8. McSweeney “A Visit to Poliomyelitis Centers in U.S.A.,” 70–72.
9. McSweeney “A Visit to Poliomyelitis Centers in U.S.A.,” 65–71.
10. Walton Van Winkle, Jr. “Methods of Clinical Study and Evaluation of Therapeutic Agents in Poliomyelitis” JAMA (June 11 1949) 140: 534–539 see also [Board of Trustees] “Report of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry: Therapeutic Trials Committee” JAMA (November 5 1949) 141: 674.
11. “Pain and Spasm in Poliomyelitis: A Symposium” American Journal of Physical Medicine (August 1952) 31: 321–327; Edward B. Shaw and Hulda E. Thelander “Clinical Concept of Poliomyelitis” Pediatrics (1949) 4: 277–285.
12. Shaw and Thelander “Clinical Concept of Poliomyelitis,” 277–285; see also Paul H. Sandifer “Neuropsychiatry: Anterior Poliomyelitis” in Francis Bach ed. Recent Advances in Physical Medicine (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1950), 218–221.
13. Sir James Spence “Poliomyelitis” in Sir Leonard Parsons ed. Modern Trends in Pediatrics (London: Butterworth and Co., 1951), 316.
14. “Pain and Spasm in Poliomyelitis,” 316–345.
15. William P. Frank, Sam S. Woolington, and G. E. Rader “Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Poliomyelitis: The Management of Patients in the Hospital Admitting Room” California Medicine (July 1950) 73: 30–32.
16. Shaw and Thelander “Clinical Concept of Poliomyelitis,” 277–285.
17. Marjorie Lawrence Interrupted Melody: An Autobiography (New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1949), 194.
18. Sandifer “Neuropsychiatry,” 221.
19. Shaw and Thelander “Clinical Concept of Poliomyelitis,” 277–285.
20. Victor Cohn “Sister Kenny … Back in the Battle Again” Minneapolis Sunday Tribune March 26 1950.
21. Citing an unnamed 1951 survey, Kenny “Evidence Presented To The Honourable[sic] The Minister For Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Aust.” [1952], Wilson Collection.
22. McSweeney “A Visit to Poliomyelitis Centers in U.S.A,” 67.
23. “Fusion Fete Upset By Morris’ Attack” New York Times October 5 1950; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949], Board of Directors, MHS-K.
24. “Sister Kenny Coming to U.S.” New York Times April 6 1949; H. J. London to H. Van Riper Memorandum Re: Attached Clipping, April 6 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K.
25. Doug Tucker “Chuter, Charles Edward (1880 - 1948)” Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 13 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993), 427–428.
26. Kenny “This Report Was Presented,” 3–4; “Sister Kenny Won World Fame By Polio Treatment” Sydney Morning Herald December 1 1952; [Aubrey Pye] to Dear Cecil [Cecil I. N. Walters, Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney], October 16 [1951], Kenny Collection, Fryer Library; Chuter to Mr. Schneider [RKO Pictures, Brisbane] Memorandum: Re: Script of Picture “Sister Kenny” October 23 1945, OM 65-17, Box 3, Folder 12, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ.
27. “Sister Kenny Yields Reins of Foundation” New York Times April 21 1949; “Doctor Heads Fund in Place of Sister Kenny” New York Herald Tribune April 21 1949; “Sister Kenny Will Continue Aid” Los Angeles Examiner April 21 1949; “Sister Kenny Denies Talk” New York Times May 4 1949; Marvin Kline to Dear Doctor Laruelle, April 22 1949, Dr. Leon Laruelle, 1945–1951, MHS-K.
28. Kenny to Dear Bessie, May 17 1949, Kenny Collection, Box 1, Fryer Library; see also Alexander Maverick, 178 who notes that Kenny had pneumonia during this Australian visit. For a similar letter and tone see Kenny to Dear Rosalind, May 25 1949, Rosalind Russell (Brisson), 1947–1952, MHS-K.
29. Note that she had commented on her “troublesome” arm and right hand to Mary and Stuart McCracken; see Kenny to My Dear Mary and Stuart, September 24 1946, Mary Stewart Kenny, 1942–1947, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mary and Stuart [December 1947], Kenny Collection, Fryer Library.
30. “Sister Kenny Will Continue Aid.”
31. [Pye] to Dear Sister Kenny, June 6 1949, Kenny Collection, Fryer Library.
32. “Sister Kenny Ends Task” Minneapolis Morning Tribune April 21 1949; “Sister Kenny Quits U.S. Work” Minneapolis Morning Tribune April 21 1949; Victor Cohn “Sister Kenny Wins New Medical Praise” Minneapolis Morning Tribune October 4 1949; “Dr. E. J. Huenkens, Pediatrician, Dies” [unnamed newspaper] July 23 1970, Box 19, Folder 3, Myers Papers, UMN-ASC. Huenkens had his M.D. from the St. Louis University Medical School and had interned at the Minneapolis General Hospital; he taught at the University of Minnesota Medical School 1948–1953. Note that Huenkens became medical director of the Institute in 1948 after Pohl resigned; Alexander Maverick, 177.
33. “Sister Kenny Will Continue Aid”; E. J. Huenkens to My Dear Doctor Landauer, September 10 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K; “Doctor Heads Fund in Place of Sister Kenny.”
34. E. J. Huenkens to Dear Doctor, September 1 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K.
35. Van Riper to Mr. Savage Memorandum Re: Visit from Dr. E. J. Huenkens, Kenny Foundation and Institute, January 7 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K.
36. E. J. Huenkens to My Dear Doctor Landauer, September 10 1949.
37. “Sister Kenny Foundation Offers Scholarships” Washington Post July 19 1949; “Kenny Scholarships Go to Four Illinois Nurses” Chicago Daily Tribune June 25 1949.
38. Edgar J. Huenkens “Diagnosis and Treatment of Infantile Paralysis” Postgraduate Medicine (February 1950) 7: 100–105.
39. [Cohn interview with] Amy Lindsey, May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K. See also Jean Barclay In Good Hands: The History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, 1894–1994 (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994), 144; Sandifer “Neuropsychiatry,” 219.
40. Basil O’Connor “The Fight Against Poliomyelitis: Everybody’s Business” Archives of Physical Medicine (October 1952) 33: 594; Hart E. Van Riper “The Program of the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis” American Journal of Physical Medicine (August 1952) 31: 311; Daniel Wilson “Psychological Trauma and Its Treatment in the Polio Epidemics” Bulletin of the History of Medicine (2008) 82: 848–877. See also Kenneth S. Landauer “The National Aspects In Providing Complete Medical Care in Poliomyelitis” [1950] [enclosed in] Landauer to Dear Dr. McCulloch, September 25 1950, Public Relations, American Academy of Pediatrics, MOD.
41. O’Connor “The Fight Against Poliomyelitis,” 594; Howard A. Rusk and Eugene J. Taylor New Hope for the Handicapped: The Rehabilitation of the Disabled from Bed to Job (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946, 1949), 163; Van Riper “The Program of the National Foundation,” 311; Landauer “The National Aspects In Providing Complete Medical Care” [1950].
42. Hart Van Riper, letter to editor, JAMA (December 24 1949) 141: 1260.
43. Landauer “The National Aspects In Providing Complete Medical Care” [1950]. On the argument that the NFIP should not continue to support “prolonged and unnecessary hospitalization and physical therapy” see J. Albert Key in Question Period after “The Medical-Care Program of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Inc.” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (January 1951) 33: 201.
44. “A.M.A. Board Orders Gagging of Dr. Fishbein” Chicago Daily Tribune June 7 1949; “Lightning Rod” Time (June 20 1949) 53: 50, 53; Frank D. Campion The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 131–137.
45. “A.M.A. Board Orders Gagging of Dr. Fishbein”; for his version see Fishbein Autobiography, 298–313. On Fishbein’s ouster see Milton Mayer “The Rise and Fall of Doctor Fishbein” New York Times June 8 1949; Patricia Spain Ward “United States versus American Medical Association et al.: The Medical Anti-Trust Case of 1938–1943” American Studies (1989) 30: 123–153; Campion The AMA since 1940, 113–125; Jonathan Engel Doctors and Reformers: Discussion and Debate over Health Policy 1925–1950 (Charleston: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 293–294.
46. “Morris Fishbein Quitting A.M.A. Journal Post” Chicago Daily Tribune November 24 1949; “Fishbein Tells Plans to Teach at U. of Illinois” Chicago Daily Tribune December 2 1949;
“A.M.A. Journal Editor Is a Man of Many Words” Chicago Daily Tribune January 8 1950. See also John Burnham “American Medicine’s Golden Age: What Happened to It?” Science (1982) 215: 1474–1479; Allan M. Brandt and Martha Gardner “The Golden Age of Medicine?” in Roger Cooter and John Pickstone eds, Medicine in the Twentieth Century (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000), 21–37
47. “Warren’s Daughter Stricken by Polio” Los Angeles Times November 8 1950. It is not clear whether Nina received any Kenny treatment, but she did not join a KF campaign; by January 1952 she was featured as queen of a March of Dimes float in the Rose Parade; “Parade Launches U.S. Dimes Drive” Los Angeles Times January 1 1952.
48. Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; [Cohn interview with] Robert Bingham May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.
49. Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; “Doctor Claims Cure for Some Tissue Disease” Washington Post September 16 1949; Harvey E. Billig to Dear Sister Kenny, September 23 1949, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS; “Ex-Polio Patients Get Treatments” Los Angeles Times December 5 1949.
50. [Transcript] Telephone Conversation Between Dr. Van Riper and Dr. Huenkens From Los Angeles, California, April 12 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; Huenkens to Dear Doctor Huddleston, April 22 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K; L. Dee Belveal [Southern California State Office NFIP] to Dr. Hart Van Riper Memorandum Re: Kenny Foundation Conflict, April 11 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K.
51. Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949].
52. George D. Roberts “Activities of the Northern California Chapter,” November 4 1949, San Francisco-Misc., MHS-K; “Kenny Polio Fund Diversion Charged” Los Angeles Times April 11 1950; “Bing Crosby Testifies In Mail Fraud Case” Washington Post April 11 1952; “Von Morpurgo Accused of Getting Money” San Francisco News April 10 1950; “$10,000 Bail Set in Sister Kenny Charge” Los Angeles Mirror August 31 1951; John J. Barnwell to Dear Sister Kenny, November 16 1949, John J. Barnwell, 1947–1950, MHS-K; “U.S. Accuses Publicist of Duping Sister Kenny” Los Angeles Times August 30 1951; “Convicted In Polio Fraud” New York Times April 27 1952; see also Cohn Sister Kenny, 239–240.
53. Kenny to Dear Mr. Barnwell, November 18 1949, John J. Barnwell, 1947–1950, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. Barnwell, January 16 1950, John J. Barnwell, 1947–1950, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. Kline, October 4 1951, Marvin L. Kline, 1942–1959, MHS-K; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949].
54. “Film Charity Group Gives $10,000 to Kenny Fund” Los Angeles Times March 14 1949; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; Kenny to Dear Mr. Henry, November 22 1949, James Henry, 1943–1951, MHS-K.
55. Thomas Angland, a physician in Yakima, Washington, had studied her work at the Institute during the war and then proposed a fundraising drive to expand his own small clinic into a Kenny center. The KF Board refused to help him and although Angland remained a proponent of the work, the opportunity to expand the KF organization in the Northwest faded; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; Thomas A. Angland to Dear Miss Kenny, September 21 1949, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS; see also “Statement by Dr. Thomas A. Angland, M.D. F.A.C.S., of Yakima, Washington, June 30, 1948,” Washington 1942–1948, MHS-K.
56. Roland Berg to Dear Frank [Carey], April 26 1951, Public Relations, MOD-K; Van Riper to Dear Mr. [Charles B.] Sweatt, January 25 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K.
57. Kenny “This Report Was Presented,” 7.
58. Kenny to Dear Miss Bridle, May 25 1949, Wilson Collection.
59. Kenny to Dear Mr. Dayton, January 31 1950, Donald C. Dayton, 1944–1951, MHS-K; Kenny “Report to the Board of the Directors of the Sister Elizabeth Kenny Foundation,” September 1 1950, Board of Directors, MHS-K.
60. Cohn “Sister Kenny … Back in the Battle Again.”
61. Kenny in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949,” Jersey City Medical Center, 1944–1950, MHS-K.
62. Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949].
63. Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, February 24 1948; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949].
64. Jungeblut in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.” By 1949 he was receiving $10,000 a year; [transcript], “Conversation Between Sister Kenny and Mr. Marvin Kline, November 29 1950,” Marvin L. Kline, 1942–1959, MHS-K. For his growing prominence as a KF-funded researcher see Albert V. Szent-Gyorgyi to Dear Claus, December 4 1950, Box 2, St-Sz, Jungeblut Papers, NLM.
65. Jungeblut in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.” For an example of research backing up Jungeblut’s claim that the polio virus [or at least Jungeblut’s SK virus] might affect muscle fibers see Robert Rustigan and Alwin M. Pappenheimer “Myositis in Mice Following Intramuscular Injection of Viruses of the Mouse Encephalitis Group and of Certain Other Neurotropic Viruses” Journal of Experimental Medicine (1949) 89: 69–92. Note that this paper was cited by Enders et al. in their 1949 Science article.
66. Jungeblut in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.” He also suggested that researchers had used a misleading and incorrect strain of virus, which was cultured in the brains of experimental monkeys and then passed from laboratory to laboratory over the previous 3 decades.
67. Paul A History, 378–379. See also John Paul’s comment that “I was stupidly unaware of the implications that this finding held. At least it did not appear to me as an electrifying piece of news … it hardly seemed to me a trick which could be put to any special or practical diagnostic use. How utterly mistaken was my preliminary judgment of this discovery!” in Paul A History, 373–374. For an example of the older concept see Roland H. Berg Polio and Its Problems (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1948), 57.
68. Huenkens in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.”
69. Kenny in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.”
70. Jungeblut in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.”
71. Kenny in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.”
72. Kenny to the President And Members of the Board of Directors, December 15 1950, Board of Directors, MHS-K.
73. Kenny to Dear Mr. Henry, November 22 1949.
74. Kenny To The President And Members of the Board of Directors of the Elizabeth Kenny Institute, September 21 1950, Board of Directors, MHS-K.
75. [Program] “Medical Seminar on Infantile Paralysis Sponsored by Sister Elizabeth Kenny Foundation, October 3, 4, 5, 1949, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Kenny Collection, Fryer Library.
76. Kenny to Dear Mr. Haverstock, April 6 1951, Henry W. Haverstock, MHS-K.
77. [Cohn interview with] Pete Gazzola, August 25 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.
78. Robert Bingham to Dear Sister Kenny, October 4 1949, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS; A. E. Deacon to Dear Sister Kenny, September 28 1949, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS.
79. Ethel Calhoun “A Report On The Use of The Sister Kenny Concept and Method of Treatment for Poliomyelitis Patients at Oakland County Contagious Hospital, 1944–1949” [1949], Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961
, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS.
80. Kenny “This Report Was Presented,” 7.
81. Francis MacFarlane Burnet Changing Patterns: An Atypical Autobiography (Melbourne: William Heinemann, 1968), 166–168; see also Paul A History, 225–229. He had published an influential paper co-written with Jean Macnamara in 1931 proposing that the strain of polio virus developed from patients in a local epidemic had properties distinctive from the Rockefeller Institute’s MV strain.
82. C. W. Jungeblut to My Dear Miss Kenny, December 21 1949, Minnesota Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS.
83. Walton [quoted in] Kenny “This Report Was Presented,” 10; see also Lancelot H. F. Walton to Dear Sister Kenny, July 14 1950, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Judd Papers, MHS.
84. E. J. Huenkens To Whom It May Concern, June 30 1949, Dr. E. J. Huenkens, 1947–1949, MHS-K.
85. Mrs. Krishna Nehru Hutheesing to My Dear Sister Kenny, January 10 1950, India-Misc., 1943, 1949–1952, MHS-K.
86. Between 1945 and 1950 Kenny traveled to England, Ireland, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Spain, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Australia, and New Zealand.
87. Kenny to Dear Sister, September 19 1949, Personal Correspondence and Related Papers, 1942–1951, MHS-K.
88. “Sister Kenny Here, Offers Polio Aid” New York Times August 20 1949; Kenny “Report Of My Activities In Rome, Italy” [1950], European Trip 1950, MHS-K; Kenny “Report of My Activities” [1950].
89. C. Rodopoulos to Madam [Kenny], July 27 1949, Home Secretary’s Office, Special Batches, Kenny Clinics, 1941–1949, A/31753, QSA.
90. Dr. Sanchis-Olmos [statement], Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS; see also J. Sanz Ibanez, Vincente Sanchis-Olmos, and A. Azpeitia to [Hubert Humphrey], July 14 1947, European Trip, 1947, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. [Rex] Williams, July 28 1950, General Correspondence-W, MHS-K.
91. Kenny “Report Of My Activities in England” [1950], European Trip, 1950, MHS-K; Kenny “Resume of Report Presented to Congressman Judd of Minnesota in Washington D.C. July 19 1950 for Transmission to the Honorable E. M. Hanlon, M.L.A., Premier of the State of Queensland, Australia,” Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS.
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