Dead Reckoning: The Untold Story of the Northwest Passage
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SELECTED REFERENCES
In writing Dead Reckoning: The Untold Story of the Northwest Passage, I have built on the foundation I laid with my four previous books about Arctic exploration. Their bibliographies include more than two hundred citations, among them all of the standard references. Those seeking further reading material will find much there:
Ancient Mariner: The Amazing Adventures of Samuel Hearne, the Sailor Who Walked to the Arctic Ocean. Toronto: Harper Perennial, 2003.
Fatal Passage: The Untold Story of John Rae, the Arctic Adventurer Who Discovered the Fate of Franklin. Toronto: Harper Perennial, 2001.
Lady Franklin’s Revenge: A True Story of Ambition, Obsession and the Remaking of Arctic History. Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 2005.
Race to the Polar Sea: The Heroic Adventures and Romantic Obsessions of Elisha Kent Kane. Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 2008.
In addition, I have incorporated research I did while writing forewords to three books:
A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne. Victoria: Touchwood Editions, 2007.
John Rae’s Arctic Correspondence, 1844–1855. Victoria: Touchstone Editions, 2014.
The Arctic Journals of John Rae. Victoria: Touchstone Editions, 2012.
The present volume also draws on articles and reviews I have published in Canada’s History, Canadian Geographic, Maclean’s, Polar Record, Arctic, Literary Review of Canada, Up Here, Alberta Views, the Globe and Mail, National Post, Montreal Gazette and Calgary Herald, as well as “travel logs” I wrote while voyaging with Adventure Canada.
A number of publications not cited in my earlier books—either because they were not relevant or were not yet published—round out a short list for further reading:
Barr, William, ed. From Barrow to Boothia: The Arctic Journal of Chief Factor Peter Warren Dease, 1836–1839. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002.
———ed. Overland to Starvation Cove: With the Inuit in Search of Franklin, 1878–1880. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.
Botting, Douglas. Humboldt and the Cosmos. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
Bown, Stephen. The Life of Roald Amundsen. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2012.
———White Eskimo: Knud Rasmussen’s Fearless Journey into the Heart of the Arctic. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2015.
Burwash, L. T. “The Franklin Search.” Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. 1, no. 7 (November 1930): 593.
Byers, Michael. Who Owns the Arctic? Understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2009.
Craciun, Adriana. Writing Arctic Disaster: Authorship and Exploration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Cyriax, R. J. Sir John Franklin’s Last Arctic Expedition. London: Methuen, 1939.
Davis, Richard, ed. Sir John Franklin’s Journals and Correspondence: The First Arctic Land Expedition, 1819–1822. Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1995.
Davis, Richard, ed. Sir John Franklin’s Journals and Correspondence: The Second Arctic Land Expedition, 1825–1827. Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1998.
Dodge, Ernest S. The Polar Rosses: John and James Clark Ross and Their Explorations. London: Faber & Faber, 1973.
Eber, Dorothy Harley. Encounters on the Passage. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.
Fleming, Fergus. Barrow’s Boys: The Original Extreme Adventurers. London: Granta Books, 1998.
Geiger, John, and Alanna Mitchell. Franklin’s Lost Ship: The Historic Discovery of HMS Erebus. Toronto: HarperCollins Canada, 2015.
Grant, Shelagh D. Polar Imperative: A History of Arctic Sovereignty in North America. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2010.
Hansen, Thorkild. The Way to Hudson Bay: The Life and Times of Jens Munk. Translated by James McFarlane and John Lynch. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1970.
Harper, Kenn. Give Me My Father’s Body: The Life of Minik the New York Eskimo. Vermont: Steerforth Press, 2000.
Henderson, Bruce. True North: Peary, Cook, and the Race to the Pole. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005.
Holland, Clive. Arctic Exploration and Development, c. 500 BC to 1915: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1994.
Houston, C. Stuart, ed. Arctic Artist: The Journal and Paintings of George Back, Midshipman with Franklin, 1819–1822. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.
———ed. Arctic Ordeal: The Journal of John Richardson, Surgeon-Naturalist with Franklin, 1820–1822. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984.
Hunter, Douglas. God’s Mercies: Rivalry, Betrayal and the Dream of Discovery. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2007.
Kenyon, W. A. The Journal of Jens Munk, 1619–1620. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1980.
Krupnik, Igor, ed. Early Inuit Studies: Themes and Transitions, 1850s–1980s. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2016.
Lambert, Andrew. Franklin: Tragic Hero of Polar Navigation. London: Faber & Faber, 2009.
Mancall, Peter C. Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson. New York: Basic Books, 2009.
McDermott, James. Martin Frobisher: Elizabethan Privateer. New Haven, C.T.: Yale University Press, 2001.
McGhee, Robert. The Arctic Voyages of Martin Frobisher: An Elizabethan Adventure. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001.
McGoogan, Ken. “Defenders of Arctic Orthodoxy Turn Their Backs on Sir John Franklin.” Polar Record, vol. 51, no. 2, (March 2015): 220–221. (Published online October 2, 2014.)
Mills, William James. Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, C.A.: ABC-CLIO, 2003.
Neatby, Leslie H. In Quest of the Northwest Passage. Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1958.
Newman, Peter C. Company of Adventurers: The Story of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Toronto: Viking, 1985.
Nickerson, Sheila. Midnight to the North: The Untold Story of the Inuit Woman Who Saved the Polaris Expedition. New York: Tarcher-Putnam, 2002.
Osborne, S. L. In the Shadow of the Pole: An Early History of Arctic Expeditions, 1871-1912. Toronto: Dundurn, 2013.
Parry, Ann. Parry of the Arctic: The Life Story of Admiral Sir Edward Parry. London: Chatto & Windus, 1963.
Parry, Edward. Memoirs of Rear Admiral Sir William Edward Parry, by His Son. London: Longman, Brown, 1857.
Parry, Richard. Trial by Ice: The True Story of Murder and Survival on the 1871 Polaris Expedition. New York: Ballantine Books, 2001.
Parry, William Edward. Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage . . . in the Years 1819–20. London: John Murray, 1821.
Potter, Russell. Finding Franklin: The Untold Story of a 165-Year Search. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016.
Rasky, Frank. The Polar Voyagers. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976.
———The North Pole or Bust: Explorers of the North. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1977.
Rich, Edwin Gile. Hans the Eskimo. Cambridge, M.A.: Riverside Press, 1934.
Ross, John. Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-west Passage. London: John Murray, 1819.
Ross, M. J. Polar Pioneers: John Ross and James Clark Ross. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.
Ruby, Robert. Unknown Shore: The Lost History of England’s Arctic Colony. New York: Henry Holt, 2001.
Scranton, Roy. “What I Learned on a Luxury Cruise Through the Global-Warming Apocalypse.” The Nation, November. 9, 2015.
Smith, D. Murray. Arctic Expeditions from British and Foreign Shores. Southampton: Charles H. Calvert, 1877.
Steele, Peter. The Man Who Mapped the Arctic: The Intrepid Life of George Back, Franklin’s Lieutenant. Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 2003.
Stein, Glenn M. Discovering the North-West Passage: The Four-Year Arctic Odyssey of H.M.S. Investigator and the McClure Expedition. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2015.
Woodman, David C. Unravelling t
he Franklin Mystery: Inuit Testimony, 2nd ed. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015.
Young, Delbert A. “Killer on the ‘Unicorn.’” The Beaver, Winter 1973, 9–15.
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Note: Page numbers in italics indicate maps and illustrations.
Aberdeen (Scotland), 67, 139, 158, 297–98
Across Arctic America (Rasmussen), 385
Adam, Jean Baptiste, 98–99, 100–101
Adelaide Peninsula, 149, 302, 305, 322, 349, 350, 388, 398
Admiralty. See British Admiralty
Admiralty Inlet, 201
Admiralty Island, 225
adoption, 32, 33
Advance, 197–98, 198–99, 201, 235, 243, 250
Adventure Canada, 2, 4, 403, 410
adventure tourism, 405–7
Aglukark, Susan, 2
Ahnighito fragment, 370–71
“Air for Dr. John Rae,” 410
Akaitcho, 88, 93, 93–94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 107, 108, 114
Alaska, 33, 56, 120, 334, 380
Albany, 38
Albert, Prince, 296–97, 313, 326
Albert Edward Bay, 224
Albert One-Eye, 208–9, 209–10, 211, 212–13, 222, 412
Aleutian Islands, 230
Alexander, HMS, 66, 69, 74, 76
Ambassadress of Peace, 36
American Geographical Society, 343
American Museum of Natural History, 75, 371, 372, 374, 377
American Philosophical Society, 240–41
Amundsen, Roald, 362–63, 363–64, 367
1903–6 Northwest Passage expedition, 289, 361, 364–65, 368–69
1918–20 Northeast Passage expedition, 369
in Antarctica, 363, 365–66
geomagnetism research, 361, 363–64, 364–65
and Inuit, 361, 366
memorial to, 362
navigation of Northwest Passage, 5, 269, 321, 368–69
at North Pole, 369
Anchorage, 56
Ancient Mariner (McGoogan), 49
Anderson, James, 287–88, 311
Anderson, Jenna, 411, 411
Anglo-French War, 52
Anoatok (Greenland), 243, 245, 248, 249, 250
Antarctica, 363, 365–66, 366–67
Antigua, 166
Apache, 344
Apelagliu, 134
Arbuckle, Francis, 36
Arctic, 366
Arctic Explorations (Kane), 240–41, 249, 293, 294, 327
Arctic Grail, The (Berton), 2
Arctic Ocean, 51, 53
Arctic Research Foundation, 390–92
Arizona Territory, 344
Arkshuk, 187
Armstrong, William, 217
Arrowsmith, William, 309, 311, 312
Arthur, George, 167, 169
Artungelar, 366
Assiniboine people, 32
Assistance, 202
Athenaeum Club, 323
Augustus. See Tattannoeuck (Augustus)
aurora borealis, 111, 187, 365
Austin, Horatio, 201, 202
Australia, 168
Back, George, 89, 90, 147, 256, 257, 357
1819–21 Franklin expedition, 91–92, 94, 95–96, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104–5, 107, 114, 220
1825–26 Franklin expeditions, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118
1834 expedition, 122, 123, 145–46, 149, 165, 269
1836–37 expedition, 165–66, 229–30
and 1845–47 Franklin expedition, 172, 173
Inuit stories of, 349
Back River. See Great Fish River (Back River)
bacon, 91
Baffin, William, 21–22, 63, 75, 132
Baffin Bay, 21–22, 65, 199, 200, 214, 299, 306, 322, 370
Baffin Island, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 138, 295, 327, 385
Inuit of, 67, 155, 327, 382, 383, 411
whaling at, 159, 325
Ball, Tim, 211
balloons, 231
Balsillie, Jim, 392
Banks Island, 231–33
Barents Sea, 14, 15
Baring Island, 232
Barnum’s American Museum, 328
Barr, William, 408–10
Barrow, John, 64, 77, 78, 79, 82, 90, 160, 165, 171, 173
Barrow Bay, 77
Barrow Strait, 84, 122, 312
Bartlett, Bob, 375–76
Bath (UK), 86
Bathurst Inlet, 101, 102
Battle of Copenhagen, 112, 163
Battle of Trafalgar, 163
Beads, Jacob, 259, 261, 266, 267, 270
Beads, John, 215, 216, 219, 220, 259
Beattie, Owen, 40, 395, 397
Beaufort, Sir Francis, 173, 213–14, 280, 321
Beaufort Sea, 115, 230, 306, 322
Beechey, Frederick William, 84, 117, 121, 143
Beechey Island, 4, 5, 185, 194, 202–3, 234, 299–300, 364
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 193, 202, 203–5, 288, 304, 393
gravesites on, 5, 193, 194, 203–5, 234, 395
polar bears at, 396–97
Beechey Point, 121
Beinecke Library, 74
Beitstadt Glacier, 376
Belcher, Sir Edward, 283, 294
Belgica Antarctic expedition, 363
Bell, John, 208
Bellot Strait, 260, 266, 267, 268, 300
Bering Land Bridge, 9
Bering Strait, 56, 63, 86, 192, 199, 214, 230, 231, 369
Berkeley, Sir Maurice, 295
Bernier, Joseph-Elzéar, 366
Berton, Pierre, 2
Bertulli, Margaret, 397
Bessels, Emil, 339–40
Bibles, 305
Blacklead Island, 155
Bloody Falls
Dease expedition, 148, 150–51
massacre at, 49–51, 54, 97–98, 411
Rae at, 212, 221
Board of Longitude, 64, 84–85
Board of Trade, 166
Bock, Thomas, 286
Bon Accord, 158
Booth, Felix, 133
Boothia Felix, 149, 182, 189
Boothia Peninsula, 264
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 253, 307
Hall at, 330
J. C. Ross at, 146, 361
McClintock at, 301, 302
McGoogan at, 3, 403, 405, 411–12
Rae at, 189, 253, 260, 261, 262, 264, 266–70, 270–71, 277
Boston Post, 371
Bowlby, John, 326, 327
Bown, Stephen R., 365, 367, 381
Boyle, Carolina, 280
Braine, William, 203
British Admiralty
and 1818 John Ross expedition, 65–66, 69
and 1819–21 Franklin expedition, 88–90, 100, 109
and 1825–26 Franklin expedition, 111
and claim to discovery of Northwest Passage, 231
and Cook expedition, 55–56, 63
and Eenoolooapik, 158
and magnetism, 89–90
reward for fate of Franklin, 288–90, 313–14
and Sakeouse, 79, 80, 158
and search for Franklin expedition, 181, 191–92, 283–84, 291, 295, 297
sponsorship of Arctic exploration, 64–65, 160–61, 165–66, 171, 288
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 160
British Empire, 109
British Empire, 208
British West Indies, 166
Brock, Sir Isaac, 112
Buchan, David, 66
Buddington, James, 294–95
Budington, Sidney O., 337–38, 339, 340, 342
Bushnan Island, 370–71
Button, Thomas, 21
Bylot, Robert, 17, 18, 20, 21–22, 75
Bylot-Baffin maps, 21–22, 75
cairns, 3, 134, 135, 149, 150, 202, 302–4, 365, 388
Franklin expedition, 115, 347,
395
Inuit, 302
Rae’s, 4, 224–25, 266, 269–70, 404, 405, 411
Cambridge Bay, 150, 223, 225, 369
Cameron, John Dugald, 154
Camp Crozier, 347
Canada, 208
Canadian Museum of History, 396
Canadian–U.S. Beaufort Sea Expedition, 234
cannibalism, 105
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 278–79, 279–83, 284, 305, 307, 314, 315, 330–33, 335–36, 347, 393, 397
among the Inuit, 73, 383
forensic evidence of, 278, 332, 397
canoes, 113, 288
canots de maître, 113
canots du nord, 113
Cape Alexander, 146–47, 148, 222–23
Cape Back, 220
Cape Baring, 220
Cape Barrow, 150, 222
Cape Britannia, 149
Cape Colborne, 223, 369
Cape Felix, 134, 146, 153, 304, 321, 345–46, 393
Cape Flinders, 222
Cape Franklin, 223
Cape Herschel, 302
Cape John Herschel, 150
Cape Krusenstern, 211, 220
Cape Lady Franklin, 218
Cape Riley, 202, 203
Cape Searle, 326
Cape Town, 131
Cape Victoria, 301, 302
Cape Wolstenhome, 17, 20
Cape York, 370, 371, 384
Cape York meteorites, 75, 370, 377
carbon monoxide poisoning, 365
caribou, 183, 191
Carmichael, Alistair, 408, 410
Carter, Robert Randolph, 197
Castle of Mey, 157
Castor, 142, 149
Castor and Pollux River, 149, 154, 187, 260, 266
Castro, João de, 127
census, 249
Chantrey Inlet, 146, 149, 165, 287
Chapin, David, 195
Character Book (Simpson), 116
Charles Hansson, 369
Charles II, 32
Charlton Island, 17, 182
Chawhinahaw, 44
Chesterfield Inlet, 39, 256