by Henry Kamen
4. Peter Paul Rubens, The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens, trans. and ed. by Ruth Saunders Magurn, Cambridge, Mass., 1955, p. 258.
5. Vittorio di Tocco, Ideali di indipendenza in Italia durante la preponderanza spagnuola, Messina, 1926, pp. 99, 103, 124.
6. Sverker Arnoldsson, La Leyenda Negra: Estudios sobre sus orígenes, Göteborg, 1960.
7. “Relazione di Spagna,” Opere, Bari, 1929–36, X, p. 131.
8. Eugenio Alberi, Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato, Florence, 1839–40, serie I, vol. 5, p. 85.
9. M. de la Pinta Llorente, Aspectos históricos del sentimiento religioso en España, Madrid, 1961, p. 37.
10. L. P. Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, 6 vols., Brussels, 1848–79, I, clxxvi.
11. Kamen 1997, p. 62.
12. Nicolas Castrillo, El “Reginaldo Montano”: Primer libro polémico contra la Inquisición Española, Madrid, 1991, p. 31.
13. F. E. Beemon, “The Myth of the Spanish Inquisition and the Preconditions for the Dutch Revolt,” AR 85 (1994), p. 255.
14. Alastair Duke, “The ‘Inquisition’ and the Repression of Religious Dissent in the Habsburg Netherlands, 1521–1566,” in Alastair Duke, Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries, Farnham, U.K., 2009, p. 100.
15. Alastair Duke, “A Legend in the Making: News of the ‘Spanish Inquisition’ in the Low Countries in German Evangelical Pamphlets, 1546–1550,” in Duke, Dissident Identities, p. 122.
16. An Apology or Defence of William the First of Nassau, Prince of Orange, London, 1707, pp. 497, 530.
17. Peters, pp. 133–34: “Much of his information is generally accurate. . . . His appeal lay in the base of accuracy upon which he erected an otherwise extremely misleading description of the Inquisition.”
18. A. Gordon Kinder, “Spain’s Little Known ‘Noble Army of Martyrs,’” in Twomey, p. 79.
19. The Book of Martyrs, London, 1863, p. 153.
20. H. Kamen and J. Pérez, La imagen internacional de la España de Felipe II, Valladolid, 1980, p. 56; William S. Maltby, The Black Legend in England, Durham, 1971, pp. 76, 84.
21. A fascinating selection of Inquisition papers relevant to English sailors is the volume by L. de Alberti and A.B. Wallis Chapman, eds., English Merchants and the Spanish Inquisition in the Canaries, London, 1912.
22. The Book of Martyrs, p. 1060.
23. John L. Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic, London 1912, p. 165.
24. Julián Juderías, La Leyenda Negra, Madrid, 1914, republished very often afterwards. The term was taken up by subsequent authors, e.g., Sverker Arnoldsson and W. S. Maltby, cited above.
25. Edward Peters, “The Inquisition in Literature and Art,” chap. 7 of his Inquisition, is a useful introduction on the European context.
26. Vicente Llorens, El Romanticismo español, Madrid, 1989, p. 71.
27. Quarterly Review (London), Oct. 1813–Jan. 1814, p. 205.
28. Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 17 (1906), p. 40.
29. In Spanish there is a photostat edition, published in 1988 in Barcelona; my quotes are from this.
30. Puigblanch, La Inquisición, p. 487.
31. See the introduction by Gerard Dufour to his edition of the Memoria histórica, Paris, 1977.
32. Gerard Dufour, Juan Antonio Llorente en France (1813–1822), Geneva, 1982, pp. 143, 344.
33. For some evaluations, cf. Antonio Márquez’s introduction to J. A. Llorente, Noticia biográfica, Madrid, 1982; and Peters, pp. 278–83.
34. The History of the Inquisition of Spain, London, 1827, preface.
35. In the Academia de San Fernando, Madrid.
36. In the same way, Goya’s famous portrayal of the uprising against French troops is a product of his imagination and not of an eyewitness: see Janis Tomlinson, Goya in the Twilight of Enlightenment, New Haven, 1992. One parallel to Goya’s painting on the Inquisition is the likewise imaginative mural by Diego Rivera, The Court of the Inquisition (Palacio Nacional, Mexico).
37. José Amador de los Ríos, Estudios históricos, políticos y literarios sobre los judíos de España, Madrid, 1848, p. 515.
38. Michael Ragussis, Figures of Conversion: “The Jewish Question” and English National Identity. Durham, 1995, p. 127.
39. Raphael, pp. 136–37.
40. Salo Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews, 17 vols., 2nd edn., New York, 1952, XV, 174.
41. Beinart, in Kedourie, pp. 107, 114.
42. J. Faur, In the Shadow of History: Jews and Conversos at the Dawn of Modernity, Albany, 1992, p. 8.
43. This is the prime argument of Yirmiyahu Yovel, The Other Within. He writes: “The Marrano mind contributed to initiating the modern will: the demand to reform the world, especially in matters of religious freedom, toleration, free trade and the creation of a cosmopolitan-inspired model of life” (p. 343). In the process, he supplies a highly incorrect account of the Inquisition and its methods.
44. Cited by Peters, p. 286.
45. Peters, p. 261.
46. In this respect, there is a useful summary of the 1813 Cortes debates by Stephen Haliczer, in Alcalá 1987, p. 526.
47. M. Menéndez y Pelayo, La ciencia española, Madrid 1953, p. 102.
48. Menéndez y Pelayo, Heterodóxos, VI, 18–19.
49. Jo Tollebeek, Writing the Inquisition in Europe and America: The Correspondence between Henry Charles Lea and Paul Fredericq (1888–1908), Brussels, 2004, p. xlv.
50. Cf. Peters, pp. 204–21.
51. The three volumes by Jean Plaidy were The Rise of the Spanish Inquisition (1959), The Growth of the Spanish Inquisition (1960) and The End of the Spanish Inquisition (1961). The work continues to be reprinted.
52. Cf. Daniel Muñoz Sempere, La Inquisición española como tema literario, London, 2008, p. 212.
53. For a brief discussion, see Kamen, Imagining Spain: Historical Myth and National Identity, New Haven and London, 2008, chap. 5.
54. Historia de la filosofía en España, Madrid, 1927, pp. 295–305.
55. Carmelo Lisón Tolosana, Ensayos de antropología social, Madrid, 1973: “Breve historial brujesco gallego,” especially pp. 193–97.
56. Birch, II, 905.
57. Quoted in J. Vicens Vives, ed., Historia de España y América, 5 vols., Barcelona, 1957, IV, 247.
58. Carvajal to Luyando, 28 Sept. 1751, BN, MS.13043, f. 130.
59. “Representación a Carlos IV sobre lo que era el tribunal de la Inquisición,” Obras, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 87, Madrid, 1956), V, 333.
60. Jean Sarrailh, L’Espagne éclairée de la seconde moitié du 18e siècle, Paris, 1954, p. 317.
61. Bethencourt, p. 2.
62. “Del influjo de la Inquisición y del fanatismo religioso en la decadencia de la literatura española,” Disertaciones y juicios literarios, Madrid, 1878, p. 107.
63. Sánchez Albornoz, España. Un enigma histórico, II, 563. Sánchez Albornoz, as it happened, insisted that it was desirable for Spain to reject both the Islamic and Jewish aspects of its civilization: see Kamen 2007, pp. 47, 91–92.
64. The Spaniards in Their History, London, 1950, pp. 204–45.
65. Cf. Lecler, I, 205.
66. The victim was the Anabaptist David Joris, who had died quietly in Basel three years before. See Lecler, I, 221–22.
67. I first read Karamazov at the age of twelve, and remain still haunted by the scene when the Grand Inquisitor confronts Christ.
68. Netanyahu 1995, pp. 1075–76.
69. Netanyahu’s answer to the question is that a racialist policy was adopted by the state, but most historians do not accept this.
70. Murphy, p. 188.
71. In Tollebeek, Writing the Inquisition, p. xcii.
GLOSSARY
abjuration
public renunciation by an accused, usually done during an auto de fe
alfaqui
Muslim clergy who ministered to the Muslim/Morisco populati
on
aljama
Arabic word for the community in which Muslims or Jews lived separate from their Christian neighbors; known in Castilian as a judería or a morería
alumbrado
an illuminist, mystic who minimized the role of the Church and ceremonies
anusim
Hebrew term for Jews converted to Christianity against their will
arbitrista
writer of arbitrios, or proposals for reform
auto de fe
“act of faith,” often held in public, at which those tried by the Inquisition had their sentences declared
beata
woman who dedicated herself to a solitary religious life, within or without a religious order
calificador
assessor, usually a theologian, who examined evidence to see if heresy was involved
censo
annuity from investments
Chancillería
the Castilian high court in Valladolid and Granada; other high courts were called audiencias
colegios mayores
elite graduate colleges at the main universities
comisario
select local clergy who helped the Inquisition in administrative matters
conseller
member of the Consell de Cent, the city council of Barcelona
converso
a person converted from the Jewish or Muslim faiths, especially the former; applied also to all descendants of the same
convivencia
coexistence, in this case of the three religious cultures of Spain
corregidor
civil governor in the main Castilian towns
Cortes
parliament of each realm of Spain (in Catalan, Corts)
Diputación
(in Catalan, Diputació) standing committee of the Cortes, of particular importance in the crown of Aragon. Members were called diputados in Aragon, diputats in Catalonia
ducat
Castilian unit of coinage, equivalent to 375 maravedis or 11 reales
edict
declaration (of “grace” or of “faith”) read out publicly by the inquisitors or their officials at the commencement of proceedings in a district
encomienda
in medieval Spain, a knighthood in one of the military orders; in colonial Spanish America the word had a different meaning
familiar
lay official of the Inquisition
fuero
local law or privilege
hermandad
a brotherhood or confraternity, usually based on a parish church and associated with devotion to a particular saint
hidalgo
one of noble rank
judaizer
used in this book to refer to a converso accused of illicitly practicing the Jewish religion
judería
Castilian word for a Jewish community
limpieza de sangre
“purity of blood,” freedom from Semitic blood
maravedi
medieval Castilian unit of account
Marrano
abusive word, of obscure origin, applied to Jewish conversos
meshumadim
Hebrew term for Jews who converted “voluntarily” to Christianity
Moor
in Spanish, moro, term used by Spaniards to refer to a Muslim
Moriscos
Castilian term for Muslims converted to Christianity and their descendants
Mozárabes
Christians living under Muslim rule
Mudéjares
Muslims living under Christian rule
New Christian
term applied (especially in Portugal) to people of Jewish origin
sanbenito
penitential garment of the Inquisition
Sephardic
term applied to Jews of Spanish origin, from “Sepharad,” a Hebrew word referring to Iberia
Suprema
central council of the Inquisition
taqiyya
the tactic of conformism permitted in certain conditions to Muslims living under an alien faith
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