65. Perkins, ”Operation Praying Mantis,” 69; New York Times, April 19,1988, An; James Chandler interview, November 1, 2003.
66. Reuben Vargas interview, May 30, 2003.
67. Katzman, The Warriors of Islam, 134.
68. Transcript of tape recording from the CIC of USS Wainwright, April 18,1988; James Chandler interview, November 1, 2003.
69. James Chandler interview, November 1, 2003.
70. Transcript of tape recording from the CIC of USS Wainwright, April 18,1988.
71. Ibid.; James Chandler interview, November 1, 2003.
72. Reuben Vargas interview, May 30, 2003; James Chandler interview, November 10, 2003; transcript of tape recording made in CIC of USS Wainwright, April 18, 1988.
73. Reuben Vargas interview, May 30, 2003; transcript of tape recording made in CIC of USS Wainwright, April 18,1988.
74. Transcript of tape recording made in CIC of USS Wainwright, April 18,1988.
75. ”Mideast Perspective: Interview with RADM Anthony A. Less,” 52.
76. James Chandler interview, November 1, 2003.
77. William Crowe interview, August 13,2003.
78. James Chandler interview, November 1, 2003; Reuben Vargas interview, May 30, 2003.
79. James Chandler interview, November 1, 2003.
80. Reuben Vargas interview, May 30, 2003; Leo Carling interview, October 5, 2003.
81. Henry Sanford interview, June 6, 2003.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.; Perkins, “Operation Praying Mantis,” 69.
84. Bud Langston and Don Bringle, “Operation Praying Mantis: The Air View,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1989, 58.
85. Ibid.; Secretary of State Colin Powell to the author, September 2, 2003, author’s collection.
86. Perkins, “Praying Mantis,” 70; Langston and Bringle, “The Air View,” 58–59.
87. Palmer, “Operation Praying Mantis,” 394.
88. Ibid.; William Crowe interview, August 13, 2003.
89. New York Times, July 6,1988, A6; Norman Friedman, ”The Vincennes Incident,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1989, 72; Leo Carling interview, October 5, 2003; William M. Fogarty, Investigation Report: Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 1988).
90. Michael Agresti, “The REAL Story about 3 July 1988,” USS Vincennes Web site, posted August 2,2001, at www.military.com/HomePage/UnitPageHistory.
91. Friedman, “The Vincennes Incident,” 75; New York Times, July 5, 1988, A1.
92. Ibid.
93. Langston and Bringle, “The Air View,” 65.
94. The senior American officer was Caspar Goodrich. He is quoted in William N. Still Jr., American Sea Power in the Old World: The United States Navy in European and Near Eastern Waters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 13.
EPILOGUE
1. John B. Hattendorf, The Evolution of the U.S. Navy’s Maritime Strategy,1977–1986 (Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 2004).
2. William J. Crowe Jr., In the Line of Fire: From Washington to the Gulf, Politics and Battles of the New Military (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 20–21.
3. George Easterbrook, “American Power Moves Beyond Mere Super,” Washington Post, April 30, 2003.
4. On the origins of Gulf War I, see Edward Marolda and Robert J. Schneller Jr., Shield and Sword: The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf War (Washington: Naval Historical Center, 1998); and Anthony H. Cordesman and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Vol. IV: The Gulf War (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
5. Cordesman and Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, 784; “U.S. Military Logistics,” The Atlantic, May 2003, 50.
6. Cordesman and Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, 797–98.
7. Ibid., 785.
8. Marolda and Schneller, Shield and Sword, 183–96.
9. Cordesman and Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, 399.
10. “Terrorist Attack on USS Cole,” Navy Times, October 23, 2000, 8–11.
11. Le Monde, September 13, 2001.
12. Lisa Troshinsky, ”Navy Pilots Set Flying and Target Records in Afghanistan,” Navy News & Undersea Technology, January 22, 2002, 1.
13. Newsweek, June 1, 1987, 25.
14. The White House, ”The National Security Policy of the United States,” September 17, 2002.
15. Hendrick Hertzberg, ”Manifesto,” The New Yorker, October 14–21, 2002, 64; Arthur Schlesinger Jr., ”Good Foreign Policy a Casualty of War,” Los Angeles Times, March 23,2002; Noam Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2003), 17.
16. Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004), 231–46; Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 9.
17. On March 16,2003, Vice President Cheney declared on Meet the Press, “There is no question but that they [the Iraqi people] want to get rid of Saddam Hussein and they will welcome as liberators the United States when we come to do that.”
18. America’s unreadiness for the postwar chaos is detailed in James Fallows, “Blind into Baghdad,” Atlantic Monthly, January–February 2004. See also Rick Atkinson, In the Company of Soldiers: A Chronicle of Combat (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004), 297–303.
19. Vernon Loeb, “Navy Plans to Increase Carrier Readiness,” Washington Post, June 29, 2003, A9.
20. Max Boot, “The Doctrine of the Big Enchilada,” The Washington Post, October 14, 2002, A29.
21. George Kennan is quoted in Ronald Steel, “George Kennan at 100,” The New York Review of Books, April 29,2004, 9; Michael Ignatieff, “The Burden,” New York Times Magazine, January 5,2003,24.
[INDEX]
“ABCD ships,” 145, 145
Abu Ghraib prison, 338
Abu Musa Island, 312
Acadia (U.S. repair vessel), 323n
Adams, Samuel, 255–56
Adams–class guided–missile destroyers, 312
Adams (U.S. brigantine), 40, 43
Ady, Howard P., 230, 231
AEGIS fire control system, 266, 314
Afghanistan, 296, 332–33, 337
Age of Sail, 5–7, 24, 63, 90, 116, 142
agriculture of the South, 88–89
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 185–86, 189
aircraft, 214–15, 224, 231–34, 278
A–6 Intruders, 311
bombers (general), 234, 240, 243
B–17 Flying Fortress, 226, 230, 237, 257n
Emily long range scout planes (Japanese), 222, 223n
F4F–4 Wildcat fighters, 203, 227, 239, 240, 243–44, 247, 251–52
F–4 Phantom fighters, 284, 308
F–14 Tomcat fighters, 311–12
fighters (general), 215–16, 217, 233, 239, 243
F2A–3 Buffalo fighters, 215, 234–35
Japanese torpedo bombers, 222, 227—28, 238, 255
SDB–3 Dauntless dive–bombers, 203, 2i6n, 217, 233, 237—38, 239, 246—50, 256, 257
TBD–i Devastator torpedo bombers, 203, 216–17, 217n, 233, 236n, 239–40, 243, 245, 247, 248
TBF Avenger torpedo bombers, 236
Vindicators (USMC), 238
Zeros (Mitsubishi Type o fighter), 215, 216, 227—28, 234—35, 237—38, 239–46, 247, 249. See also individual squadrons (VB, VF, VS, VT)
aircraft carriers: air wings, 214–17, 219 (see also specific planes under aircraft)
fleet of, 209, 210
formation, 213
Japan’s strategy to destroy, 207—8, 219, 228—29
landing and launching of planes, 214—15, 231–34
in Pearl Harbor attack, 201, 219
in Persian Gulf, 275, 282
size of, 265
Task Force 16, 213, 218, 230, 236, 255
Task Force 17, 214, 217, 230, 234. See also specific carriers
air tasking order (ATO), 329
Ajax (British
ship-of-the-line), 14, 16
Akagi (Japanese carrier), 218, 237, 240, 247, 248, 257
Akebono Maru (Japanese transport), 227
Alabama (Confederate raider), 92—93
Aldrich, Clarence E., 255
Aleutian Islands, 205, 220
al–Qaeda, 334n
Al Rekkah. See Bridgeton Amelia (U.S. gunboat), 45n, 51n
American Asiatic Squadron: ammunition, 160–61, 162, 164, 170, 173, 177, 178
Battle of Manila Bay, 169–81
preparations for war, 158–65
ships of, 144–46. See also specific ships
Amherstburg, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
amphibious assault ship (LHA or LHD), 339
antisubmarine warfare (ASW), 267
Arab-American Oil Company (ARAMCO), 274
Arabian Sea, 266
Arab River, 277
Arashi (Japanese destroyer), 246
Arayat (U.S. gunboat), 191
Arbuthnot, Marriott, 15
Ariel (U.S. schooner), 66, 67
Arleigh Burke–class guided missile destroyers, 330—31
Astoria (U.S. cruiser), 258
Atlanta (U.S. cruiser), 145, 145
Attu island, 220, 224
“auxiliary steamers,” 90
AWACS aircraft, 269, 319
Bacoor Bay, 169, 180
Bagley (U.S. frigate), 301, 303
Bahrain, 274
Bainbridge, William, 40
Balch (U.S. destroyer), 259
Baltimore (U.S. cruiser): and ammunition, 161–62, 164
armament of, 167
Battle of Manila Bay, 170, 173, 179, 180
casualties, 182
in Manila Bay, 180
painting of, 164
Bandar Abbas airfield, 308, 316
Barclay, Robert, 59–61, 65, 71, 72
Barras, Paul–François–Jean–Nicolas de, 8, 10, 11–12, 18
Barron, James, 30, 78
Battle of the Atlantic, 260
Battle of the Capes (1781), 7–19, 66, 173, 203
battles: Readers searching for specific battles should look under the place name of the battle (i.e., Hampton Roads battle, Manila Bay battle, Midway battle).
Beaufort (Confederate gunboat), 114–15
Belknap–class cruisers, 301
Bell, William, 60
Bellinger, P. N. L., 226–27
Bennett, V. M., 251
Berlin, 266
Berlin Wall, 324—25
Best, Richard, 248
Beveridge, Albert, 158n
Bicheno, Hugh, 221n
bin Laden, Osama, 331, 334n
Black, Wilsone, 164
Black Rock, 42, 44, 47
Blanco, Ramón, 152
blockade of Confederate ports, 88–89, 91–92, 109
Boca Grande Channel, 146, 147, 148, 169
Boghammer gunboats, 292, 311, 315
Bonhomme Richard (U.S. frigate), 261
Boot, Max, 191
Borneo, 200, 219
Boston: armament, 167
in Asiatic Squadron, 144–45, 145, 161
Battle of Manila Bay, 148, 169, 170, 173, 179
commander of, 163
Bridgeton (formerly Al Rekkah, tanker), 276, 283, 284—87, 285, 290
Brindel, Glenn, 269, 271—72, 318
Britain. See Great Britain
Brock, Isaac, 38–39
Brooke, John Mercer, 94–96
Brown, Noah, 47, 48, 50, 60
Browning, Miles, 231—32
Brown & Root, 287
Bryan, William Jennings, 153, 188
Buchanan, Franklin: Battle of Hampton Roads, 86–87, 107–17
career after Virginia, 134
and Congress, 114—17
and Cumberland, 110—13
Dewey compared to, 165
injury, 115, H5n, 119
recruitment of, 97
victory of, 118
Buchanan, McKean, 114
Buckmaster, Elliott, 251, 255, 258–59
Bunnell, David, 64, 68
Bureau of Ordnance, 160—61, 209
Burgoyne, John, 9
Bush, George H. W., 325–27, 329–30, 340
Bush, George W., 332, 333–39
Bushnell, Cornelius, 98–100
Caballo island, 146, 147, 148
Caledonia (U.S. brigantine), 43, 43–44, 65, 67
Calhoun, John C., 88
camels (flotation devices), 55, 56
Camel Station, 275, 282, 284
Canada, 33—34, 35—40, 87
“The Canterville Ghost” (Wilde), 141
Cape Charles, 14
Cape Henry, 8, 11, 12, 14
Carlucci, Frank, 297, 307, 314
Carter, Jimmy, 277
Carter Doctrine, 277
Castilla (Spanish cruiser), 167, 168, 180
casualties: Battle of Hampton Roads, 107, 111, 112–13, 116–17, 132
Battle of Lake Erie, 67—68, 71, 72, 72n
Battle of Manila Bay, 176, 179, 180, 182
Battle of the Capes, 16
Battle of the Coral Sea, 201
Civil War, 89
minimization of, 28
Philippine War, 191
Santiago de Cuba conflict, 185
World War I, 199
Cavite Navy Yard, 167, 169, 170, 183, 185
Central Command (CENTCOM), 274, 329
Century magazine, 111, 136
Cervera, Pascual, 185
C-5 transport planes, 287
Chadwick, Harry, 164, 165
chaff, 268, 306
Chalabi, Ahmed, 334
Chandler, James, 301, 304, 309
Charleston (U.S. cruiser), 161
Chauncey, Isaac, 41–42, 44, 47, 52–54, 58, 77
Cheney, Dick, 337
Chesapeake Bay, 7—19, 107, 118
Chesapeake (U.S. frigate), 27, 30, 31
Cheves, Langdon, 34
Chicago (U.S. cruiser), 145, 145
Chikuma (Japanese cruiser), 229
China, 159, 160, 161, 199, 200, 320
China (steamer), 163
Chirac, Jacques, 332n
Chomsky, Noam, 335
Churchill, Winston, 2–3, 262
Civil War, 2, 84–85, 87–93, 132–34, 150. See also Hampton Roads battle (1862)
Clay, Henry, 34
Cleveland, 45
Clinton, Bill, 330–31
coal, 90, 144, 156, 162, 163, 164
Coast Guard, 281
Code and Signal Section (Op-20-G), 205
code breakers (cryptanalysts), 203—6, 208, 209, 210—11, 234
Cold War, 265—66, 279
Cole (U.S. frigate), 330–31, 331
combat information center (CIC), 299, 302, 315
communication: by blinker signals, 230
of Dewey’s victory, 182
between Japanese, 224
from Manila, 184
modern communications, 319
by signal flags, 5, 15
by telegraph, 90, 207
concentration camps, 152, 190
Concord (U.S. cruiser), 148, 161, 169, 170, 173
Confederacy: Battle of Hampton Roads, 85–87, 107–17, 122–31
blockade of Confederate ports, 88–89, 91–92, 109
and Buchanan, 86–87
and Civil War, 83–85, 132–34
ironclad construction, 91–97, 136
Confederate Congress, 93, 96n, 97
Congress (U.S. frigate), 107–8, 110, 113–17, 117, 118
Constellation (U.S. carrier), 282, 284, 298
Constitution (U.S. frigate), 40
construction of ships: of ironclads, 91–97, 98–101, 136
of wooden warships, 42—43, 46, 47–51
convoys, 282—83, 283—88
Conyngham (U.S. frigate), 270
Cooper, James Fenimore, 77n
Coral Sea battle, 201, 203, 205, 209, 212–13, 218
Cornwallis, Charles, 7, 8, 11, 17—18, 1
9
Coronado (U.S. command ship), 298, 307
Corregidor island, 146, 147, 148
Crawford, John “Jack,” 255
crew, expertise of, 321–23
Crist, George B., 312
Crommelin (U.S. frigate), 283, 284—86
Crowe, William J., Jr.: and Chandler, 309
completion of mission, 314
interservice cooperation, 281–82
at Kirov, 325
on retaliation, 296, 307
on use of mines, 290–91
cryptanalysts (code breakers), 203—6, 208, 209, 210—11, 234
Cuba: and Cold War, 265, 266
historical background, 149–55
insurrections, 150–53, 156
and Philippines, 160, 185, 187, 188
role of U.S. in, 193, 195
Spanish misrule in, 143, 187, 199, 337
U.S.-Spanish relations over, 157—58. See also Spanish-American War
Culkins, C. G., 144
Cumberland (U.S. frigate), 107–8, 110–13, 111, 117–18, 119, 128
Curtis, Richard, 129
Cuyahoga (U.S. schooner), 37
CXAM radar, 251, 253
Czolgosz, Leon, 194
Dacatur, Stephen, 40
Dahlgren, John A., 119
Dana, Richard Henry, 54
Davidson, Hunter, 120, 129
Davis, Charles Henry, 100
Dearborn, Henry, 39
Decatur, Stephen, 78
de Lôme, Enrique Dupuy, 154–55, 161
Demologos (ironclad), 93
Desert Storm operation, 326–30
detainees, 291, 292
deterrence, 265
Detroit (British brigantine): armament, 61
Battle of Lake Erie, 65, 66, 71, 72
dimensions, 59–60
Detroit (British brigantine; formerly the Adams): British capture of, 40
Elliott’s capture of, 43, 43–44
Detroit River, 38, 59
Dewey, George: and Aguinaldo, 185–86
on anti–American rhetoric, 166
Battle of Manila Bay, 169–72, 176–81, 177
career after Manila Bay, 194
communications, 319
crew, 321–22
and Long, 159n
preparations for battle, 144–49, 158–65
range of engagement, 203
surrender of Spanish fleet, 180
victory, 182–83, 183, 191–92
and Yorktown, 202
Dibb, Robert A. M., 244–45
Diego Garcia, 287
Digby, Robert, 18
dive bombers. See aircraft
Dobbins, Daniel, 44, 47, 49, 50, 55
Dole, Robert, 272, 297
Dolphin (U.S. dispatch vessel), 145
Don Antonio de Ulloa (Spanish cruiser), 180
Decision at Sea Page 40