City of Light, City of Poison
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chiromancy, see palm reading
Choisy, abbé of, 157
Christina, queen of Sweden, 46
citizen’s arrest, 23
Clagny:
A. Montespan’s residence and gardens at, 107, 109
Oeillets’s property at, 105
Coeuret, Adam, see Lesage
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, xxi, 63–64, 92–94, 124–25, 140, 181, 212, 230, 236
alliance between A. Montespan and, 155–56
authority and responsibility of, 135
as concerned about extravagant royal expenditures, 58, 92–93, 107, 228
death of, xxiii, 228
La Reynie’s relationship with, 18, 94, 125, 126, 134–36
Louvois’s conflict with, 15, 92–93, 134–36, 155–56, 169, 222, 224, 258–59
Montespan defended by, 222–24
in Paris police reform, 15–19
as powerful and loyal aide to Louis, 51–52, 107, 125, 221–22
Colbert, Marie-Anne, 155–56
Collart (servant), 137
Collège des Quatre-Nations (later Institut de France), 92–93
Colletet, François, 23
Colonna, Lorenzo Onofrio, 46
Conciergerie prison, 94, 96–99, 116, 132, 136, 141
Conti, prince of, 46
copper sulfate, 86
Corneille, Pierre, 104, 185
Corneille, Thomas, 185
Corps of Royal Apothecaries, 71
cosmetics, 161, 166, 175
Cotton, Father, 209, 212
Coulanges, Monsieur de, 92
counterfeiting, 209
Court of Miracles, as underground crime den, 27–28
Coypel, Antoine, 198
Creuillebois, Officer, 82, 83, 84
cross-dressing, 63
currency, seventeenth-century French, xvii
Davis, Natalie Zemon, 235
Debray (poisoner), 214
Desgrez, François, 91, 127, 133, 158, 163, 165, 171, 221, 226, 276
devil:
communicating with, 36–37, 165, 180, 189, 190, 193, 198, 210, 213, 270
intervention of, 28
in theatrical play, 186
Devineresse, La, see Fortune Teller, The
diamond powder, as poison, 162–63, 165
Dinan, 91, 93
Dodeé, Madame, suicide of, 175–76, 177, 235, 244
double adultère (double adultery), 108
dowries, 53
Dreux, Françoise de:
arrest of, 167, 244
implicated in poisoning, 163, 164, 167, 177–79, 196, 265
incarceration of, 167
interrogation of, 167–68, 178
trial and verdict of, 204
Dreux, Monsieur, poisoning death of, 171, 178, 179
Duplessis, Claude, 222, 223, 236
eau-de-vie (aquavit), 37–38
effigies, 205
Église Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis, 121–22
emplastrum divinum (divine plaster), 137
Enghein, Duke of, 54
England:
French foreign policy toward, 48, 65, 74–75
Poncet in, 117, 119
Enlightenment, 233
Épernon, duke of, 17
Evelyn, John, 88
executions:
as cautionary examples, 31, 224
confession of, 214
privately held, 141
public, 8, 24, 97–99, 196
route to, 98, 197–98, 214
sentencing of, 95, 97
by torture, 88, 139, 171
see also specific incidents and methods
fashion:
men’s, 44
Spanish vs. French, 44
women’s, 43–44, 51, 62, 110, 154, 264
Faurye, Jean, 115, 118, 132, 137
Faviot, Alix, 104–5
Ferronnaye, Monsieur de La, 163, 167, 212, 237–38, 276
Ferry, Madame, 161
execution of, 170
tried in Chambre Ardente, 170–71
Feuquières, marquis of, 132
Fiction in the Archives (Davis), 235
Filastre, Françoise, 181, 206, 237
execution of, 213–14
interrogation of, 209–10, 212–13, 215, 221, 236
sentencing of, 212
torture of, 212–14, 236
Finance, Ministry of, 15
fire, execution by, 170, 171, 173–74, 195, 198, 201, 204, 214
fireworks, 60
Flanders, 58, 118
Fontainbleau, Château of, 48–49, 50, 228
Fontanges, Marie-Angélique, duchess of, 153–54, 156, 182, 212–13
death of, 207, 244
poison plot against, 204, 207–8, 213, 221
pregnancy and childbirth of, 156, 207
“Fontanges” hairstyle, 154, 264
Fontevrault, abbess of, 154
Fontevrault, Abbey of, 229
food, poison dispensed in, 78–79, 89
forgery, 193–94
Fortune-Teller, The (La Devineresse; Visé and T. Corneille), 185–87, 244, 269–70
fortune telling, 28, 126–27, 130, 132, 143, 168, 194, 205
Louis’s edict against, 227–28
fountains, at Versailles, 58–59, 93
Franche Comté region, 120
Franco-Dutch Wars, 120, 135
Fraser, Antonia, 235, 236
French Guiana, 152
French Revolution, 130
frogs, 34, 145
Fronde (civil war), 17, 19, 39
frondeurs, 17, 19
Froquié, Monsieur, 214
Funck-Brentano, Frantz, 234
galley prisons, post of general of, 154–55
gambling, 28, 269
among nobility, 10, 151–53, 189
ordinances against, 151–52
Garibal, Gabrielle de:
death of, 232
La Reynie’s marriage to, 59–60
La Reynie’s person documents entrusted to, 232
Garibal, Jean de, 59–60
Gaudion, François, black leather box entrusted to, xxii, 226–27, 232
Gaussin, Monsieur, 84
Girault, Monsieur, 136–40
Glaser, Christopher, 95, 259
Gobelin, Abbé, 154
Gobelin, Antoine, see Brinvilliers, Antoine Gobelin, marquis of
Godin, Jean-Baptiste, see Sainte-Croix, Gaudin de
gold, 167
Golden Viper, 69, 72
gout, 14
Grand Châtelet prison, 19, 116–20, 130, 140, 209
grimoires (spell books), 28
Guégénaud Theater, 185–87
Guerchi, Mademoiselle de, death of, 31
Guibourg, Etienne (Prayer Man; La Prieur), 111–12, 205–6, 209–15, 217, 219, 221, 222, 236, 237, 273
arrest and incarceration of, 210–11, 223, 244
life imprisonment and death of, 225
guillotine, 98, 130
guns, Paris restrictions on, 4–5, 186
Hagunet, Marguerite, 129, 146
Hall of Mirrors, 228
Hamelin, Jean, see La Chaussée
hanging, execution by, 24, 31, 114, 170, 171, 172, 174
Harlay, Achille de, 93–94, 96, 124
Henrietta Anne “Madame,” 52, 269
death of, 73–76, 77, 94, 95, 243, 256
Louis’s interest in, 48–49, 50–51
Henrietta Anne “Madame” (continued)
in treaty negotiations with Charles II, 65, 74
as wife of Philippe, 44–45, 47–48, 62–65, 253
Henrietta Maria, queen of England, 45
hippomane, 251
hocca (bassette; card game), 152
Holland, 118
French foreign policy with, 65, 90, 120, 135
Holy Communion, 47
corruption of, 38–39, 202, 215
homelessness, 24–25, 26–27, 259
homosexuality, of Philippe, 48, 62–64, 74
hospitals, 24–25
Hôtel des Invalides, 135
Hôtel de Ville, 98
Hôtel Guégénaud Theater, 244
hôtels-Dieu (houses of God), 24–25
Hubert, André, 186
Île de la Cité, 94
Île Saint-Louis, 178
illegitimate children:
disposition of royal, 51–52, 57, 103–6, 109
Louis’s legitimizing of, 104, 106, 260
illiteracy, 133, 148
incantations, 39, 161, 205
infant mortality, 17
Infernalis, 259
“Innocente, L’,” 62
intelligence services, 16, 18, 84, 118
Jobin, Madame (character), 186, 187
justice system:
bureaucracy of, 5–7, 124–25, 134
litigation costs in, 6–7
as slow and unwieldy, 116
La Chaise, François de, 123–24, 192
La Chaussée (Jean Hamelin):
arrest of, 84–85, 87, 243, 257
execution of, 244
interrogation, torture, and confession of, 87–89
poisonings administered by, 77–79, 84, 89, 97
La Fayette, Madame de, xi, 157
La Fontaine, Jean de, 185
La Grange, Madeleine de, 166
arrest and incarceration of, 116, 132, 145, 244
estate scam of, 115–16, 118, 136
execution of, 139, 140–41, 244
interrogation and torture of, 114–20, 124–25, 136–39
men victimized by, 115–16, 118
sentencing of, 124, 134
trial of, 120, 261
Langlois, Marguerite, 146, 148
La Nôtre, André, 107
lanterns, 22–23, 25
La Reynie, Nicolas de:
Affair of the Poisons documents delivered to Louis from, xx–xxiii
in aftermath of poison investigations, 230, 232
apothecary oversight and certification by, 70–72, 243
appointed lieutenant general of Police, 18–25, 40, 43, 243
background and rise of, 16–19
black leather box of secret documents entrusted to, 224–25, 226–27, 230, 232
in charge of Chambre Ardente, 168–69, 170–76, 177–84, 186–92
death of, xx, xxiii, 230, 232, 245
dedication and commitment of, 18–20, 72, 114, 163, 164, 216, 219–21, 230, 234, 237–38
in investigation of poison plot against Louis, 123–24, 201–8
as lieutenant general of Police, 82, 84–85, 91, 257
Louvois’s relationship with, 169
as loyal royalist, 17, 19, 238
marriages of, 16–17, 59–60
nobility’s opposition to, 194
obstacles to, 134–35
Paris transformed by, xxii, 19–25, 60, 134, 151–52, 186, 230
as perceptive, 20–21, 141, 160
personal documentation of Affair of the Poisons, 231–38
poisonings investigated by, 99–100, 117–20, 127–37, 140–41, 142, 145–48, 158–63, 164–69, 201–8, 209–16, 217–22, 224, 231, 236–37, 257, 261, 267, 268
retirement of, 248
success of and acclaim for, 25
summary investigation report submitted to Louis by, 219–20
will of, 232
La Rivière, Monsieur de, 127, 131, 142–43, 172
La Rouchefoucauld, François de, 157
Latin Quarter, 38, 69
laudanum, 85
Launay (Abbé Nail), 124, 136–37
execution of, 116, 140–41, 244
interrogation and torture of, 136, 139–40
sentencing of, 134
La Vallière, Louise de, 44, 57, 62, 243, 253–54
declining status of, 52–54, 106–8, 260
as Louis’s mistress, 50–54, 56, 183
pregnancies and childbirth of, 51, 57
as “the Dew,” 50–52, 54
Lebel, Monsieur, box contents examined by, 85–87, 257
Le Brun, Charles, xxi, 228
Leclerc, Madame, 32
Leféron, Marguerite:
arrest of, 167, 244
implicated in poisoning, 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 172, 177–79, 196, 198, 203, 265
incarceration of, 167, 171–72
interrogation of, 167–68, 178
trial, verdict, and sentencing of, 204
Leféron, Monsieur, death of, 168, 171, 177, 204
Lepère, Catherine:
C. Voisin’s partnership with, 31–32, 113, 162, 163, 196, 197, 217, 261
sentencing and execution of, 174
Leroux, Madame, 177–78, 198, 265
Leroyer, Father, 210, 273
Lesage (Adam Coeuret):
A. Montespan implicated by, 244
arrest, trial, and sentencing of, 40, 244
C. Voisin’s partnership and affair with, 37, 165, 172, 179
enmity between C. Voisin and, 165–66, 172, 179
interrogations of, 165–67, 172, 179–82, 188, 191, 209, 219, 222, 236, 268–69
life imprisonment and death of, 225
nefarious activities of, 36–40, 173, 180–81, 183–84, 188–89, 193–94, 203, 205–6, 267
Les Halles market, 35–36, 112
Le Tellier, Michel, 120
Le Tellier family, 157
letter, as evidence of poison threat against Louis, 121–25, 136–37, 139–40, 181
lettres de cachet, 11, 62, 249
archive of, 232
Le Vau, Louis, 105
Liège, convent in, 90–91
Lille, 117
Limoges, 16
Loire Valley, 229
Lorraine, Chevalier de, 63–64, 74, 256
Louise-Françoise (Louis’s illegitimate daughter), 106
Louis XIII, king of France, 157
Louis XIV, king of France, 11, 37, 63, 120, 123, 152, 249
Affair of the Poisons investigation officially closed by, 227–28
authority and responsibility of, 135
birth of, 28, 39
Chambre Ardente created by, 168, 244
Chambre Ardente dissolved by, 245
Chambre Ardente suspended and reconvened by, 244
childhood of, 17, 39
conflict between Philippe and, 47–49
documents of Affair of the Poisons delivered to and burned by, xx, xxii–xxiii, 230, 231–32
front in Holland visited by, 243
illegitimate children of, 51–52, 57, 103–6, 108–10, 260
as incredulous of allegations against members of his court, 182, 191, 206–8
involved in poison investigation proceedings, 130, 136, 140, 177, 179–80, 182, 215–16, 219, 223, 224, 225, 231, 236–37, 265, 267
legitimate children of, 47, 49, 123
marriage of Marie Thérèse and, 45–47
morning rising of, 190–91
Paris transformed under, 15, 18, 19, 24, 25
petitions to, 203–4
Louis XIV, king of France (continued)
poison plot against, 117, 119, 122–24, 138, 141, 204–6, 213, 215, 222–24
power of, 247
as protective of his courtiers, 2–6–207, 164, 167, 168, 182, 187, 190, 206–8, 231, 238
remarriage of, 227–28
rift between Philippe and, 63–65, 78
romantic prowess and escapades of, 45–49, 50–51, 104, 151, 153–154, 206; see also mistresses, of Louis XIV
sexual initiation of, 45, 206, 269
special tribunal established by, 168–69, 244, 265
Sun King image promoted by, 19, 92–93, 123, 134, 135
threats against, xxi, 61, 117, 119, 120, 122–24
throne assumed by, xix
Louis XIV, king of France, court of:
gambling at, 151–53
intrigues in, 37, 39–40, 49, 50–54, 55–57, 154
Louis’s activities and routine in, 57
poisonings linked to, 164–65, 1
67, 179, 181–83
rumors and gossip in, 51–52, 54, 56, 59, 61, 73–74, 154, 190
Louis XV, king of France, 232
Louvois, Madeleine-Charlotte, 155–56
Louvois, marquis de:
C. Oeillets interrogated by, 244
conflict between A. Montespan and, 154–57
conflict between Colbert and, 15, 92–93, 134–36, 155–56, 168, 222, 224, 258–59
conflict between duchess of Soissons and, 190
death of, 228
as intimidating, 116, 135
in managing Louis’s romantic affairs, 55–56
matchmaking efforts of, 155–57, 180–81
as minister of war, 90, 92–93, 116–18, 120, 123, 128, 135–37, 145, 228
in poisoning investigations, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171–72, 177, 179–83, 187, 191–92, 204, 212, 215, 218–21, 265, 268
as vengeful, 157, 182, 190, 194
Louvre, 21, 153
construction projects on, 92
as royal residence, 15, 39, 58
love potions, 29–30
Low Countries, 92
French conflicts in, 56–58, 65, 107, 116–17, 135
Louis’s travel to the front in, 43–45, 47–49, 50–52, 54, 55–57, 243
Lully, Jean-Baptiste, 49, 59
Luxembourg, duchess of, 192–93
Luxembourg, marquis of, 156
alleged transgressions of, 180, 184, 191
arrest and incarceration of, 191–94
exile of, 194
trial of, 193–94
Luxembourg gardens, 93
Lyon, 63, 71
Maastricht, siege of, 117
“machine plays,” 186
magic, Louis’s edict against, 227–28
Maine, duke of, 104
Maintenon, Madame de (Françoise d’ Aubigné):
as governess, 103–4, 106, 109
marriage of Louis and, 228–30
piety of, 153–54, 207, 229
rivalry between A. Montespan and, 107–10, 153–54, 207
maître de requêtes, 17
maîtresse-en-titre, 62
Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of Evil), 273
Mancini, Hortense, 46
Mancini, Marie Anne, see Bouillon, Marie Anne, duchess of
Mancini, Olympe, see Soissons, Olympe, countess of
Mansard, Jules, 107, 228
Marais district, 9, 121, 227
Margo (Voison’s servant), 33
Marie-Thérèse, queen of France, 44–46, 49, 50, 52, 56, 57, 59, 104, 106, 109, 156, 182, 243, 253
death of, 228
ladies-in-waiting to, 52–54, 156, 182
Louis’s responsibility to, 104, 206
as nonconfrontational about Louis’s mistresses, 56–57
Mariette, Father:
arrest, trial, and sentencing of, 40
in partnership with Lesage and Voison, 37–40, 203, 205, 267
Marinozzi, Anne-Marie, 46
marriage:
arranged, 9, 29, 45–48, 53, 131, 155–57, 180–81, 190
royal consummation of, 47
unhappy, 161, 168