The Greatest Knight
Page 47
WM’s strengthening bond with, 119–20
Heraclius, Patriarch, 168
Hilary, Saint, 80
Hildegard of Bingen, 33
Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, comte de Striguil et de Pembroke, L’, see History of William Marshal
History of the Kings of Britain (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 42
History of William Marshal:
commissioning of, 331, 376
conspiracy against WM discussed in, 140–1
copies made of, xix n
evasiveness of, on WM’s dealings with John, 263
family commission, xviii–xix
Henry II’s death recorded in, 204
John Marshal’s darker characteristics mentioned in, 16
John Marshal’s significance inflated in, 14
in Morgan Library, NY, xviii
naming of, xviii
and Philip’s liege-lord demand of WM, 284
resembling Arthurian epic, 382
tournaments discussed in, 62, 65, 116–28
passim, 133
tribute to Richard I in, 254
WM’s encounter with Richard described in, 200–1
Hodierna, 24
horses, 47–8
armour for, 48
cost of, 38, 48
height of, 48
of war (destriers), 38, 48
WM’s preferred, 48
Hose, Henry, 297, 302, 303
land granted to, 311
Hospitallers, see Knights Hospitaller
Hubert of Burgh, 276, 280, 330, 336, 348, 350, 362, 366, 376
Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, 269
Hugh of Burgundy, 127, 131, 155
and bidding war for WM’s services, 148
Third Crusade joined by, 212
Young King’s offensive against, 135
Hugh of Gundeville, 92
Hugh of Lacy, 293, 307, 314
Hugh of Lusignan, 272
Hugh of Malannoy, 199
Humbert, count of Maurienne, 99
Hundred Years’ War, 379
hunting, 46–7
Ile-de-France, 76, 78
Innocent III, Pope, 252, 318, 322, 323, 334
Ireland, 96, 182, 195, 208, 292–3
John’s campaign in, 214
map of, 289
WM turns attention to, 287–8
WM’s expedition to, 297–302
John seeks to block, 298–9
see also individual places
Isabel of Clare (wife), 195, 196, 208–9, 216, 247, 288, 293–4, 302, 305
death of, 375
FitzHenry besieges, 304
lands of, 208
revenge on FitzHenry demanded by, 309
Richard I’s gift of, to WM, 206
Tintern Abbey patronage of, 217
WM marries, 210
WM meets, 208
and WM’s death, 374
and WM’s final kiss, 374
at WM’s funeral, 375
and WM’s illness, 367–8
and WM’s last days, 369
in WM’s will, 370
Isabel of Vermandois, 145
Isabella of Angoulême, 272
Isabella of Gloucester, 215, 272
Issoudun, 188
Ivanhoe (Scott), 62n
Ivry, 235
Jacques of Vitry, 70
Jaffa, 231
James of Avesnes, 122, 149
death of, 231
Jerusalem, 41, 137, 162, 164–6, 168
Aqsa Mosque in, 165
Church of Holy Sepulchre in, 164, 169
Dome of the Rock in, 165, 171
falls into Muslim hands, 171, 189
Saladin continues to hold, 231
Temple Mount in, 165
Tower of David in, 169
WM’s pilgrimage to, see Marshal, William: Holy Land pilgrimage of
see also Crusades
Joan (daughter), 371
Joanne, queen of Sicily, countess of Toulouse:
birth of, 76
Raymond of Toulouse marries, 246
John of Earley, 198, 247, 259, 297, 302, 304, 315, 344–5, 346
chamberlain’s office granted to, 322
death of, 376
Devon granted to, 322
important source of information, xix
land granted to, 310–11, 367
Leinster defended by, 306–7
in Striguil household, 219
WM becomes guardian of, 184
and WM’s death, 374
WM’s executor, 370
and WM’s illness, 367
and WM’s last days, 369
and WM’s shroud cloths, 371–2
John, king of England:
allegiance to pope sworn by, 323
and Angevin–Capetian Le Mans stand-off, see Le Mans: defence of
annulment of marriage of, 272
appetite for power of, 214
appointed ‘supreme governor of the realm’, 226
Aquitaine invaded by, 214
and Arthur’s Brittany invasion, 274
and Arthur’s capture, 276–7
‘bad man’, 243
betrothal of, 99
birth of, 76, 82
and Bouvines battle, 324–5
Briouze family pursued by, 313–14
captured nobles mistreated by, 275
cast as tyrant, 317
character failings of, 265–7
Church’s dispute with, 318
Church’s reconciliation with, 323
coronation of, 261
death of, 338–9
duplicity exposed in, 234
Eleanor of Aquitaine summons, to series of councils, 229
English support secured by, in Richard’s absence, 234
English uprising fomented by, 234
Évreux’s recovery entrusted to, 242
excommunication of, 318
lifted, 323
and FitzHenry, 301
flees to Normandy on Richard’s return, 238
former troops decapitated by, 242
and France’s intended invasion of England, 322–3
funeral of, 339
height of, 264
Henry II betrayed by, 203, 214
Henry II’s gift of castles to, 99–100
homage paid to Capetians by, 233
infamy of, 264–5
invested as duke of Normandy, 260
Ireland granted to, 214, 224, 292
Isabella of Angoulême marries, 272
Isabella of Gloucester marries, 215
and knights’ defence of Leinster, 308–9
‘Lackland’ sobriquet of, 90, 214, 271
and Le Goulet treaty, 270, 271
left unpunished by Richard I, 207
long list of enemies accumulated by, 316
and Longchamp, 223, 225–6
‘lord of Ireland’ title of, 224, 292, 298
and loss of Normandy, 278–9
and Magna Carta, see Magna Carta
major castles seized by, 234
martial genius lacked by, 214
Mortain refuses to acknowledge authority of, 240
orders strike against French fleet, 323
parts of Normandy signed away by, 235
Philip II confiscates lands of, 273
and Philip’s liege-lord demand of WM, 284–5
Poitou invasion plan of, 285–6
and Prince Louis’s invasion, 336
raids on English rebel-held territory by, 334–5
Richard begins to trust again, 243
Richard confirms succession of, 253
Richard grants territory to, 215
Richard pardons indiscretions of, 241
at Richard’s coronation, 211
Richard’s death falsely declared by, 234
as Richard’s obvious successor, 214
as Richard’s rival for power, 187
rumoured plot against, 319–22
WM offers support, 320–2<
br />
‘Softsword’ sobriquet of, 271
status of, as Richard’s heir, 226
submits England to papal authority, 323
swingeing taxation imposed by, 317
tattered reputation of, 281
threat to confiscate lands of, 229
Welsh hostages hanged by, 319
and Welsh insurrection, 319
William of Briouze loses favour of, 312–13
and WM–Philip homage-for-estates deal, 282–3
WM quells insurrection of, 234–5
WM reaffirms subject status to, 309
WM summoned by, for harbouring Briouzes, 315
WM summoned from Leinster by, 301
WM supports succession of, 255–6, 259–60
WM’s Leinster expedition blocked by, 299
WM’s politic neutrality concerning, 225
WM’s reluctance to alienate, 224
WM’s son demanded by, 286–7
at Woodstock gathering, 303
John of Gray, 310, 313, 315
John of Préaux, 133, 147, 281
Jordan of Fantosme, 104
Jordan of Sauqueville, 271, 297, 302, 304, 315
land granted to, 311, 367
Leinster defended by, 306–7
Joscelin, Master, 221
Kerak, 162, 167
Kildare, 295, 302
Kilkenny, 295, 301, 302
King John (Shakespeare), 382
Kingston, 362
knecht (servants), 36
see also knighthood
knighthood:
and armour, 50, 379
and chevauchées, 81
and Christian faith, 40–1
Crusades’ effect on, 41
as distinct class and calling, 61
dramatic changes to, 379
equites, milites, chevaliers, 36
evolution of, 36–9
as rarefied profession, 38
WM helps to mould, 36
and ‘freelance’, etymology of, 62n
history of (real and imagined), 40–3
and horsemanship, 37, 47–8
and horses, 47–9
and knight shortage, 380
and knights banneret, 129, 132
mesnie, 38–9
nobles attracted to, 61
and Order of the Garter, 380
preudhomme, 38, 39, 70, 179
ritual of, 51–3
and squires, 43n
and Templar order, 41; see also Knights Templar
and tournaments, 62–73, 115–29
ban on, in England, 73
banners displayed during, 67
chivalry shown at, 71–2
coats of arms displayed during, 67
entertainments after, 145
at Épernon, 123
etymology of, 64
at Eu, 123
eve of, 66
fairs at, 65
‘grand and excellent’ Norman–French border encounter, 120–1
great mêlée at, 68
at Lagny, 132–4
mechanics of, 65–8, 124
papal pronouncements against, 64
at Pleurs, 121–2
Richard overturns ban on, 247
sound used during, 67–8
treated almost like a business, 125
WM and Young King’s last together, 146
and weapons:
crossbow, 51, 379
lance, 49–50
shield, 51
sword, 49
Knights of Christ (militia Christi), 41
Knights Hospitaller, 164, 168
Knights Templar, 41, 164, 168, 170, 323, 328, 373–4
see also knighthood
Knights of the Round Table, 42
Knoyle Hodierne, 24
La Couronne Abbey, Young King loots, 155
La Ferté-Bernard, 196
La Marche, 272
La Roche-aux-Moine, 325
Lagny, 132–3
Lancelot, xix, 72, 143
lances, 49–50
Langton, Stephen, 318, 323, 326, 370
appointed archbishop of Canterbury, 323
and Magna Carta, see Magna Carta
WM oration by, 375
Le Goulet, Treaty of, 270, 271
Le Mans, 149, 158, 193, 195, 196, 197–8, 268–9
defence of, 198–9
Angevins flee, 200–1
Henry II takes refuge in, 197
Leinster, 224, 243, 292, 293, 294, 295–310 passim, 376
Briouze family flee to, 313
defence of, 305–9
WM returns to, 309–10
WM strengthens power base in, 310–11
WM’s expedition to, 297–302
in WM’s will, 370
Leopold V, Duke, 232
Les Andelys, 251, 278–9
Liechtenstein, Ulrich von, 66
Lille, 228
Limerick, 293
Limoges, 99, 139, 252–3
rallying point for Young King’s forces, 151
siege in, 154, 155
Limousin, 80
Lincoln:
battle of, 352–60
preparation for, 353–6
map of, 355
Lincoln Castle, 336, 348, 357
Llewellyn ap Iorwerth (‘the Great’), 293, 319, 366, 377
Loches, 190, 235, 240, 280
Richard’s assault on, 244
London:
as den of vice, 209–10
growth of, 209
Tower of, 215, 226
Long Crendon, 208
Longchamp, William, 181, 194, 215, 222–3, 237, 243
Flanders exile of, 226
John’s smear campaign against, 225–6
stripped of powers, 226
Longueville, 207, 208, 235, 271, 282–4
in WM’s will, 370
Loudon Castle, 99
Louis VI of France, 33
Louis VII of France, 75, 76, 99, 128–9
ambitions of, for French monarchy, 78
Becket pilgrimage of, 130
Becket supported by, 79
and coronation of Young King, 91
faltering grip of, on Capetian realm, 130
Henry II’s peace conference with, 82, 89
Holy Land visited by, 75
illness and death of, 130
second Normandy invasion launched by, 111
and Young King’s rebellion, 101, 102–3, 105, 106
ineffective ally during, 109
Louis VIII of France:
as king, death of, 376
as prince, 270, 322, 325
and barons’ rebellion, see England: barons’ rebellion in
claim of, to English crown, 319, 335–6
England invaded by, 336–7
England quit by, 362
news of Lincoln defeat reaches, 361
promise of, over Continental Angevin lands, 363
untenable position of, 362
Louis IX of France, 376
Ludgerhall, 19, 215
Lusignans, 80–2
Eleanor of Aquitaine’s party attacked by, 82–4
and Patrick of Salisbury’s death, 83–4
Madden, Sir Frederick, xv
Magna Carta:
1215 version, xv, xviii, 327–34
pope condemns, 334
significance of, 331–4
surviving copies of, 331
1216 version, 348–9
1217 version, 366
1225 version, 376
Maine, 78, 109, 196, 197, 275
Malchael, Roger, 203
manners and etiquette, 44–5
Manorbier, 294
Map, Walter, 12, 87n, 98, 144, 178
Young Prince condemned by, 159
Marches, 195, 217, 219–20, 221, 223, 290, 312
Maréchal, Guillaume le, see Marshal, William
Margaret (sister), 162n
Margaret of Briouze, 338
Marguerite of France:
as Henry II’s hostage, 109
marriage of, to Young King, 88–9
sent to Paris, 146, 151
sexual activity of, 145
WM reputedly beds, 139–40, 143, 145–6
Young King begins to live with, 96
and Young King’s first coronation, 90–1
and Young King’s rebellion, 101
Barfleur departure, 110
and Young King’s second coronation, 96
Marguerite of Sablé, 268
Marie de France, 382
Marlborough Castle, 12, 17–18, 215, 234, 237, 337, 367
John Marshal’s guardianship of, reapportioned, 34
‘Marlborough French’, 35n
Marsh, Simon, 97, 133
Marshal, Ancel (son), 370–1
death of, 378
Marshal, Gilbert (brother), 6
death of, 377–8
earldom passes to, 377
Marshal, Gilbert (son), 370
Marshal, Henry (brother), 211n
Marshal, John (brother), 33, 73, 211, 222
death of, 236–7
lands inherited by, 58
Marshal, John (father):
callous disregard for WM’s life shown by, 27–8
character of, in eyes of chroniclers, 16–17
civil-war opportunities exploited by, 14
‘courtly, wise and worthy’, 14
darker facets of, 16–17
death of, 58
disfigurement of, 16, 29–30
divorce of, from Adelina, 19
false prediction of, concerning Henry II, 42n
and FitzHubert, 17–18
grave of, 74
and Henry II, failure to find favour under, 34
History inflates significance of, 14
impression left on WM by, 29
mesnie of, 39
as minor player in Stephen–Matilda struggle, 14–15
Newbury stronghold, possible site of, 26
Norman origin of, 4
presented as main protagonist in Matilda’s flight, 15
responsibilities of, in king’s household, 6
and Salisbury family, 18–19
‘scion of hell’, 16
status, land and wealth gradually accumulated by, 6
Stephen awards castellany to, 12
Stephen besieges, 26
Stephen comes into direct conflict with, 25–6
story concerning heroism of, 15
Templars given a manor by, 41
Wherwell fight and sanctuary of, 16
WM given as hostage by, 26
Marshal, John (nephew), 247, 263, 297, 302, 321–2, 344
appointed marshal of Ireland, 303
forgiveness of, 310
at Lincoln battle, 352, 357
and Magna Carta, 330
oversight of royal forests granted to, 367
Woodstock betrayal of, 303
Marshal, Richard (son), 299n, 321
birth of, 247
death of, 377
earldom passes to, 377
in insurrection against Henry III, 377
in WM’s will, 370
Marshal, Walter (brother), 6
death of, 378
earldom passes to, 378
Marshal, Walter (son), in WM’s will, 370