Haunted by Atrocity

by Benjamin G. Cloyd

  24. Ezra H. Ripple, Dancing along the Deadline, The Andersonville Memoir of a Prisoner of the Confederacy, edited by Mark Snell (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1996), 5–6.

  25. George H. Putnam, A Prisoner of War in Virginia 1864–5 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912), 3.

  26. Ripple, Dancing Along the Deadline, 1–2.

  27. Thomas Sturgis, “Prisoners of War,” in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, ed. A. Noel Blakeman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912), 270–71, 275, 305, 267.

  28. Clay W. Holmes, The Elmira Prison Camp (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912), v.

  29. William H. Knauss, The Story of Camp Chase (1906; repr., Columbus, Ohio: The General’s Books, 1994), xx.

  30. Holland Thompson, ed., Prisons and Hospitals, Vol. 7, The Photographic History of the Civil War in Ten Volumes, ed. Francis Trevelyan Miller (New York: Review of Reviews Co., 1911), 18, 54, 136.

  31. Sturgis, “Prisoners of War,” 326–28.

  32. Minutes of the 8th Annual Meeting and Reunion of the United Confederate Veterans (New Orleans: Hopkins’ Printing Office, 1899), 70, 65–77; for similar sentiments, see Minutes of the Tenth Annual Meeting and Reunion of the United Confederate Veterans (New Orleans: Hopkins’ Printing Office, 1902), 118–32, and George L. Christian, “The Confederate Cause and its Defenders,” Southern Historical Society Papers 26 (January—December 1898): 323–47

  33. James M. Page, The True Story of Andersonville Prison (1908, repr., Scituate, Mass.: Digital Scanning, 2000), 245–47.

  34. Committee on Confederate Dead, Report of Re-burial, 3, 15–16.

  35. Confederated Southern Memorial Association, History of the Confederated Memorial Associations of the South (New Orleans: Graham, 1904), 87–88.

  36. Knauss, The Story of Camp Chase, xvii—xviii, 75, 73. See also “Camp Chase Memorial Association,” Confederate Veteran 7 (July 1899): 305; Minutes of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (Nashville, Tenn.: Foster & Webb, 1905), 147–50.

  37. Nancy A. Roberts, “The Afterlife of Civil War Prisons and Their Dead” (Ph.D. diss., University of Oregon, 1996), 238–47; “Monument to Confederate Dead of Fort Delaware,” Confederate Veteran 22 (March 1914): 125.

  38. Hunter McGuire, “School Histories in the South,” Confederate Veteran 7 (November 1899): 500, 502.

  39. A. W. Mangum, “History of the Salisbury, N. C., Confederate Prison,” Publications of the Southern History Association 3 (1899): 336

  40. See W. J. Bohon, “Rock Island Prison,” Confederate Veteran 16 (July 1908): 346–47; George L. Christian, “Report of the History Committee,” Southern Historical Society Papers 29 (January—December 1901): 99–131; George L. Christian, “Treatment and Exchange of Prisoners,” SHSP 30 (January—December 1902): 77–104; R. A. Goodwin, “Memorial Sermon,” SHSP 37 (January—December 1909): 338–47.

  41. Marcus B. Toney, Privations of a Private (Nashville, Tenn.: privately printed, 1905); William A. Fletcher, Rebel Private (1908, repr., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1954); Alexander Hunter, Johnny Reb and Billy Yank (New York: Neale, 1905); Randolph H. McKim, A Soldier’s Recollections (New York: Longmans, Green, 1911); John N. Opie, A Rebel Cavalryman (Chicago: W. B. Conkey, 1899); L. W. Hopkins, From Bull Run to Appomattox (Baltimore: Fleet-McGinley, 1908); I. Hermann, Memoirs of a Veteran (Atlanta: Byrd, 1911); Wayland F. Dunaway, Reminiscences of a Rebel (New York: Neale, 1913).

  42. John H. King, Three Hundred Days in a Yankee Prison (1904, repr., Kennesaw, Ga.: Continental Book Company, 1959), 3, 84–85.

  43. Confederated Southern Memorial Association, History of the Confederated Memorial Associations of the South, 31.

  44. Minutes of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting and Reunion of the United Confederate Veterans (N.p.: privately printed, 1905), 30, 33.

  45. McGuire, “School Histories in the South,” 500. See also Karen L. Cox, Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 2003).

  46. Minutes of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (Nashville, Tenn.: Foster, Webb & Parkes, 1906), 137–40.

  47. L. G. Young, “Georgia U. D. C. to Honor Henry Wirz,” Confederate Veteran 14 (April 1906): 181–82. See also James H. M’Neilly, “Andersonville and Maj. Henry Wirz,” CV 15 (January 1907): 14–16; “Maj. Henry Wirz,” CV 16 (May 1908): 199–200.

  48. R. A. Brock, “Prisoners of War North and South,” Southern Historical Society Papers 34 (January—December 1906): 69.

  49. J. R. Gibbons, “The Monument to Henry Wirz,” Southern Historical Society Papers 36 (January—December 1908): 226–36.

  50. William Burnett, “The Wirz Monument at Andersonville,” p. 5, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  51. Americus Times-Recorder, January 28, 1908, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  52. E. F. Andrews to Mr. Oglesby, Montgomery, Ala., April 29, 1907, Thaddeus Kosciuszko Papers, Box 2, Mss., Duke University, Durham, N.C. I am indebted to Gaines Foster for bringing this letter to my attention.

  53. Americus Times-Recorder, March 22, 1908, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site; Burnett, “The Wirz Monument at Andersonville,” pp. 9—11.

  54. Ibid., December 8, 1908, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  55. Ibid., December 15, 1908, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  56. Ibid., March 18, 1909, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  57. William Burnett, “Memorial Day through the Years,” pp. 5–6, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  58. Burnett, “Memorial Day through the Years,” p. 7.

  59. Peggy Sheppard, Andersonville Georgia USA (1973, repr., Andersonville, Ga.: Sheppard, 2001), 59.

  60. Burnett, “Memorial Day through the Years,” pp. 8–9.

  61. Sheppard, Andersonville Georgia USA, 59.

  62. Abernethy, Dedication of Monuments, 103.

  63. Sherman, Dedicating in Dixie, 53.

  64. Burnett, “The Wirz Monument,” pp. 8–9.

  65. Gibbons, “The Monument to Captain Henry Wirz,” 226, 233–34.

  66. “Maj. Henry Wirz,” Confederate Veteran 16 (May 1908): 199.

  67. The Trial and Death of Henry Wirz (Raleigh, N.C.: E. M. Uzzell, 1908).

  68. Americus Times-Recorder, May 13, 1909, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  69. Burnett, “The Wirz Monument,” p. 11. See also William Mickle, “General Orders,” 22 May 1909 in Augustus W. Graham Papers, Series 2.6, Folder 251, 1909–1913, Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

  70. Burnett, “The Wirz Monument,” p. 12.

  71. John H. Stibbs, “Andersonville and the Trial of Henry Wirz,” Iowa Journal of History and Politics 9 (1911): 34, 53.

  72. Sturgis, “Prisoners of War,” 311.

  73. J. W. Elarton, Andersonville (Aurora, Neb.: privately printed, 1913).

  CHAPTER FIVE

  1. A Pilgrimage to the Shrines of Patriotism (Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon, 1916), 25.

  2. William Burnett, “Minnesota,” in “Andersonville Monuments,” pp. 1–2, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  3. William Burnett, “Tennessee Monument,” in “Andersonville Monuments,” pp. 2–3, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  4. William Burnett, “Clara Barton Monument,” in “Andersonville Monuments,” pp. 1–2, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site. Other WRC-sponsored monuments included the “Our Lizabeth” monument,” a 1908 tribute to former WRC president Elizabeth Turner; the “Providence Spring” monument, built in 1
901; and a 1928 tribute to the Gettysburg Address.

  5. William Burnett, “Sun Dial Monument,” in “Andersonville Monuments,” p. 1, Anderson-ville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  6. William Burnett, “8 State Monument,” in “Andersonville Monuments,” p. 1, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  7. H. M. M. Richards, “In Rebel Prisons: A Tribute to Samuel B. Stafford,” Lebanon County Historical Society 8 (1922): 275.

  8. Peterson H. Cherry, Prisoner in Blue: Memories of the Civil War after 70 Years (Los Angeles: Wetzel, 1931), 70.

  9. Charles A. Humphreys, Field, Camp, Hospital and Prison in the Civil War, 1863–1865 (1918; repr., Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1971); A. L. Spencer, Reminiscences of the Civil War and Andersonville Prison (Ottawa, Kans.: Fulton, 1917); Daniel A. Langworthy, Reminiscences of a Prisoner of War and His Escape (Minneapolis, Minn.: Byron, 1915); Emogene Niver Marshall, Reminiscences of the Civil War and Andersonville Prison (Sandusky, Ohio: Krewson’s, 1932); Walter R. Robbins, War Record and Personal Experiences of Walter Raleigh Robbins (N.p.: privately printed, 1923); David S. Whitenack, “Reminiscences of the Civil War: Andersonville,” Indiana Magazine of History 11 (June 1915): 128–43; Henry Devillez, “Reminiscences of the Civil War: Andersonville,” Indiana Magazine of History 11 (June 1915): 144–47.

  10. See, e.g., C. M. Destler, “An Andersonville Prison Diary,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 24 (March 1940): 56–76.

  11. H. W. Graber, The Life Record of H. W. Graber (N.p.: privately printed, 1916), 136.

  12. David E. Johnston, The Story of a Confederate Boy in the Civil War (Portland, Ore.: Glass & Prudhomme, 1914), 341.

  13. John A. Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1914); Jno B. Castleman, Active Service (Louisville, Ky.: Courier-Journal Job Printing, 1917); Absalom Grimes, Confederate Mail Runner, ed. M. M. Quaife (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1926); John Dooley, Confederate Soldier, ed. Joseph T. Durkin (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cayuga, 1945).

  14. R. T. Bean, “Seventeen Months in Camp Douglas,” Confederate Veteran 22 (June 1914): 270.

  15. Bennett H. Young, “Treatment of Prisoners of War,” Confederate Veteran 26 (November 1918): 470, 501; “Prison Horrors Compared,” CV 27 (November 1919): 410–11.

  16. Gray Book Committee S. C. V., The Gray Book (N.p.: privately printed, 1920), 2–3.

  17. “Major Henry Wirz,” William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine 27 (January 1919): 145.

  18. Gray Book Committee, The Gray Book, 18–19.

  19. A. T. Goodwyn, Memorial Address (Montgomery, Ala.: privately printed, 1926), 4.

  20. Mildred L. Rutherford, Wrongs of History Righted (Savannah, Ga.: privately printed, 1914), 2–4.

  21. Americus Times-Recorder, May 15, 1919, May 16, 1919, clippings in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  22. Mildred L. Rutherford, Facts and Figures vs. Myths and Misrepresentations: Henry Wirz and Andersonville Prison (Athens, Ga.: privately printed, 1921), 52.

  23. Sherwood Anderson, Winesburg, Ohio, ed. John H. Ferres (New York: Viking, 1966), 23.

  24. The Margaret Mitchell quote comes from Edgar Stewart, review of Camp Morton, 1861–1865: Indianapolis Prison Camp, by Hattie Lou Winslow and Joseph R. H. Moore, The American Historical Review 47 (October 1941): 199.

  25. Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Annual Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (N.p.: privately printed, 1937), 185

  26. Elizabeth L. Parker, “Henry Wirz, the Martyr,” United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine 12 (March 1949): 18. See also Elizabeth L. Parker, “The Civil War Career of Henry Wirz and Its Aftermath” (M.A. thesis, University of Georgia, 1948).

  27. William Bennett, “Memorial Day through the Years,” pp. 9–13, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.

  28. Herbert C. Fooks, Prisoners of War (Federalsburg, Md.: J. W. Stowell, 1924), 263, 152, 156, 178–79, 184.

  29. Fooks, Prisoners of War, 313.

  30. William B. Hesseltine, Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology (1930; repr., Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998), xxiii. On Hesseltine’s background, training, and motivation, see William Blair, “Foreword,” in Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology, by William B. Hesseltine (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998), ix—xx.

  31. Charles W. Ramsdell, review of Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology, by William B. Hesseltine, Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17 (December 1930): 481; Thomas Robson Hay, review of Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology, by William B. Hesseltine, The American Historical Review 36 (January 1931): 455.

  32. Hesseltine, Civil War Prisons, 113.

  33. Ibid., 34, xxv.

  34. Ibid., 133, 135.

  35. Ibid., 254–56.

  36. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 558.

  37. Hesseltine, Civil War Prisons, 172, 177, 175–76.

  38. William B. Hesseltine, “The Propaganda Literature of Confederate Prisons,” Journal of Southern History 1 (February—November 1935): 56, 61.

  39. Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Confederacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940), 275.

  40. R. Walter Coakley, review of Foreigners in the Confederacy, by Ella Lonn, William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine 22 (January 1942): 78.

  41. William Q Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the United States Sanitary Commission (New York: Longmans, Green, 1956), 308.

  42. William F. Thompson, The Image of War (1959; repr., Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 92.

  43. Reinhard H. Luthin, “Waving the Bloody Shirt: Northern Political Tactics in Post-Civil War Times,” Georgia Review 14 (Spring 1960): 64, 67. See also Reinhard H. Luthin, “Some Demagogues in American History,” American Historical Review 57 (October 1951): 40–41.

  44. Frank L. Byrne, “Libby Prison: A Study in Emotions,” Journal of Southern History 24 (November 1958): 444.

  45. Richard F. Hemmerlein, Prisons and Prisoners of the Civil War (Boston: Christopher, 1934), 112.

  46. Hattie Lou Winslow and Joseph R. H. Moore, Camp Morton, 1861–1865: Indianapolis Prison Camp (1940; repr., Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1995), 122.

  47. Edgar Stewart, review of Camp Morton, 1861–1865: Indianapolis Prison Camp, by Hattie Lou Winslow and Joseph R. H. Moore, American Historical Review 47 (October 1941): 199; Oscar O. Winther, review of Camp Morton, 1861–1865: Indianapolis Prison Camp, by Hattie Lou Winslow and Joseph R. H. Moore, Journal of Southern History 7 (August 1941): 413.

  48. James C. Bonner, “War Crimes Trials, 1865–1867,” Social Science 22 (April 1947): 128, 130, 131, 134.

  49. Bruce Catton, “Prison Camps of the Civil War,” American Heritage 10 (August 1959): 97, 5.

  50. New York Times Book Review, October 30, 1955.

  51. Jeff Smithpeters, “‘To the Latest Generation’: Cold War and Post Cold War U.S. Civil War Novels in Their Social Contexts” (Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 2005), 31, 58.

  52. MacKinlay Kantor, Andersonville (1955; repr., New York: Plume, 1993), 761.

  53. New York Times Book Review, October 30, 1955.

  54. Lawrence S. Thompson, “The Civil War in Fiction,” Civil War History 2 (March 1956): 93–94.

  55. Kantor, Andersonville, 140, 142, 344, 168, 171, 739–40.

  56. William B. Hesseltine, “Andersonville Revisited,” Georgia Review 10 (Spring 1956): 97, 100, 99.

  57. Smithpeters, “To the Latest Generation,” 29.

  58. Watt P. Marchman, ed., “The Journal of Sergt. Wm. J. McKell,” Civil War History 3 (September 1957): 315–39; Donald F. Danker, ed., “Imprisoned at Andersonville: The Diary of Albert Harry Shatzell, May 5, 1864–September 12, 1864,” Nebraska History 38 (June 1957): 81–1
24; J. B. Stamp, “Ten Months Experience in Northern Prisons,” Alabama Historical Quarterly 18 (Winter 1956): 486–98.

  59. Ovid Futch, “Andersonville Raiders,” Civil War History 2 (December 1956): 47–60; Virgil C. Jones, “Libby Prison Break,” Civil War History 4 (June 1958): 93–104.

  60. Richard B. Harwell, The Confederate Reader (New York: Longmans, Green, 1957), and The Union Reader (New York: Longmans, Green, 1958).

  61. Dumas Malone and Basil Rauch, The New Nation, 1865–1917 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960), 5.

  62. Kantor, Andersonville, 762.

  63. John McElroy, This Was Andersonville, with an introduction by Roy Meredith (New York: Bonanza, 1957), xx–xxi.

  64. Atlanta Journal, May 28, 1957, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Anderson-ville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.

  65. Atlanta Constitution, June 2, 1957, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.

  66. See ibid., October 6, 1957, June 29, 1958, October 29, 1958, April 22, 1959, August 30, 1959, September 1, 1959, September 5, 1959, September 22, 1959, November 22, 1959, December 1, 1959, and December 15, 1959, clippings in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.

  67. Ibid., September 2, 1959, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.

  68. Atlanta Journal, January 24, 1958, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.

  69. Atlanta Constitution, February 5, 1958 and February 6, 1958, clippings in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.

  70. Ibid., January 31, 1960, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison, Georgia State Archives.

  71. Saul Levitt, The Andersonville Trial (New York: Random House, 1960), 13, 100, 105, 113, 120.

  CHAPTER SIX

  1. Atlanta Constitution, December 14, 1961, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.