South Pole
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7 Dixie Dansercoer, Polar Exploration: A Practical Handbook for North and South Pole Expeditions (Milnthorpe, Cumbria, 2012), p. 32.
8 Nicholas Johnson, Big Dead Place: Inside the Strange and Menacing World of Antarctica (Los Angeles, CA, 2005), p. 91.
9 Quoted in Roger Mear and Robert Swan, In the Footsteps of Scott (London, 1987), p. 241.
10 Johnson, Big Dead Place, p. 83.
11 David Burke, Moments of Terror: The Story of Antarctic Aviation (Kensington, NSW, 1994), p. 290.
12 Ralf-Peter Martin and Reinhold Messner, ‘Chronicle of Antarctic Expeditions’, One World Magazine, available at www.oneworldmagazine.org, accessed 22 April 2015.
13 Robert K. Headland, ‘Exotic Terrestrial Mammals in the Antarctic Regions’, Polar Record, XLVIII (2012), p. 139.
14 Hilary Whiteman, ‘Walking to the South Pole’, CNN online (2008), available at http://edition.cnn.com.
15 Erling Kagge, in Herbert and Lewis-Jones, In Search of the South Pole, p. 168
16 Quoted in Herbert and Lewis-Jones, In Search of the South Pole, p. 165.
17 Will Gow, quoted in ‘Descendants Finishing Job Shackleton Began’, New Zealand Herald online (18 November 2008), available at www.nzherald.co.nz.
18 ‘South Pole 2011’ online expedition diary, available at http://sorpolen2011.npolar.no.
19 Peter Rejcek, ‘South Pole Anniversary’ and ‘A Sombre Salute’, Antarctic Sun (15 December 2011 and 20 January 2012), available at http://antarcticsun.usap.gov.
20 Rejcek, ‘A Sombre Salute’.
21 Rosamunde J. Reich, ‘The Development of Antarctic Tourism’, Polar Record, XX (1980), p. 210.
22 Charles Swithinbank, ‘Airborne Tourism in the Antarctic’, Polar Record, XXIX (1993), p. 108.
23 Adventure Network International, ‘Our History’, available at www.adventure-network.com, accessed 6 August 2015.
24 All quotations and prices cited here are taken from ANI’s website, www.adventure-network.com, accessed 6 August 2015.
25 This quotation and the details above are taken from Musika Fahnsworth, ‘Tragedy in Antarctica’, and following comments, Parachustist, LII/6 (June 2011), available at http://parachutistonline.com.
26 Adventure Network International, ‘Environmental Sustainability’, and ‘90° South Overnight’, available at www.adventure-network.com, accessed 22 April 2015.
27 Statistics are available from IAATO – see ‘Associations and Websites’ at the end of this book.
28 Swithinbank, ‘Airborne Tourism’, p. 109.
29 Jeff Rubin, Antarctica (Footscray, Vic, 2005), p. 276.
30 ‘South Pole Flight’, White Desert website, available at www.white-desert.com.
31 Mark Nuttall, ‘Narratives of History, Environment and Global Change: Expeditioner-tourists in Antarctica’, in Tourism and Change in Polar Regions: Climate, Environments, Experiences, ed. Michael C. Hall and Jarkko Saarinen (London and New York, 2010), pp. 204, 208.
32 Johnson, Big Dead Place, pp. 83, 85.
33 Headland, Chronology, p. 58.
34 Joseph E. Murphy, South to the Pole by Ski (Saint Paul, MN, 1990), p. 41; original emphasis.
35 Catherine Hartley, To the Poles without a Beard (London, 2003), pp. 158, 250.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
The academic journals Polar Record and the Polar Journal contain many accessible articles relating to the South Pole. There are also numerous biographies of Amundsen, Scott, Shackleton, Byrd and other explorers that describe their polar journeys, as well as published diaries by various expedition members.
Amundsen, Roald, The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the ‘Fram’, 1910–1912, trans. A. G. Chater [1912] (London, 2002)
––, The Roald Amundsen Diaries: The South Pole Expedition, 1910–1912, ed. Geir O. Kløver (Oslo, 2010)
Andrews, Lynne, Antarctic Eye: The Visual Journey (Mount Rumney, Tasmania, 2007)
Burke, David, Moments of Terror: The Story of Antarctic Aviation (Kensington, NSW, 1994)
Byrd, Richard E., Little America: Aerial Exploration in the Antarctic and the Flight to the South Pole (London, 1931)
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley, The Worst Journey in the World: Antarctic, 1910–13 (London, 1994)
Dodds, Klaus, The Antarctic: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2012)
Fox, William L., Terra Antarctica: Looking into the Emptiest Continent (San Antonio, TX, 2005)
Fuchs, Vivian, Antarctic Adventure: The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1955–58 (London, 1959)
Glasberg, Elena, Antarctica as Cultural Critique: The Gendered Politics of Scientific Exploration and Climate Change (New York, 2012)
Hartley, Catherine, To the Poles Without a Beard (London, 2003)
Headland, Robert Keith, A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration: A Synopsis of Events and Activities from the Earliest Times until the International Polar Years, 2007–09 (London, 2009)
Herbert, Kari, and Huw Lewis-Jones, In Search of the South Pole (London, 2011)
Huntford, Roland, ed., The Amundsen Photographs (London, 1987)
Johnson, Nicholas, Big Dead Place: Inside the Strange and Menacing World of Antarctica (Los Angeles, CA, 2005)
Jones, Max, The Last Great Quest: Captain Scott’s Antarctic Sacrifice (Oxford, 2003)
Leane, Elizabeth, Antarctica in Fiction: Imaginative Narratives of the Far South (Cambridge, 2012)
Lund, Harald Østgaard, and Siv Frøydis Berg, Norske polarheltbilder, 1888–1929 (Oslo, 2011)
Manhire, Bill, ed., The Wide White Page: Writers Imagine Antarctica (Wellington, 2004)
Mear, Roger, and Robert Swan, In the Footsteps of Scott (London, 1987)
Mills, William J., Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA, and Oxford, 2003)
Nielsen, Jerry, with Maryanne Vollers, Ice Bound: A Doctor’s Incredible Battle for Survival at the South Pole (London, 2001)
Ponting, Herbert, The Great White South: Traveling with Robert F. Scott’s Doomed South Pole Expedition (New York, 2001)
Riffenburgh, Beau, ed., Encyclopedia of the Antarctica (New York, 2007)
Rubin, Jeff, Antarctica [Lonely Planet Country Guide] (Footscray, Vic, 2005)
Scott, Robert F., Journals: Captain Scott’s Last Expedition, ed. Max Jones (Oxford, 2006)
––, The Voyage of the ‘Discovery’ (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2005)
Shackleton, Ernest, The Heart of the Antarctic: Being the Story of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–1909 (New York, 1999)
Siple, Paul, 90° South: The Story of the American South Pole Conquest (New York, 1959)
Spufford, Francis, I May Be Some Time: Ice and the English Imagination (London, 1996)
Turner, Gillian, North Pole, South Pole: The Epic Quest to Solve the Great Mystery of Earth’s Magnetism (Wellington, NZ, 2010)
Walker, Gabrielle, Antarctica: An Intimate Portrait of the World’s Most Mysterious Continent (London, 2012)
Walton, David W. H., ed., Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent (Cambridge, 2013)
Wilson, David M., The Lost Photographs of Captain Scott (London, 2011)
ASSOCIATIONS AND WEBSITES
Adventure Network International
www.adventure-network.com
Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (Bill Spindler’s Antarctica)
www.southpolestation.com
Antarctic Circle
www.antarctic-circle.org
Antarctic Sun: News about Antarctica
antarcticsun.usap.gov
Finding Antarctica: Mapping the Last Continent
www.sl.nsw.gov.au/events/exhibitions/2011/finding_antarctica
Fram Museum
www.frammuseum.no
International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators
iaato.org
Laura Kay’s Polar Collections
www.phys.barnard.edu/∼kay/polar
National Library of Norway (Nasjonalbiblioteket)
www.nb.no/english
Representations of Antarctica
www.utas.edu.au/representations-of-antarctica
Scott Polar Research Institute Library
www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library
South Pole Live Camera (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/spo/livecamera.html
U.S. South Pole Station (National Science Foundation)
www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/livingsouthpole
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book was supported by the Australian Research Council under project FT120100402; and by the University of Tasmania, which provided funding through the Faculty of Arts Environment Research Group, the Institute for the Study of Social Change, the ‘Rising Stars’ programme, and its conference travel schemes, and also gave me a period of research leave. Due to this funding, I was able to benefit at different stages of the project from the work of two excellent research assistants, Anna Lucas and Bridget Eltham. I am very grateful for all of this support.
Like all books in the Earth series, South Pole ranges over a wide variety of subjects, and I am indebted to a large number of people for reading sections of the text, advising on particular topics, discussing chapters with me, pointing me to resources, or lending me their expertise in other ways. They include Andrew Atkin, Gordon Bain, Gary Burns, Dirk Couprie, Richard Collins, Ralph Crane, Carol Devine, Mark Duldig, Lisa Fletcher, Marcus Haward, Roslynn Haynes, Alan Hemmings, Stuart Klipper, Geir Kløver, Daniela Liggett, Graeme Miles, Paul Morin, David Neilson, Dave Neudegg, Steve Nicol, Heath O’Connell, Bill Spindler and Rupert Summerson. Needless to say, none should be held responsible for any errors, misinterpretations or subjective opinions expressed in this book, which are mine alone. Several people living at or travelling to the South Pole while I was writing this book provided images and information; I would especially like to thank Dale Molé and Wilson (Wai-Yin) Cheung. A number of photographers and fine artists very generously gave me permission to use their images; they are all listed in the Photo Acknowledgements. Richard Williams at the University of Tasmania took a series of photographs at my request, and I am grateful to him for his time, effort and skill. Curators and archivists at the Scott Polar Research Institute, the National Science Foundation and the Australian Antarctic Division, as well as a number of other institutes and image collections, were very helpful. I’d particularly like to thank Anne Melgård, Harald Østgaard Lund, Siv Frøydis Berg and Jens Petter Kollhøj at the Nasjonalbiblioteket in Norway for their hospitality, interest and advice.
Reaktion Books have made the publication process a straightforward and pleasant experience. I would like to acknowledge in particular Daniel Allen, Michael Leaman, Harry Gilonis and Amy Salter. Barbara Bessant provided timely assistance with aspects of the production process.
My family and friends were supportive and encouraging as ever during the writing of the book. Sally O’Connor and Michi Watkins gave practical help in many instances. My parents Peter and Christine Leane were terrific proofreaders and my husband Damian Murphy provided valuable advice, scientific and otherwise. My children Zachary and Tessa, who are always a delight, put up with my occasional distractedness. They now know that polar bears do not live at the South Pole, but I suspect they would find the book more exciting if they did. South Pole is dedicated to them.
PHOTO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author and publishers wish to express their thanks to the below sources of illustrative material and/or permission to reproduce it. Locations of some artworks not listed in the captions for reasons of brevity are also given below.
From Aftenposten 10 September 1912, photo reproduced courtesy of the National Library of Norway, Oslo: p. 158; Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand: pp. 68 (Box 11, ref. PAColl-6504-44), 78 (Ref. Eph-F-ANTARCTICA-1930-01 – Admiral Byrd’s South Pole Game; Reg. U.S. Patent Office. Parker Bros Inc.); Roald Amundsen, Sydpolen, vol. II (Kristiania, 1912), courtesy of National Library of Norway, Oslo: p. 57; from Victor Appleton II, Tom Swift and his Atomic Earth Blaster, illus. J. Graham Kaye (New York, 1954): p. 49; courtesy of the Australian Antarctic Division © Commonwealth of Australia: pp. 6 (February 2007), 139 (November 2008); Australian Antarctic Territory stamp images © Australian Postal Corporation: p. 146 (lower pair of images); photo Forest Banks, courtesy of National Science Foundation: p. 88; photo Alberto Behar (PhD) – NASA/ JPL/Caltech/NSF: p. 129; Andreas Bloch, Norges flag plantet paa Sydpolen 13/12/1911 – Mittet & Co. Kunstforlag, Wilse Foto Eneret – courtesy of Norwegian National Library, Oslo: p. 141; courtesy of Phillipe Boissonnet: pp. 38–9; photo Dale Budd, courtesy of David Burke: p. 63; photo Gary Burns: p. 144; photos © Wai-Yin (Wilson) Cheung: pp. 93, 100–101, 108–9, 113, 116, 119, 175, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196–7; © Paul Coldwell: p. 172; image by Davepape using public domain NASA Blue Marble data: p. 26; NASA /Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio [Blue Marble data courtesy of Reto Stockli (NASA/GSFC)]: p. 126; Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation: p. 86, 102 (top); photos Jeremy Dillon, courtesy of Kirsten Haydon: pp. 154 (top), 155; ESO (European Southern Observatory)/F. Char: p. 19; from Wolcott Gibbs, Bird Life at the Pole (New York, 1931): p. 176; from Joseph Hall, Mundus alter et idem: sive Terra Australis antehac semper incognita … (Vltraiecti [Utrecht], 1643), courtesy of the Rare Books Collection, State Library of Victoria, Melbourne: p. 46; photo Helmer Hanssen, Courtesy of National Library of Norway (bldsa_NPRA0534): p. 14 (top); from Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, vol. LXV/389 (October 1882): p. 35; photo Jan Haug, The Royal Court, Oslo: p. 13 (bottom left); photo Weeks Heist: p. 103; photo Patrick Hovey, National Science Foundation: p. 128; photos James Dana Hrubes: pp. 104, 131, 132; from Jules S. C. Dumont d’Urville, Voyage au Pôle Sud et dans l’Océanie sur les corvettes l’ Astrolabe et la Zélée: exécuté […] pendant les années 1837–1840, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d’Urville …, vol. I (Paris, 1842), photo Steve Nicklas, NOS, NGS, courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/U.S. Department of Commerce: p. 58; from William Earl Johns, Biggles Breaks the Silence, illus. Leslie Stead (London, 1948): p. 48; from W.H.G. Kingston, At the South Pole (London, 1882): p. 52; courtesy of Stuart Klipper: p. 164; © An-My Lê, courtesy Murray Guy, New York: p. 165; photos Library of Congress, Washington, DC: pp. 65, 66 (from Puck, vol. LXVI/1702, 13 October 1909); photo Jürgen Lübeck: p. 184; photo by Bill McAfee, National Science Foundation: p. 111; photo courtesy of Frederick McDougall: p. 182; photos Marie McLane: pp. 87, 170–71; Mercator Map of the World, by Ernest Dudley Chase (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931) – used by permission, all rights reserved – Image courtesy of the David Rumsey Map Collection, www.davidrumsey.com: p. 29; photos Dale M. Molé: pp. 89, 120, 130; photo Steve Morgan/Green peace: p. 147; photos Damian Murphy: pp. 116–17, 118; images courtesy NASA: pp. 43, 114, 122–3; photos National Library of Australia, Canberra: pp. 16 (Party at the South Pole, 18 January 1912 – nla.pic-vn4087833), 157 top (Olav Bjaaland, The Successful Explorers at the South Pole, 14th December 1911 – nla.pic-an23814300); National Library of Norway, Oslo: pp. 13 – top and bottom right (NB Ms.4° 2730), 14 top (bldsa_ npra0524); National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh: p. 71; photo National Library of Sweden (Kungliga biblioteket), Stockholm, courtesy Christer Rohman: p. 79 (right); photo National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce: p. 85; image Dennis Nilsson, including a public domain image from NASA– licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license – any reader is free to share – to copy, distribute and transmit this composite work, or to remix – to adapt this composite work, under the following condition of attribution – you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work): p. 21; NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center, December 2005 – Pole Location Data from UFM and IGRF-10 Magnetic Field Model: p. 24; © Anne Noble: pp. 168, 169, 187; photo courtesy of Alice O’Connor, supplied by the Nat
ional Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder: p. 105; from Parade, 14 October 1956, reproduced courtesy of Sandra Scott: p. 153; photo Joe Phillips, National Science Foundation: p. 148; courtesy of Posten Norge: p. 146 (upper pair of images); private collection – Photo © Agnew’s, London/Bridgeman Images: p. 162; Nicolle Rager-Fuller, National Science Foundation: p. 99; from James Clark Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions during the years 1839–43 …, vol. II (London, 1847): p. 59; courtesy the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers): pp. 64, 79 (left), 157 (bottom); © Connie Samaras: pp. 166, 167; photo Ted Scambos, National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder: p. 95; photo Ted Scambos and Rob Bauer, National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder: p. 135; photo Liesl Schernthanner, National Science Foundation: p. 17; photo © Darryn Schneider/Dreamstime.com: p. 177; photo Robert Schwarz: p. 102 (foot); © Pierre R. Schwob – By Permission: p. 9; Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge: pp. 69, 72, 115, 154 (foot), 159; Courtesy the Shell Art Collection/Shell Brands International AG: p. 70; photo courtesy Geoff Somers: p. 186; from The Sphere 23 December 1911 (photo © British Library Board): p. 15; image courtesy of Andy Smith – originally published in Kari Herbert and Huw Lewis-Jones, In Search of the South Pole (London: Conway, 2011): p. 42; courtesy of Bill Spindler: p. 14 (bottom); from Gordon Stables, In the Great White Land: A Tale of the Antarctic Ocean, illus. Ambrose de Walton (London, n. d. [1st edn 1903]): p. 53; State Library of New South Wales, Sydney: pp. 30 (Call no. MRB/X910/10), 31 (Call no. MRB/Q878.9/M), 32 (Call no. Q53/2); courtesy of the State Library of South Australia, Adelaide: p. 62; photo Craig Stevens, courtesy of National Institute of Water and Atmosphere Research (NIWA), New Zealand: pp. 106–7; photo Deven Stross, National Science Foundation: p. 145; courtesy of Rupert Summerson: p. 150; from Tidens Tegn, reproduced courtesy of the National Library of Norway, Oslo: pp. 8 (9 March 1912), 156 (16 May 1912); photo Stein Tronstad, courtesy of Norwegian Polar Institute: p. 151; photo Francis Vallance, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license – any reader is free to share – to copy, distribute and transmit this work, or to remix – to adapt this work – under the following condition of attribution – you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work): p. 74; from Jules Verne, Vingt mille mieues sous les mers (Paris, 1870): p. 45; photo Keith Vanderlinde / University of Toronto: p. 110; photo RADM David F. (Kelly) Welch, courtesy of Bill Spindler: p. 90; Richard Williams: pp. 41, 56, 76, 77.