by Andrew Keen
22 Parmy Olson, “Teenagers Say Goodbye to Facebook and Hello to Messenger Apps,” Observer, November 9, 2013.
23 Keen, Digital Vertigo, p. 12.
24 Malkani, Financial Times, December 28, 2013.
25 Charles Blow, “The Self(ie) Generation,” New York Times, March 7, 2014.
26 James Franco, “The Meanings of the Selfie,” New York Times, December 26, 2013, nytimes.com/2013/12/29/arts/the-meaning-of-the-selfie.html.
27 Sophie Heawood, “The Selfies at Funerals Tumblr Tells Us a Lot About Death,” Vice.com, November 1, 2013.
28 Stacy Lambe, “14 Grindr Profile Pics Taken at the Holocaust Memorial,” Buzzfeed, January 31, 2013.
29 Craig Detweiler, “‘Auschwitz Selfies’ and Crying into the Digital Wilderness,” CNN, July 22, 2014.
30 Stuart Heritage, “Selfies of 2013—the Best, Worst and Most Revealing,” Guardian, December 22, 2013.
31 Rachel Maresca, “James Franco Allegedly Attempts to Meet Up with 17-Year-Old Girl via Instagram: Report,” New York Daily News, April 3, 2014.
32 Ibid.
33 “Selfie Is Oxford Dictionaries’ Word of the Year,” Guardian, November 18, 2013, theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/19/selfie-word-of-the-year-oed-olinguito-twerk/print.
34 This number is from the research advisory firm mobileYouth. See Olson, “Teenagers Say Goodbye to Facebook and Hello to Messenger Apps.” Interestingly, the mobileYouth research shows that the proportion of selfies on Snapchat is even higher than 50%.
35 Steven Johnson is perhaps the most relentlessly optimistic of Web believers. See, for example, his latest book: Future Perfect: The Case for Progress in a Networked Age (New York: Riverhead, 2012).
36 Tom Standage, Writing on the Wall: Social Media—The First 2,000 Years (New York: Bloomsbury, 2013).
37 Ibid., epilogue, pp. 240–51.
38 Williams, “The Agony of Instagram.”
39 Rhiannon Lucy Coslett and Holly Baxter, “Smug Shots and Selfies: The Rise of Internet Self-Obsession,” Guardian, December 6, 2013.
40 Nicholas Carr, “Is Google Making Us Stupid?,” Atlantic, July/August 2008. Also see Nicholas Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (New York; Norton, 2011).
41 Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding From You (Penguin, 2011). See also my June 2011 TechCrunchTV interview with Eli Pariser: Andrew Keen, “Keen On . . . Eli Pariser: Have Progressives Lost Faith in the Internet?,” TechCrunch, June 15, 2011, techcrunch.com/2011/06/15/keen-on-eli-pariser-have-progressives-lost-faith-in-the-internet-tctv.
42 Claire Carter, “Global Village of Technology a Myth as Study Shows Most Online Communication Limited to 100-Mile Radius,” BBC, December 18, 2013; Claire Cain Miller, “How Social Media Silences Debate,” New York Times, August 26, 2014.
43 Josh Constine, “The Data Factory—How Your Free Labor Lets Tech Giants Grow the Wealth Gap.”
44 Derek Thompson, “Google’s CEO: ‘The Laws Are Written by Lobbyists,’” Atlantic, October 1, 2010.
45 James Surowiecki, “Gross Domestic Freebie,” New Yorker, November 25, 2013.
46 Monica Anderson, “At Newspapers, Photographers Feel the Brunt of Job Cuts,” Pew Research Center, November 11, 2013.
47 Robert Reich, “Robert Reich: WhatsApp Is Everything Wrong with the U.S. Economy,” Slate, February 22, 2014.
48 Alyson Shontell, “Meet the 20 Employees Behind Snapchat,” Business Insider, November 15, 2013, businessinsider.com/snapchat-early-and-first-employees-2013-11?op=1.
49 Douglas Macmillan, Juro Osawa, and Telis Demos, “Alibaba in Talks to Invest in Snapchat,” Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2014.
50 Mike Isaac, “We Still Don’t Know Snapchat’s Magic User Number,” All Things D, November 24, 2013.
51 Josh Constine, “The Data Factory—How Your Free Labor Lets Tech Giants Grow the Wealth Gap,” TechCrunch.
52 Alice E. Marwick, Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity and Branding in the Social Media Age (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013). See chapter 3: “The Fabulous Lives of Micro Celebrities.”
53 Surowiecki, “Gross Domestic Freebie.”
54 Amanda Holpuch, “Instagram Reassures Users over Terms of Service After Massive Outcry,” Guardian, December 18, 2013.
55 The American Society of Media Photographers (ASMP), “The Instagram Papers,” Executive Summary, July 25, 2013, p. 3.
56 Ethan Zuckerman, The Internet’s Original Sin,” Atlantic, August 14, 2014.
57 Annie Leonard, “Facebook Made My Teenager into an Ad. What Parent Would Ever ‘Like’ That?,” Guardian, February 15, 2014.
58 Caroline Daniel and Maija Palmer, “Google’s Goal: to Organise Your Daily Life,” Financial Times, May 22, 2007.
59 Derek Thompson, “Google’s CEO: The Laws Are Written by Lobbyists,” Atlantic, October 1, 2010.
60 Amir Efrati, “Google Beat Facebook for DeepMind, Creates Ethics,” The Information, January 26, 2014.
61 Jaron Lanier, Who Owns the Future? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), p. 366.
Chapter Five
1 Kunal Dutta, “The Revolution That Killed Soho’s Record Shops,” Independent, May 12, 2010.
2 Annie O’Shea, “Oasis (What’s the Story) Morning Glory?,” Radio Nova, January 14, 2014, nova.ie/albums/oasis-whats-the-story-morning-glory-3.
3 Philip Beeching, “Why Companies Fail—the Rise and Fall of HMV,” Philipbeeching.com, August 6, 2012.
4 Alexander Wolfe, “Digital Pennies from Analog Dollars Are Web Content Conundrum,” InformationWeek, March 12, 2008.
5 David Carr, “Free Music, at Least While It Lasts,” New York Times, June 8, 2014.
6 Grant Gross, “Pirate Sites Draw Huge Traffic,” Computerworld, January 1, 2013.
7 “NetNames Piracy Analysis: Sizing the Piracy Universe 3,” September 2013.
8 IFPI Digital Music Report, 2011, “Music at the Touch of a Button,” p. 14.
9 OFCOM, online copyright infringement tracker benchmark study, Q3 2012, November 20, 2012.
10 David Goldman, “Music’s Lost Decade: Sales Cut in Half in 2000s,” CNN Money, February 3, 2010.
11 Derek Thompson, “Why Would Anybody Ever Buy Another Song?,” Atlantic, March 17, 2014.
12 Thair Shaikh, “HMV Closes Historic Oxford Street Store,” Independent, January 14, 2014.
13 Dave Lee, “‘Netflix for Piracy’ Popcorn Time Saved by Fans,” BBC News, March 17, 2014.
14 Andrew Stewart, “Number of Frequent Young Moviegoers Plummets in 2013,” Variety, March 25, 2014.
15 IFPI Digital Music Report, 2011, p. 5.
16 TERA Consultants, “Building a Digital Economy: The Importance of Saving Jobs in the EU’s Creative Industries,” International Chamber of Commerce/BASCAP, March 2010.
17 “45% Fewer Professional Working Musicians Since 2002,” Trichordist, May 21, 2013.
18 For a summary of the corrosive impact of piracy on the creative industries, see my white paper “Profiting from Free: The Scourge of Online Piracy and How Industry Can Help” (ICOMP, October 2013). Some of the research from my white paper has also been deployed in this book.
19 Ananth Baliga, “Pirate Websites Roped in $227 Million in Ad Revenues in 2013,” UPI, February 18, 2014.
20 Duncan Grieve, “Kim Dotcom: ‘I’m Not a Pirate, I’m an Innovator,’” Guardian, January 14, 2014.
21 Robert Levine, Free Ride: How Digital Parasites Are Destroying the Culture Business and How the Culture Business Can Fight Back (New York: Doubleday, 2011), p. 4.
22 Ibid., p. 13.
23 “Know Your Rights on Social Media—Legal Considerations and More,” American Society of Media Photographers, 2013.
24 “Understanding the Role of Search in Online Piracy,” Millward Brown Digital, September 2013.
25 “comScore Releases March 2014 U.S. Search Engine Rankings,” comScore.com, April 15, 2014.
26 “comScore Releases ‘2013 UK Digital Future in Focus Report,’” comScore.com,
February 14, 2013.
27 Josh Holiday, “Google Pledge to Downgrade Piracy Sites Under Review,” Guardian, November 5, 2012.
28 See Glenn Peoples, “RIAA Report Criticizes Google’s Efforts to Limit Infringing Search Results,” Billboard, February 21, 2013. Also Glenn Peoples, “Business Matters: MP3 Stores Harder to Find as Google Search Removal Requests Accumulate,” Billboard, February 4, 2013.
29 Andrew Albanese, “Artists and Photographers Sue Over Google Book Search,” Publishers Weekly, April 7, 2010.
30 Erik Kirschbaum, “Merkel Criticizes Google for Copyright Infringement,” Reuters, October 10, 2009.
31 Stuart Dredge and Dominic Rushe, “YouTube to Block Indie Labels Who Don’t Sign Up to New Music Service,” Guardian, June 17, 2014.
32 Leslie Kaufman, “Chasing Their Star, on YouTube,” New York Times, February 1, 2014.
33 Jason Calacanis, “I Ain’t Gonna Work on YouTube’s Farm No More,” Launch, June 2, 2013.
34 Carr, “Free Music, at Least While It Lasts.”
35 Michael Wolff, “New Cash, New Questions for Business Insider,” USA Today, March 16, 2014.
36 Levine, Free Ride, p. 4.
37 Ibid., p. 113.
38 Henry Mance, “Trust-Fund Newspaper? Not Us,” Financial Times, March 7, 2014. See also Ravi Somaiya, “Guardian to Make Management Changes,” New York Times, March 6, 2014.
39 Lucia Moses, “The Guardian’s Robot Newspaper Comes to the U.S.,” Digiday, April 13, 2014.
40 Tom Kutsch, “The Blurred Lines of Native Advertising,” Al Jazeera America, March 8, 2014.
41 Alan D. Mutter, “The Newspaper Crisis, by the Numbers,” Newsosaur.blogspot.com, July 16, 2014.
42 Monica Anderson, “At Newspapers, Photographers Feel the Brunt of Job Cuts,” Pew Research Center, November 11, 2013.
43 Lawrie Zion, “New Beats: Where Do Redundant Journalists Go?,” TheConversation.com, December 1, 2013.
44 Rachel Bartlett, “A Quarter of Spanish Journalists Made Redundant Since the Recession, Suggests Report,” Journalism.co.uk, December 15, 2010.
45 Andres Cala, “Spain’s Economic Crisis Has an Unexpected Victim: Journalism,” Christian Science Monitor, February 28, 2013.
46 Clay Shirky, “Last Call: The End of the Printed Newspaper,” Medium.com, August 21, 2014.
47 Rory Carroll, “Silicon Valley’s Culture of Failure . . . and ‘the Walking Dead’ It Leaves Behind,” Guardian, June 28, 2014.
48 Alyson Shontell, “$4 Billion Is the New $1 Billion in Startups,” Business Insider, November 13, 2013.
49 Joshua Brustein, “Spotify Hits 10 Million Paid Users. Now Can It Make Money?,” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 21, 2014.
50 David Byrne, “The Internet Will Suck All Creative Content Out of the World,” Guardian, October 11, 2013.
51 Charles Arthur, “Thom Yorke Blasts Spotify on Twitter as He Pulls His Music,” Guardian, July 15, 2013.
52 Paul Resnikoff, “16 Artists That Are Now Speaking Out Against Streaming,” Digital Music News, February 2, 2013.
53 Ellen Shipley, “My Song Was Played 3.1 Million Times on Pandora. My Check Was $39,” Digital Music News, July 29, 2013.
54 David Carr, “A New Model for Music: Big Bands, Big Brands,” New York Times, March 16, 2014.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 TERA Consultants, “Building a Digital Economy: The Importance of Saving Jobs in the EU’s Creative Industries.”
Chapter Six
1 European Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights, “Intellectual Property Rights Intensive Industries: Contribution to Economic Performance and Employment in the European Union,” September 2013, p. 6.
2 Motion Picture Association of America, “2011 Economic Contribution of the Motion Picture and Television Industry to the United States.”
3 Michael Cass, “Commerce Secretary Gives Music Row Some Good News,” Tennessean, August 7, 2013.
4 Keen, The Cult of the Amateur, p. 113.
5 Packer, “Celebrating Inequality.”
6 Heather Havrilesky, “794 Ways in Which Buzzfeed Reminds Us of Impending Death,” New York Times, July 3, 2014.
7 Anita Elberse, Blockbusters: Hit-Making, Risk-Taking and the Big Business of Entertainment (New York: Henry Holt, 2013), p. 11.
8 Robert H. Frank, “Winners Take All, but Can’t We Still Dream?,” New York Times, February 22, 2014.
9 Elberse, Blockbusters, p. 160.
10 “The Death of the Long Tail,” MusicIndustryBlog, March 4, 2014.
11 Helienne Lindvall, “The 1 Percent: Income Inequality Has Never Been Worse Among Touring Musicians,” Guardian, July 5, 2013.
12 John Gapper, “The Superstar Still Reigns Supreme over Publishing,” Financial Times, July 17, 2013.
13 Alison Flood, “Most Writers Earn Less Than £600 a Year, Survey Reveals,” Guardian, January 17, 2014.
14 Colin Robinson, “The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Reader,” New York Times, January 4, 2014.
15 Amanda Ripley, The Smartest Kids in the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), pp. 169–70.
16 Tamar Lewin, “Professors at San Jose State Criticize Online Courses,” New York Times, May 2, 2013.
17 Ki Mae Heussner, “‘Star’ Coursera Prof Stops Teaching Online Course in Objection to MOOCs,” GigaOm, September 3, 2013.
18 William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), p. 186.
19 Jessica McKenzie, “More Evidence That MOOCs Are Not Great Equalizers,” Techpresident.com, March 17, 2014.
20 Emily Bell, “Journalists Are on the Move in America—and Creating a New Vitality,” Guardian, November 17, 2013.
21 Riva Gold, “Newsroom Diversity: A Casualty of Journalism’s Financial Crisis,” Atlantic, July 2013.
22 Emily Bell, “Journalism Startups Aren’t a Revolution if They’re Filled with All These White Men,” Guardian, March 12, 2014.
23 Suzanne Moore, “In the Digital Economy, We’ll Soon All Be Working for Free—and I Refuse,” Guardian, June 5, 2013.
24 Tim Kreider, “Slaves of the Internet, Unite!,” New York Times, October 26, 2013.
25 Alina Simone, “The End of Quiet Music,” New York Times, September 25, 2013.
26 Joe Pompeo, “The Huffington Post, Nine Years On,” CapitalNewYork.com, May 8, 2014.
27 Ibid.
28 Mathew Ingram, “The Unfortunate Fact Is That Online Journalism Can’t Survive Without a Wealthy Benefactor or Cat GIFs,” GigaOm, September 22, 2013.
29 Julie Bosman, “To Stay Afloat, Bookstores Turn to Web Donors,” New York Times, August 11, 2013.
30 Teddy Wayne, “Clicking Their Way to Outrage,” New York Times, July 3, 2014.
31 Ben Dirs, “Why Stan Collymore’s Treatment on Twitter Is Not Fair Game,” BBC Sport, January 23, 2014.
32 Raphael Minder, “Fans in Spain Reveal Their Prejudices, and Social Media Fuels the Hostilities,” New York Times, May 22, 2014.
33 Jeff Jarvis, “What Society Are We Building Here?,” BuzzMachine, August 14, 2014.
34 Farhad Manjoo, “Web Trolls Winning as Incivility Increases,” New York Times, August 14, 2014.
35 Ibid.
36 Amanda Hess, “Why Women Aren’t Welcome on the Internet,” Pacific Standard, January 6, 2014.
37 Simon Hattenstone, “Caroline Criado-Perez: ‘Twitter Has Enabled People to Behave in a Way They Wouldn’t Face to Face,” Guardian, August 4, 2013. For Twitter’s lack of response, see Jon Russell, “Twitter UK Chief Responds to Abuse Concerns After Campaigner Is Deluged with Rape Threats,” The Next Web, July 27, 2013.
38 “Blog Death Threats Spark Debate,” BBC News, March 27, 2007.
39 Deborah Fallows, “How Women and Men Use the Internet,” Pew Internet and American Life Project, December 28, 2005.
40 Stuart Jeffries, “How the Web Lost Its Way—and Its Founding Principles,” Guardian, August 24, 2014.
42 Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, “The Data of Hate,” New York Times, July 12, 2014.
43 Emily Bazelton, “The Online Avengers,” New York Times Magazine, January 15, 2014.
44 Jon Henley, “Ask.fm: Is There a Way to Make It Safe?” Guardian, August 6, 2013.
45 Lizette Alvarez, “Felony Counts for 2 in Suicide of Bullied 12-Year-Old,” New York Times, October 15, 2013.
46 Ben Wedeman, “Facebook May Face Prosecution over Bullied Teenager’s Suicide in Italy,” CNN, July 31, 2013.
47 Schumpeter, “Anonymous Social Networking: Secrets and Lies,” Economist, March 22, 2014.
48 David Gardner, “Tribes and Sects Rule as the Old Order Crumbles,” Financial Times, July 31, 2014.
49 Sam Jones, “Jihad by Social Media,” Financial Times, March 28, 2014.
50 Rod Nordland, “Iraq’s Sunni Militants Take to Social Media to Advance Their Cause and Intimidate,” New York Times, June 28, 2014.
51 Shiv Malik and Michael Safi, “Revealed: The Radical Clerics Using Social Media to Back British Jihadists in Syria,” Guardian, April 15, 2014.
52 Harriet Sherwood, “Israel and Hamas Clash on Social Media,” Guardian, July 16, 2014.
53 Lisa Chow, “Top Reviewers on Amazon Get Tons of Free Stuff,” NPR, Planet Money, October 29, 2013.
54 David Streitfeld, “Give Yourself 5 Stars? Online, It Might Cost You,” New York Times, September 22, 2013.
55 Charles Arthur, “How Low-Paid Workers at ‘Click Farms’ Create Appearance of Online Popularity,” Guardian, August 2, 2014.
56 Tim Wu, “Little Lies the Internet Told Me,” New Yorker, April 17, 2014.
57 Pippa Stephens, “Trust Your Doctor, Not Wikipedia, Say Scientists,” BBC Health News, May 27, 2014.
58 Tom Simonite, “The Decline of Wikipedia,” MIT Technology Review, October 22, 2013.
59 Ibid.
60 Anne Perkins, “Whose Truth Is Wikipedia Guarding?,” Guardian, August 7, 2014.
61 James R. Hagerty and Kate Linebaugh, “Next 3-D Frontier: Printed Plane Parts,” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2012.
62 Stuart Dredge, “30 Things Being 3D Printed Right Now (and None of Them Are Guns),” Guardian, January 29, 2014.