The Physics of Superheroes: Spectacular Second Edition
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Page 246 Fantastic Four # 76 (Marvel Comics, July 1968), reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Fantastic Four Volume 8 (Marvel Comics, 2005). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 247 Atom # 5 (DC Comics, Feb./Mar. 1963), reprinted in Atom Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 2001). Written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Gil Kane; Atom # 4 (DC Comics, Dec./Jan. 1962), reprinted in Atom Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 2001). Written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Gil Kane; Atom # 19 (DC Comics, Jun./Jul. 1965), reprinted in JLA: Zatanna’s Search (DC Comics, 2004). Written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Gil Kane; Justice League of America # 18 (DC Comics, Mar. 1963), reprinted in Justice League of America Archives Volume 3 (DC Comics, 1994). Written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Mike Sekowsky; Brave and the Bold # 53 (DC Comics, Apr.-May, 1964). Written by Bob Haney and drawn by Alexander Toth.
Page 248 “At the end of the nineteenth century, . . .” Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory, G. Gamow (Dover, 1985).
Page 249 “This is how the surface temperature of the sun . . .” Temperatures Very Low and Very High, Mark W. Zemansky (Dover, 1964).
Page 251 “The fact that the energy of electrons...” The New World of Mr. Tompkins, G. Gamow and R. Stannard (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Page 254 “Imagine an electron orbiting a nucleus . . .” The Quantum World, J. C. Polkinghorne (Princeton University Press, 1984).
Page 256 “The lighter-than-air element Helium . . .” Helium: Child of the Sun, Clifford W. Seibel (University Press of Kansas, 1968).
CHAPTER 22
Page 259 Showcase # 4 (National Comics, Oct. 1956), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 1996). Written by Robert Kanigher and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 259 Flash # 123 (DC Comics, Sept. 1961), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 3 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 261 “The crossover meeting between the Silver Age and Golden Age Flash . . .” Man of Two Worlds, My Life in Science Fiction and Comics, Julius Schwartz with Brian M. Thomsen (HarperEntertainment, 2000).
Page 261 “So popular was this meeting of the two superteams . . .” See, for example, Crisis on Multiple Earths Volumes One, Two, Three (DC Comics, 2002, 2003, 2004).
Page 262 “Billy Batson, who could become a superhero by shouting ‘Shazam!’” DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World’s Favorite Comic Book Heroes, Les Daniels (Bulfinch Press, 1995).
Page 262 “The yearlong miniseries” Crisis on Infinite Earths (DC Comics, 2000). Written by Marv Wolfman and drawn by George Perez.
Page 263 “more like those described in the Marvel comic universe” What If Classics (Marvel Comics, 2004).
Page 263 “After a great deal of effort” Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory, G. Gamow (Dover Press, 1985).
Page 264 “two points about mathematics” Euclid’s Window: The Story of Geometry from Parallel Lines to Hyperspace, Leonard Mlodinow (Touchstone, 2001).
Page 265 My Greatest Adventures # 80 (DC Comics, June 1963), reprinted in Doom Patrol Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by Arnold Drake and drawn by Bruno Premiani.
Page 265 X-Men # 1 (Marvel Comics, Sept. 1963), reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: X-Men Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 266 “research of comic-book historians” See, for example, Comic Book Marketplace # 64 (Gemstone Publications, Nov. 1998).
Page 266 “Another publishing synchronicity” Back Issue # 6 (TwoMorrows Publishing, Oct. 2004).
Page 267 “While we may not know how Schrödinger” Schrödinger: Life and Thought, Walter Moore (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Page 268 “Given that the average values are the only quantities . . .” The notion that quantum mechanics is a complete theory that always provides accurate predictions of experimental observations, but does not necessarily describe an external reality, is not universally accepted among physicists. The growing body of experiments on macroscopic quantum behavior would, however, tend to support this interpretation (see “The Quantum Measurement Problem,” A. J. Leggett, Science 307, p. 871 (2005)).
Page 270 “They posed the following situation . . .” Schrödinger’s Rabbits: The Many Worlds of Quantum, Colin Bruce (Joseph Henry Press, 2004).
Page 271 JLA # 19 (DC Comics, June 1998). Written by Mark Waid and drawn by Howard Porter.
Page 271 “In 1957, Hugh Everett III argued . . .” The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, edited by Bryce S. DeWitt and Neill Graham (Princeton University Press, 1973). Contains a reprint of Everett’s Ph.D. thesis and a longer discussion of his ideas, along with articles by other physicists. Interestingly, Everett referred to his theory as involving “Relative States,” and it was DeWitt who coined the expression “Many Worlds.”
Page 271 Footnote. Animal Man # 32 (DC Comics, Feb. 1991). Written by Peter Milligan and drawn by Chas Troug.
Page 273 “A gross oversimplification of string theory . . .” An excellent introduction to String Theory can be found in The Elegant Universe, Brian Greene (W. W. Norton, 1999).
Page 273 Footnote. Strange Tales # 129 (Marvel Comics, Feb. 1965), reprinted in Essential Dr. Strange Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2001). Written by Don Rico and drawn by Steve Ditko.
Page 274 “This may be dangerous; . . .” See The Pleasure of Finding Things Out, Richard P. Feynman (Perseus Books, 1999).
Page 274 “Physicists investigating quantum gravity . . .” The Fabric of Reality: The Science of Parallel Universes and Its Implications, David Deutsch (Penguin, 1997); Parallel Worlds, Michio Kaku (Doubleday, 2005).
Page 274 “Recently some scientists have claimed that time travel . . .” The Future of Spacetime, Stephen W. Hawking, Kip S. Thorne, Igor Novikov, Timothy Ferris, and Alan Lightman (W. W. Norton and Company, 2002); Time Travel in Einstein’s Universe, J. Richard Gott (Mariner Books, 2001).
Page 274 Superman # 146 (DC Comics, July 1961). Written by Jerry Siegel and drawn by Al Plastino.
Page 278 Avengers # 267 (Marvel Comics, May 1986), reprinted in Avengers: Kang—Time and Time Again (Marvel Comics, 2005). Written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Buscema and Tom Palmer.
CHAPTER 23
Page 279 Flash # 116 (National Comics, Nov. 1960), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 2 (DC Comics, 2000). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 280 Fig. 35 X-Men # 130 (Marvel Comics, Feb. 1980). Written by Chris Claremont and drawn by John Byrne.
Page 280 “This is an intrinsically quantum mechanical phenomenon . . .” A mathematical discussion of this phenomenon can be found in Quantum Theory of Tunneling, Mohsen Razavy (World Scientific, 2003).
Page 281 Fig. 36 Flash # 123 (DC Comics, Sept. 1961), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 3 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 282 “Scanning Tunneling Microscope” “The Scanning Tunneling Microscope,” G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, Scientific American 253, p. 40 (1985); “Vacuum tunneling: A new technique for microscopy.” C. F. Quate, Physics Today 39, p. 26 (1986); Solid State Electronic Devices (5th ed.), Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banerjee (Prentice Hall, 2000).
Page 285 X-Men # 141 (Marvel Comics, Jan. 1981), reprinted in Days of Future Past (Marvel Comics, 2004). Written by Chris Claremont and drawn by John Byrne.
Page 286 Astonishing X-Men # 4 (Marvel Comics, Oct. 2004). Written by Joss Whedon and drawn by John Cassaday.
CHAPTER 24
Page 287 “The solid-state transistor is the fountainhead . . .” Crystal Fire: Birth of the Information Age, Michael Riordan (Norton, 1997).
Page 288 Showcase # 22 (DC Comics, Oct. 1959), reprinted in Green Lantern Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 1998). Written by John Broome and drawn by Gil Kane.
Page 288 Showcase # 6 (National Comics, Jan.-Feb. 1957), reprinted in Challengers of the Unknown Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 2003). Written by Dave Wood and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 288 “The Marvel Age of Comics began . . .” Marvel Comics Presents Fantastic Firsts (Marvel Comics, 2001).
Page 288 Tales of Suspense # 39 (Marvel Comics, Mar. 1963), reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: The Invincible Iron Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2003). Written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Don Heck.
Page 289 Iron Man # 144 (Marvel Comics, Mar. 1981). Written by David Michelinie and drawn by Joe Brozowski and Bob Layton.
Page 289 “And boy, did Shellhead . . .” See Essential Iron Man Volume 1 and 2 (Marvel Comics, 2000, 2004).
Page 290 “The weapons that were distributed . . .” Tales of Suspense # 55 (Marvel Comics, Jul. 1963), reprinted in Essential Iron Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2000). Written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Don Heck.
Page 294 Iron Man # 132 (Marvel Comics, Mar. 1980). Written by David Michelinie and drawn by Jerry Bingham and Bob Layton.
Page 296 “the phenomenon of diamagnetic levitation . . .” See the Web page for the High Field Magnetic Laboratory at the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands: http://www.hfml.ru.nl/levitate.html for some great images of levitating objects.
Page 297 “ hand- held pulsed-energy weapons . . .” “Star Wars Hits the Streets,” David Hambling, New Scientist, no. 2364 (October 12, 2002).
Page 301 “Semiconductor devices are typically constructed . . .” Quantum Electronics, John R. Pierce (Doubleday Anchor, 1966).
Page 302 Watchmen (DC Comics, 1986, 1987) written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons.
Page 303 “we all possess cells . . .” “Dying to See,” Ralf Dahm, Scientific American 291, p. 83 (Oct. 2004); “Lens Organelle Degradation,” Steven Bassnett, Experimental Eye Research 74, p. 1 (2002).
Page 303 Fantastic Four # 62, (vol. 3) (Marvel Comics, Dec. 2002). Written by Mark Waid and drawn by Mike Wieringo.
Page 308 “on the day Bardeen learned . . .” The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution, T. R. Reid (Simon & Shuster, 1985).
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Page 311 Footnote. Ultimates # 5 (Marvel Comics, Jul. 2002) written by Mark Millar and drawn by Bryan Hitch.
Page 311 “They depended at the time upon their competitor, National Periodicals . . .” Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters and the Birth of the Comic Book, Gerard Jones (Basic Books, 2004).
Page 311 Fantastic Four # 3 (Marvel Comics, Mar. 1962) written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 312 Fantastic Four # 7 (Marvel Comics, Oct. 1962) written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 313 “Carbon achieves the greatest lowering in energy . . .” Valence (3rd ed.) C. A. Coulson (Oxford University Press, 1985).
Page 314 “Liquid crystals are a familiar example . . .” Liquid Crystals: Nature’s Delicate Phase of Matter (2nd ed.), Peter J. Collins, (Princeton University Press, 2001).
Page 315 “shape-memory materials undergo a transformation . . .” Shape Memory Materials, K. Otsuka and C. M. Wayman eds. (Cambridge University Press, 2008); Shape Memory Alloys: Modeling and Engineering Applications, ed. Dimitris C. Lagoudas (Springer, 2008).
Page 316 “shape-memory thermoplastic polymer for surgical applications . . . “, “Biodegradable, Elastic Shape-Memory Polymers for Potential Biomedical Applications,” A. Lendlein and R. Langer, Science vol. 296, p. 1673 (2002).
Page 316 “Certain fabrics expand in response. . . .” Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart Devices, Liming Dai (Springer, 2004).
Page 316 Hulk # 1 (Marvel Comics, May 1962) written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 316 Tales to Astonish # 60 (Marvel Comics, Oct. 1964) written by Stan Lee and drawn by Steve Ditko.
Page 317 “the Atom had a unique solution to the problem of needing a costume” Showcase # 34 (National Comics, Sept./Oct. 1961) written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Gil Kane.
Page 318 Detective Comics # 27 (National Comics, 1939) written by Bill Finger and drawn by Bob Kane.
Page 319 More Fun Comics # 73 (National Comics, Nov. 1941) written by Mort Weisinger and drawn by George Papp.
Page 319 Justice League of America # 4 (National Comics, May 1961) written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Mike Sekowsky.
Page 319 “Diamonds are hard to break . . . ,” Valence (3rd ed.) C. A. Coulson (Oxford University Press, 1985).
Page 321 “It has been said that the British longbow archers . . .” The Book of Archery: Being the Complete History and Practice of the Art George A. Hansard (Henry G. Bohn, 1841); The History of Archery, Edmund H. Burke (Greenwood Press Reprint, 1971).
Page 322 Footnote. “Determination of Young’s and shear moduli of common yew and Norway spruce by means of ultrasonic waves,” D. Ken- necke, W. Sonderegger, K. Pereteann, T. Luthi and P. Niemz, Wood Science and Technology, vol. 41, p. 309 (2007).
Page 322 “Holless Allen invented the compound bow” “Archery Bow with Draw Force Multiplying Attachments” U.S. Patent no. 3,486,495 (Dec. 1969).
Page 323 “Flaming arrows” A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, J. R. Partington (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs, Adrienne Mayor (Overlook TP, 2004).
Page 324 “In 1921, Marston had a B.A.,” Wonder Woman: The Complete History, Les Daniels (Chronicle Books, 2001).
Page 324 “when only approximately 3.3 percent of the American population had a college degree” Education of the American Population, John K. Folger and Charles B. Nam (Ayer Pub., 1976).
Page 325 All-Star Comics # 8 (National Comics, Dec. 1941) written by Charles Moulton and drawn by Harry G. Peter.
Page 325 Wonder Woman # 1 (National Comics, Summer 1942) written by Charles Moulton and drawn by Harry G. Peter.
Page 328 “one-of-a-kind alloy of steel and Vibranium” Captain America # 303 (Marvel Comics, Mar. 1985) written by Mike Carlin and drawn by Paul Neary.
Page 328 “Vibranium is an extraterrestrial material” Fantastic Four # 52 (Marvel Comics, July 1966) written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 328 Avengers # 4 (Marvel Comics, 1964) written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 328 Avengers # 66 (Marvel Comics, July 1969) written by Roy Thomas and drawn by Barry Smith.
Page 329 “Daniels’ 2001 excellent history” Wonder Woman: The Complete History, Les Daniels (Chronicle Books, 2001).
Page 330 Tales to Astonish # 48 (Marvel Comics, Oct. 1963), reprinted in Essential Ant-Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and H. E. Huntley and drawn by Don Heck.
Page 330 Tales to Astonish # 49 (Marvel Comics, Nov. 1963), reprinted in Essential Ant-Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 330 “Yellowjacket” Avengers # 59 (Marvel Comics, Dec. 1968), Avengers # 63 (Marvel Comics, Apr. 1969), reprinted in Essential Avengers Volume 3 (Marvel Comics, 2001). Written by Roy Thomas and drawn by John Buscema and Gene Colan.
Page 330 “Goliath” Avengers # 28 (Marvel Comics, May 1966), reprinted in Essential Avengers Volume 2 (Marvel Comics, 2000). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Don Heck.
Page 330 Ultimates # 3 (Marvel Comics, May 2002). Written by Mark Millar and drawn by Bryan Hitch.
Page 331 Fantastic Four # 271 (Marvel Comics, Oct. 1984). Written and drawn by John Byrne.
Page 331 “Orrgo” Strange Tales # 90 (Marvel Comics, Nov. 1961). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 331 “Bruttu” Tales of Suspense # 22 (Marvel Comics, Oct. 1961). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 331 “Googam (son of Goom)” Tales of Suspense # 17 (Marvel Comics, May 1961). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 331 “Fin Fang Foom” Strange Tales # 89 (Marvel Comics, Oct. 1961). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 332 Footnote. On Growth and Form, D’Arcy Thompson (Cambridge University Press, 1961).
Page 333 Fantastic Four Annual # 1 (Marvel Comics, 1963), reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Fantastic Four Volume 2 (Marvel Comics,
2005). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 334 Ultimates # 2 (Marvel Comics, May 2002). Written by Mark Millar and drawn by Bryan Hitch.
Page 334 “If you’ve ever thought that the bubbles . . .” 200 Puzzling Physics Problems, Peter Gnådig, Gyula Honyek, and Ken Riley (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
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Page 339 “The first young mutant . . .” See, “Call Him . . . Cyclops!” in X-Men # 43 (Marvel Comics, Apr. 1968). Written by Roy Thomas and drawn by Werner Roth.
Page 341 “in the early days of the Golden Age . . .” Superman # 1 (National Comics, June 1939), reprinted in Superman Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 1989). Written by Jerry Siegel and drawn by Joe Shuster.
Page 342 “Before long he was lifting . . .” See Superman: The Man of Tomorrow Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 2004) for a selection of feats of superstrength.
Page 342 “even hold up a mountain...” Secret Wars # 4 (Marvel Comics, Aug. 1984), reprinted in Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars (Marvel Comics, 2005). Written by Jim Shooter and drawn by Bob Layton.
Page 342 World’s Finest # 86 (National Comics, Jan.-Feb. 1957), reprinted in World’s Finest Comics Archives Volume 2 (DC Comics, 2001). Written by Edmond Hamilton and drawn by Dick Sprang.
Page 343 Fantastic Four # 249 (Marvel Comics, Dec. 1982), reprinted in Essential John Byrne Volume 2 (Marvel Comics, 2004). Written and drawn by John Byrne.
Page 344 “two mathematicians, Euler and LaGrange, proved . . .” Euler, Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropol., pp. 163-193 (1778); G. Greenhill, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 4, p. 65 (1881); On Growth and Form, D’Arcy Thompson (Cambridge University Press, 1961).
Page 345 “Just such a fate inevitably befell Stilt-Man . . .” Daredevil # 8 (Marvel Comics, June 1965), reprinted in Essential Daredevil Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Wallace Wood. Daredevil # 26 (Marvel Comics, Mar. 1967), reprinted in Essential Daredevil Volume 2 (Marvel Comics, 2004). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Gene Colan. Daredevil # 48 (Marvel Comics, Jan. 1969), reprinted in Essential Daredevil Volume 2 (Marvel Comics, 2004). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Gene Colan.