 214–21; marries Bess Throckmorton 210–14; committed into custody of Robert Cecil 211–12; Essex petitions Elizabeth for 212; sent to the Tower 214, 395; and Cecil 216–17, 220–21, 275–6, 327, 367, 394; searches for El Dorado 218–21, 395–6; as Captain of the Guard 218, 275, 327, 330, 338, 393–4; The Discoverie of the Large, Rich and Bewtiful Empire of Guiana 221; and the counter-Armada 258, 260, 262; condolence letter to Cecil on death of wife 269; and the second Gran Armada 275–6, 277–8; split with Essex at Faial 279–80, 339; recovery in Elizabeth’s favour 327; criticizes financial abuses 351; monopolies 352, 393; and Cobham 367, 392, 394–5; and James 393–4, 395, 396; trial and imprisonment 395; execution 396; on Elizabeth’s situation at end of reign 403
Ralegh, Walter (‘Wat’) 218
Rastell, William 196
Recalde, Juan Martínez de 105
Religious Settlement 2, 13, 21, 26, 31, 68, 152, 161, 162
Reynolds, Edward 323, 326
Rich, Lady Penelope 138, 271, 324, 335, 338, 392
Rich, Robert, 1st Earl of Warwick 271
Richmond Palace 135, 182, 347–8, 385, 386
Ridolfi, Roberto 27–8
Ridolfi Plot 27–9
rioting 192–3, 194–5, 199, 202–3, 355
Roanoke 73, 74
Robsart, Amy (later Amy Dudley) 45–6
Roebuck 209
Rosny, Maximilien de Béthune, Marquis de 389
Rotz, Jean 67
Rouen: siege of 141–2, 177, 178, 183–4, 185–6, 399; and Biron 182; Mont Sainte-Catherine fort 183–4, 185–6; and Parma 187
Russell, Bess 273
Sadler, Sir Ralph 77–8, 79, 80
Sa¯fiye Sultana 315–16
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 25, 32, 67
St James’s Palace 104, 111, 312
San Felipe 96
San Lorenzo 106
San Lorenzo de El Escorial 101–2
Sanderson, William 219
Santa Ana 105
Santa Cruz, Marquis of 93, 99
Savile, Sir Henry 354–5, 356
Scaramelli, Giovanni 374, 381–2, 386, 390
Schetz, Edmund 317
Scrope, Lady Philadelphia, née Carey 195, 375, 379, 386
Scudamore, John 212
Segar, William 127
Sempill, Robert, 4th Lord 307
Senden, Caspar van 205–6
Seymour, Edward, Lord Beauchamp 156, 249, 364
Seymour, Lord Henry 102, 106
Seymour, John 62
Seymour, Thomas 47, 62, 156, 249
Shakespeare, William: and Tilney’s censorship of Sir Thomas More 196; Henry IV, Part II 202; Merchant of Venice 236; King John 253; Richard II 253, 339–40; The Rape of Lucrece 271; Southampton as patron of 271; Venus and Adonis 271; Troilus and Cressida 282; Twelfth Night 363
Sharpe, Lionel 108, 109
Sheffield, Douglas Howard, Baroness 49
Shelton, Mary 212–13
Sherborne Castle 213, 260
Sherley, Sir Thomas 351
Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th Earl of see Talbot, George, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury
Sidney, Frances see Walsingham, Frances, Countess of Essex & of Clanricarde
Sidney, Henry 44
Sidney, Mary, née Dudley 44
Sidney, Philip 57, 67–8, 70
Sidney, Robert 319–20
Sidney, Sir William 44
Sigüenza, José de 102
Silva, Diego Guzmán de 19
Simier, Jean de 50
Sina¯n Pasha 314
Sixtus V, Pope 94, 120, 371
slavery 205–6
smallpox 13–14, 44–5, 68
Smerwick 63
Smith, Ottywell 225
Smith, Sir Richard 46
Smythe, Sir Thomas 335, 346
Snakenborg, Helena, Marchioness of Northampton 213, 390
Somers, John 77
Somerset, Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester 125, 336, 373, 389
Somerville, John 34–5
Soto, Diego de 262
Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of: and Essex 271, 310, 330, 331, 333; love affair with Elizabeth Vernon 271; patronage of Shakespeare 271; trial 341, 342–3; restored by James 392
Southwell, Bridget, née Copley 174
Southwell, Elizabeth 136, 211, 247, 378–9
Southwell, Robert 172, 173–6
Spain: deteriorating Anglo-Spanish relations 20, 44; Spanish army 27, 31–2, 96, 221, 275; and the Netherlands 30–33, 41–4, 98, 99–100, 258, 288, 297, 370; and the Army of Flanders 31, 99–100, 258; and the New World 64, 70, 71; and the Infanta’s claim to English throne 94, 251, 364–5, 369–71; Calais attacked by Spanish forces 221; costs of war with 224; Henry IV’s declaration of war on 257; Essex’s offensive in response to second Armada 273–81; peace talks with France 287, 296–7, 300; Elizabeth enlists Muslim help against 313–18; Armadas see Armadas, Spanish
Spencer, Sir John 25, 30, 37, 38, 39, 202–3, 204, 205
Spes, Don Guerau de 27
Stafford, Dorothy 49, 87, 95, 272
Stafford, Sir Edward: marries Lady Sheffield 49; grilled by Elizabeth about wife’s sexual history 50; and Hakluyt 69; as spy, ‘Julio’ 94–5, 99, 101; feeds false intelligence to Mendoza 108; and Elizabeth’s anger ‘with any love’ 213
Standen, Anthony 227
Stanhope, Sir John 135, 140–41, 373
Stanley, Elizabeth, Countess of Derby 272–3
Stanley, Henry, 4th Earl of Derby 42, 98, 99
Stanley, William, 6th Earl of Derby 250
Star Chamber 83, 90, 156, 167, 168, 323, 324, 325, 353
Steenwijk, Overijssel 187
Sterrell, William 229
Stewart, Francis, Earl of Bothwell 241–2, 244
Stirling Castle 237
Stonely, Richard 351
Strachey, Lytton 6, 227; Elizabeth and Essex 4–6
Stuart, Lady Arbella 248–9, 364, 390, 394–5
Sussex, Robert Radcliffe, 5th Earl of 242
Swiftsure 130
Talbot, Aletheia 140, 146
Talbot, George, 6th E
arl of Shrewsbury 28, 171
Tasso, Torquato 11
taxation 192, 350, 360
Terceira 279
Theobalds 90–91, 149–51, 166, 272, 392–3
Thevet, André 68
Thomas, Valentine 365, 366
Throckmorton, Arthur 210–11
Throckmorton, Elizabeth (‘Bess’) 210–14, 218
Throckmorton, Francis 35–6 see also Throckmorton Plot
Throckmorton, Job 165
Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas 12, 35, 45
Throckmorton Plot 35–6, 94, 171
Tiger 74
Tilbury 103, 106–10, 119, 200–201
Tilney, Sir Edmund 195, 196
Tinoco, Manuel Luis 229–30, 232, 233–4
Tomasin de Paris 16
Topcliffe, Richard: appearance 170–71; as Catholic-hunter 170, 398; and Elizabeth 170, 171, 172, 173–4; as rack-master 170, 171–2, 173–4, 175; background 171; Pormort’s claims about 172; and Southwell 173–6; rapes and impregnates Anne Bellamy 173
Topiawari 220
Topkapi Palace 316
Tordesillas, Treaty of 64
Townshend, Hayward 357, 359
Trinidad 220
Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Viscount 140
Tutbury Castle 78
typhus epidemic 119–20
Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, Earl of 305, 307, 308, 309–12, 318, 320, 323, 328, 342, 348–50, 372–3, 375, 376–7, 383–4
unemployment 192
Unton, Sir Henry 142–3, 178, 179, 181, 186, 202, 256–7
Valdéz, Pedro de 104–5, 107
Valladolid 371, 384
Vavasour, Thomas 136, 247
Verasanus, John 72
Vere, Elizabeth de, Countess of Derby 250
Vere, Sir Francis 139, 261, 262
Vernon, Elizabeth 271
Verreycken, Lodewijk 347
Vervins, Treaty of 299, 300, 305
Villeroy, Nicolas de Neufville, Sieur de 383
Virginia 70, 73, 74, 75
Vlissingen 52, 319
Vulcob, Jacob de, Sieur de Sassy 48
Waad, William 171, 172
Walsingham, Frances, Countess of Essex & of Clanricarde: courted by Essex 135–6; marries Essex 135–6, 140–41; as widower of Sidney 135; and the demise of Essex 323, 324, 338; marries Burke 392
Walsingham, Sir Francis: Froude’s depiction 4; and the Ridolfi Plot 27–9; desires Mary’s death 29; in exile 30; Protestant faith 30; sent to Antwerp 32–3; and Throckmorton 35–6; and Mendoza 36, 57; and the Bassani brothers 39–40; as Elizabeth’s principal secretary 39, 132; cancels visit to Kenilworth 52; and Leicester 52; provides shelter for English Protestants in France 67–8; and cartography 67; and exploration 67, 72; and Ralegh 69; and Hakluyt’s dossier 73; obsession with security 78; and Paulet 80–81; and the Babington Plot 81–2; and Mary’s trial 83; and Burghley 84, 119; illness after falling out with Elizabeth over Mary’s fate 84; and Mary’s death warrant 84, 90; sardonic humour 85, 151, 319; and Stafford 95; urges Elizabeth to prepare for war with Philip 96; and Parma 120–21; frequent sicknesses in old age 136; stroke 136; death and burial 137; and the Champernownes 208; and Lopez 223, 224