by Andrew Moore
1.Seed World 10, no. 4 (August 19, 1921): 52. Seed Trade Reporting Bureau, Chicago, IL.
CHAPTER ONE
1.Euell Gibbons, Stalking the Wild Asparagus (New York: David McKay Company, 1962), 162.
2.American Genetics Association, “Where Are the Best Pawpaws?” Journal of Heredity 7, no. 7 (1916): 294.
3.Corwin Davis, “Update on Papaws,” Northern Nut Growers Association Annual Report 70 (1979): 82.
4.Personal communication with Kirk Pomper, 2013.
5.George A. Zimmerman, “The Papaw,” Northern Nut Growers Association (1938), 99–102.
CHAPTER TWO
1.R. Neal Peterson, “Pawpaw (Asimina),” Acta Horticulture 290 (1991): 567–600.
2.Connie Barlow, The Ghosts of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 93.
3.Arthur Caswell Park, “Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants,” in Parker on the Iroquois: Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, the Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet, the Constitution of the Five Nations, ed. William N. Fenton (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1968), 95.
4.Marjorie Harris, Botanica North America: The Illustrated Guide to Our Native Plants, Their Botany, History, and the Way They Have Shaped Our World (New York: HarperResource, 2003), 169.
5.Samuel Cole Williams, ed., Adair’s History of the American Indians (New York: Promontory Press, 1986), 439.
6.Personal communication with Steven Bond.
7.William A. Read, Louisiana Place Names of Indian Origin: A Collection of Words (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008), 45. https://books.google.com/books?id=MSbUOTHeSWoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
8.William Bright, Native American Placenames of the United States (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), 30.
9.Daniel E. Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany (Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1998), 110.
10.Harris, Botanica North America: The Illustrated Guide to Our Native Plants, Their Botany, History, and the Way They Have Shaped Our World, 169.
11.Luis Hernández de Biedma, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, and Rodrigo Ranjel, Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida, vol. 1, trans. Buckingham Smith, ed. Edward Gaylord Bourne (New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1904), 222. https://books.google.com/books?id=-_XQwYabIk8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s
12.Lawrence A. Clayton, Vernon James Knight Jr., and Edward C. Moore, eds., The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539–1543, 2 vols. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993), 219 [note 332 in vol. 2].
13.John L. Cotter, New Discoveries at Jamestown: Site of the First Successful English Settlement in America (Washington, DC: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 1954), 74.
14.Ed Southern, ed., The Jamestown Adventure: Accounts of the Virginia Colony, 1605–1614 (Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, Publisher, 2004), 31.
15.James M. Crawford, ed., Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1975), 365.
16.John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England & The Summer Isles, vol. 1 (Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1907), 335. https://books.google.com/books?id=Im0LAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
17.Daniel F. Austin, Florida Ethnobotany (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004), 122. Austin’s writings on the Asimina genus is a tremendous resource compiling historic references and uses of pawpaw.
18.Stephen Lyn Bales, Natural Histories: Stories from the Tennessee Valley (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2007), 151.
19.John Lawson, Lawson’s History of North Carolina (London, printed for W. Taylor and F. Baker, 1714).
20.Keith A. Baca, Native American Place Names in Mississippi (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007), 15–16.
21.Geoffrey D. Kimball, Koasati Dictionary (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 345.
22.James Owen Dorsey and John R. Swanton, A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages: Accompanied with Thirty-One Biloxi Texts and Numerous Biloxi Phrases (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1912), 323. https://books.google.com/books?id=6vo_AQAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
23.Carolyn Quintero, Osage Dictionary (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009), 86. https://books.google.com/books?id=eHwCBQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
24.Austin, Florida Ethnobotany, 122.
25.James M. Craford, The Mobilian Trade Language (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1978), 119 [note 28]. Crawford notes that Joliet may have been the first European to attempt to write the Algonquian word for “pawpaw,” as Assons.
26.Emanuel J. Drechsel, Mobilian Jargon: Linguistic and Sociohistorical Aspects of a Native American Pidgin (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1997), 89, 95.
27.Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Histoire et description générale de la nouvelle France, avec le journal historique d’un voyage fait par odre du roi dans l’Amérique septentrionale (Paris, 1774), 395. https://books.google.com/books?id=yCFK4dJCci0C&source=gbs_navlinks_s
28.Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix [English translation], Journal of a Voyage to North-America, vol. 2 (Dublin: John Exshaw and James Potts, 1766), 167. https://books.google.com/books?id=taZCAQAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
29.Peter Kalm, The America of 1750: Peter Kalm’s Travels in North America, vol. 2, ed. Adolph Burnett Benson (New York: Dover Publications, 1964), 533. https://books.google.com/books?id=2fkMAQAAMAAJ
30.Michel Adanson, Familles des Plantes (Paris, 1763), 521.
31.Daniel Boone, Life and Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boon: The First White Settler of the State of Kentucky (Brooklyn: C. Wilder, 1823), 12.
32.Timothy Flint, Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone, the First Settler of Kentucky, Interspersed with Incidents in the Early Annals of the Country (Cincinnati: George Conclin, 1837), 108.
33.John Filson, The Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucke (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2009), 23–24. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJoCn2qf7y4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s
34.William Sudduth, “A Sketch of the Life of William Sudduth,” in Daniel Boone and Others on the Kentucky Frontier: Autobiographies and Narratives, 1769–1795, ed. Darren R. Reid (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2009), 120–25.
35.Beckner, Lucien, trans., “Rev. John Dabney Shane’s Interview with Mrs. Sarah Graham of Bath County,” Filson Club Historical Quarterly 9 (1935), 222–41.
36.Ecocrop, “Annona senegalensis,” http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3243 (accessed February 28, 2015); National Research Council, Lost Crops of Africa, vol. 3: Fruits (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008), 243. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879&page=243
37.Herbert C. Covey, African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and Non-Herbal Treatments (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 181.
38.John T. Schlotterbeck, Daily Life in the Colonial South (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press, 2013), 236. William Dillon Piersen, Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988), 103. https://books.google.com/books?id=th01vkRw2d8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s
39.John Uri Lloyd and Curtis Gates Lloyd, Drugs and Medicines of North America, vol. 2 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co, 1886–87), 51. https://books.google.com/books?id=4h8TAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
40.Andrew F. Smith, Starving the South: How the North Won the Civil War (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2011), 203. https://books.google.com/books?id=wcAf7HzaShYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
41.Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 102.
42.Arthur W. Bergeron, ed., The Civil War Reminiscen
ces of Major Silas T. Grisamore, CSA (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 165.
43.John Randolph McBride, History of the Thirty-Third Indiana Veteran Volunteer Infantry During the Four Years of Civil War (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1900), 54. https://books.google.com/books?id=44svAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
CHAPTER THREE
1.Thomas Farrington De Voe, The Market Assistant (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867), 384. https://books.google.com/books?id=2z4EAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
2.Lloyd and Lloyd, Drugs and Medicines of North America, 49–60. https://books.google.com/books?id=4h8TAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
3.American Gardening, vol. 11: The American Garden: An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture, ed. L. H. Bailey (New York: Rural Publishing Company, 1890), 714.
4.Harrisburgh, PA, Evening News, October 12, 1918.
5.Greenville, PA, Record-Argus, September 23, 1912.
6.W. H. Ragan, Transactions of the American Horticultural Society for the Year 1888, vol. 5: Being a Report of the Eighth Annual Meeting, Held at San Jose, Cal. (Indianapolis: Carlon & Hollenbeck, 1888), 161. https://books.google.com/books?id=CP5OAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
7.J. Horace McFarland, “Some American Trees,” in The Outlook, vol. 76: January–April, 1904 (New York: The Outlook Company, 1904), 817–27. https://books.google.com/books?id=J7gRAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
8.The Country Gentleman, vol. 70 (Albany: Luther Tucker & Son, 1905), 1198. https://books.google.com/books?id=1igiAQAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
9.James A. Little, The Pawpaw (Asimina triloba), A Native Fruit of Great Excellence (Clayton, IN: Orville G. Swindler, 1905).
CHAPTER FOUR
1.American Genetics Association, “Where Are the Best Pawpaws?”: 291–96.
2.American Genetics Association, “The Best Papaws,” Journal of Heredity 8, no. 1 (1917): 21–33.
3.Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, “Blueberries,” http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/fruits/blueberries (accessed February 28, 2015).
4.J. Kim Kaplan, “Blueberry Growing Comes to the National Agricultural Library,” Agricultural Research (May–June 2011): 14–16.
5.Kirk W. Pomper, Desmond R. Layne, R. Neal Peterson, and Dwight Wolfe, “The Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial: Background and Early Data,” HortTechnology 13, no. 3 (July–September 2003).
6.Tom Burford, Apples of North America: Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers, and Cooks (Toronto: Timber Press, 2013), 13.
7.Henry T. Finck, “The Pawpaw—An American Fruit,” House and Garden (March 1922): 38. https://books.google.com/books?id=oqdAAQAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
8.R. Neal Peterson, “Pawpaw (Asimina).”
9.Zimmerman, “The Papaw.”
10.R. Neal Peterson, “Pawpaw Variety Development: A History and Future Prospects,” HortTechnology 13 (2003): 449–54.
11.David Fairchild, The World Grows Round My Door (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1947), 174.
CHAPTER FIVE
1.Peterson, “Pawpaw Variety Development.”
2.Ibid.
3.W. S. Flory Jr., “Species and Hybrids of Asimina in the Northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia,” Northern Nut Growers Association Annual Report 49 (1958): 73–75.
4.Peterson, “Pawpaw Variety Development.”
CHAPTER SIX
1.Federal Writers Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of Kentucky, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State (New York: Hasting House, 1954), 330.
2.John S. Kessler and Donald B. Ball, North from the Mountains: A Folk History of the Carmel Melungeon Settlement, Highland County, Ohio (Macon: Mercer University Press, 2001), 88. https://books.google.com/books?id=qX7gRuT1zyQC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
3.Walter Havighurst, Land of Promise: The Story of the Northwest Territory (New York: Macmillan Company, 1946), 43.
4.“Frank Ketter, Prominent Irontonian Passes Away,” Ironton (OH) Daily News, January 16, 1943.
5.“Mrs. Frank Ketter Passes Peacefully to Eternity,” Ironton (OH) Evening Tribune, May 14, 1939.
6.C. Hirschinger, Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, “Tree Fruits and Why Fall Apple Trees Have Been More Hardy than Winter Apple Trees,” Annual Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society 31 (1901): 42–47. https://books.google.com/books?id=rrNOAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
7.Michael Pollan, Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-Eye View of the World (New York: Random House, 2001), 9.
8.Sharon M. Kouns, “Villages, Townships and Towns of Lawrence County, Ohio: How They Got Their Names,” http://files.usgwarchives.net/oh/lawrence/history/names.txt (accessed February 28, 2015).
CHAPTER SEVEN
1.Hank Burchard, “The Pawpaw Chase,” Washington Post, September 17, 1999, N.40.
2.Ibid.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1.Carrie Ann Knauer, “An Orchard Specializes in Pawpaws,” Christian Science Monitor, September 23, 2009. http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Gardening/2009/0923/an-orchard-specializes-in-pawpaws
CHAPTER NINE
1.Crawford, ed., Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages, 365.
CHAPTER TEN
1.Colleen Anderson, “Hitting the Road on a Pawpaw Pilgrimage,” Charleston Gazette [Sunday Gazette-Mail], October 4, 1992, 1E, 3E.
2.Ibid.
3.Richard Lund, “Paw Paw—From Discovery to Clinical Trials,” YouTube, September 27, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD6MGd0Dz5o (accessed June 3, 2015).
4.Lloyd and Lloyd, Drugs and Medicines of North America, 49–60. https://books.google.com/books?id=4h8TAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
5.Ibid.
6.Jerry L. McLaughlin, Gina B. Benson, Tad A. Turgeon, and James W. Forsythe, “Use of Standardized Mixtures of Paw Paw Extract (Asimina triloba) in Cancer Patients: Case Studies,” in Botanical Medicine: From Bench to Bedside, ed. Raymond Copper and Fredi Kronenberg (New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, 2009), 139–53.
7.Stephen J. Cutler and Horace G. Cutler, Biologically Active Natural Products: Pharmaceuticals (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999). https://books.google.com/books?id=yUY_iDQcD-AC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
8.R. N. Peterson, J. P. Cherry, and J. G. Simmons, “Composition of the Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Fruit,” Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association 77 (1982): 97–107.
9.Robert Brannan, “Pawpaw Research, in Brief,” From the Pawpaw Patch 20, no. 1 (2013): 3.
10.D. Caparros-Lefebvre and A. Elbaz, “Possible Relation of Atypical Parkinsonism in the French West Indies with Consumption of Tropical Plants: A Case-Control Study, Caribbean Parkinsonism Study Group,” Lancet 354 (1999): 281–86.
11.Lisa F. Potts, Frederick A. Luzzio, Scott C. Smith, Michal Hetman, Pierre Champy, and Irene Litvan, “Annonacin in Asimina triloba Fruit: Implication for Neurotoxicity,” NeuroToxicology 33 (2012): 53–58.
12.David L. Debertin, “Emerging Trends in Kentucky Agriculture and the Future of Rural Kentucky in the 21st Century,” University of Kentucky, http://www.uky.edu/~deberti/exten.htm (acccessed March 7, 2015).
13.Julian J. N. Campbell, “Historical Evidence of Forest Composition in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky,” http://www.bluegrasswoodland.com/uploads/CHvolume07page231.pdf (accessed March 7, 2015).
14.Marion, KY, Crittenden Press, June 4, 1903, 3.
15.Stanford Interior Journal, 1894.
16.Louisville, KY, Courier-Journal, September 12, 1896, 6.
17.Marc Stadler, “The 3rd International Papaw Conference,” Pawpaw Pickin’s (Ohio Pawpaw Growers Association) 11, no. 2 (2011), 6.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1.“Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Approves Bevo Co-Sponsored Research Grant,” CNW Telb
ec, February 15, 2012, http://www.newswire.ca/fr/story/922053/natural-sciences-and-engineering-research-council-of-canada-approves-bevo-co-sponsored-research-grant (accessed March 7, 2015).
2.Pomper, Layne, Peterson, and Wolfe, “Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial,” 412–17.
3.Marissa Palin Stein, “The Rise of the Kiwifruit,” California Agriculture Online, University of California Agriculture, http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.org/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v068n03p96&fulltext=yes (accessed March 7, 2015).
4.California Kiwifruit Commission, “History of Kiwifruit,” California Kiwifruit Commission, http://www.kiwifruit.org/about/history.aspx (accessed March 7, 2015).
5.Julia Morton, “Soursop: Annona muricata,” Purdue University, Horticulture, https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html (accessed March 7, 2015). “In each fertile segment there is a single oval, smooth, hard, black seed, 1/2 to 3/4 in (1.25–2 cm) long; and a large fruit may contain from a few dozen to 200 or more seeds.”
6.Patrick O’Malley and Lester Wilson, “Enhancing Value and Marketing Options for Pawpaw by Developing Pulp Separation and Preservation Techniques,” Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University, Competitive Grant Report M2009-20, https://www.leopold.iastate.edu/sites/default/files/grants/M2009-20.pdf (accessed March 7, 2015).
7.François André Michaux and Thomas Nuttall, The North American Sylva, Or, A Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, trans. John Jay Smith, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Robert P. Smith, 1855), 23. https://books.google.com/books?id=0VFHAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
8.John Beatty, The Citizen-Soldier: The Memoirs of a Civil War Volunteer (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 272.
9.“Another Wet Blow,” Sandusky (OH) Star-Journal, April 27, 1921.
10.American Genetics Association, “The Best Papaws.”
11.Annual Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Ohio 1–2 (Columbus: Ames B. Gardiner, 1836), 268. https://books.google.com/books?id=9ai_AAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
CHAPTER TWELVE
1.William P. C. Barton, Vegetables Materia Medica of the United States (Philadelphia: M. Carey & Son, 1818), 11. https://books.google.com/books?id=3cJcAAAAcAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s