by Thalma Lobel
weight and, 40–41
academic disciplines: hard and soft, 28, 29
aggression, 53–54, 86, 92–94
aha experience, 205–7
altruism, 23
Amir-Lobel, Natalie (granddaughter), 29–30, 163–64, 176
Andersen, Hans Christian, 3
animals
positive influence on humans of, 35
red and, 76–77
size-power relationship and, 138–39, 142
touch and, 35
vertical positioning–power relationship and, 124, 132
See also type of animal
apartment: selling of Tel Aviv, 7–8
Apple Computer, 208–9
Archimedes, 205
architecture: space/distance and, 119
Aronofsky, Darren, 85–86
artificial intelligence, 212–13
athletes. See sports
attention deficit disorder, 35
attraction. See physical attraction
avoidance behavior, 62
awkward situations: smells and, 185–86
Ayalon, Danny, 122
B
Back, Kurt, 108
backpack weight experiment, 46
bad feelings: writing about, 195–96
bagel chain banners experiment, 141–42
ball-tossing experiment, 13–14
banks: virtual environments and, 217–18
Bargh, John, 4–5, 8–9, 17–18
behavior
avoidance, 62
influence of sensations on, 5, 10–12, 211–12
problems with, 35
See also specific behavior or topic
biases, 146, 213
black, 83–86, 88–90, 91–93, 94. See also darkness
Black Sun (Kristeva), 87
Black Swan (movie), 85–86
boardrooms: space/distance and, 112, 113
Bobbitt (John and Lorena) case, 153
body parts: guilt and cleaning, 153–55
book weight experiment, 41
brain, 32–33, 80–81, 109–10, 160, 217
brightness
importance of, 101–5
influences on, 96
metaphors for, 88–90, 97, 98
perceptions of, 95–98
universal associations of, 94–95
building height, 133–35
Burger King, 180
Burkina Faso, West Africa: red experiment in, 72
business: vertical positioning–power relations in, 124–26
business meetings, 79, 178
Busnach, Shani, 156, 156n
C
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Lobel’s apartments in, 90–91
Cartesian plane, 3, 115–16
castration anxiety, 154
categorization: hard-soft sensations and, 28–29
CD experiment, 168–69
ceiling effect, 71
Celikkol, Ambassador, 122
change for a dollar experiment, 185
Chaplin, Charlie, 121–22
cheating, 3, 99–100, 156–58, 159, 214
children
and challenges facing embodied cognition research, 216
creative thinking of, 203–4
and creative thinking of parents, 202
exclusion feelings of, 16
and importance of embodied cognition theory, 212
influence of light on, 104–5
negotiations with, 34–35
and red-danger link, 59–60
and scaffolding of experience, 32
and separating light from darkness, 94–95
sweet taste and, 176
test-taking by, 59–60
touch and, 23, 34–35
and vertical positioning–power relationship, 132–33
chimpanzees, 138–39
Chocolat (movie), 176
cinnamon, 184–85
clean-slate effect, 166–69, 172–73
cleanliness/cleaning
benefits of, 173
cheating and, 156–58, 159
consumers and, 164–65
disgust and, 160–64
donations and, 158–59
evolution of, 163
guilt and, 153–54, 156, 159, 164, 165
importance of, 173
influence of, 211
and mental pollution, 152–53
metaphors about, 149, 163
morality and, 148–53, 154–59, 160–64
risk taking and, 169–72
rituals and, 149–50
scaffolding and, 163, 164
smells and, 3, 186–87
test-taking and, 3
time-share unit sales meeting and, 148–49
and water as washing away the past, 166–69
as wiping the slate clean, 166–69
clipboard weight study, 3, 38–40, 43, 44, 213–14
closeness as better, 117–20
clothing
black, 85, 90
red, 65–66, 76, 79–80, 81
white, 83–84, 90
coaster experiment, 201
coffee: warmth of, 4–5, 8–9, 213–14
cognitive dissonance, 167–68, 169
cold. See temperature
color
brain and, 80–81
culture and, 52–54, 69–71, 72, 83–85
identity and, 52
importance/influence of, 51, 52, 211
language and, 53
marketing and, 79–80, 81
metaphors and, 52
photograph experiments and, 67–68, 69, 72–74, 77–79
politics/politicians and, 52, 53, 79, 80
sports and, 52, 81, 91–93, 94
Stroop effect and, 88–90
as symbolic, 52
unconscious and, 92–93
See also specific color
“The Color of Sin” study, 98–99
communication
long-distance, 112–15
nonverbal, 23–24
consciousness: and light and darkness, 86
consumers
cleaning and, 164–65
smells and behavior of, 183–91
conversations: space/distance and, 117–20
Coppola, Francis Ford, 149–50
cortisol, 144
creativity
and characteristics of creative thinking, 197
embodying metaphors and, 196–209, 210
imagination and, 200
and importance of creative thinking, 201–2
and light, 205–7
problem solving and, 204, 205–7
and story about idea, 197
See also outside the box, thinking
crime, 99–100
culture
and challenges facing embodied cognition research, 216
color and, 52–54, 69–71, 72, 83–85
D
dance clubs study, 184
danger
darkness link to, 94–95
red link with, 58–60, 62, 81
darkness
being-consciousness and, 86
connotations of, 94–95
danger link to, 94–95
ethical behavior and, 97–98
and importance of embodied cognition theory, 212
metaphors for, 87, 88–90, 99–100
morality and, 97–101
positivity and negativity and, 88–90, 94, 95–98
separating light from, 83–105
and Sons of Darkness, 86–91
Stroop effect and, 88–90
universal associations of, 94–95
See also black
Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness (Styron), 87
Dead Sea Scrolls, 86–87
decision making
embodied cognition theory and, 10
metaphors and, 38
sensations and, 10
temperature and, 6
weight and, 38, 43–44
delayed gratification, 181–82
Democratic Party, 29, 52
depression, 87, 88, 102
destruction: black and, 91–95
Devil: vertical positioning and, 137–38
Dictator Game, 101, 129
diseases: as disgusting, 163
Disengagement Plan, 53
disgust, 160–64, 187
distance. See space/distance
dominance
among animals, 138–39, 142
red and, 76–80, 81
size-power relationship and, 138–39
See also power
donations: cleaning and, 158–59
dots task, 206–7
dress buying, red, 65–66
E
Eilat, Israel: red dress buying in, 65–66
Ein Hayam Experimental School (Israel), 203
Elliot, Andrew J., 55–58, 67–68, 69, 72–74, 77, 78–79
embodied cognition theory
benefits of, 218–19
body parts–ethics relationship and, 155
challenges facing research about, 216–18
focus of, 10, 11
importance of, 211–14
Lobel’s early interest in, 5, 6
metaphors and, 213–14
perceptions and, 34
replication of findings about, 215–16
skepticism about, 214–15
and unconscious effects of sensations on mind and body, 5, 6
validity of, 211–19
See also specific topic
embodying metaphors
and awareness of sensations, 219
creativity and, 196–209, 210
definition of, 193
about light, 205–7
and on the one hand, 198–99
and putting two and two together, 200–205
regrets and, 194–95
and sealing bad feelings, 194–96
secrets and, 195–96
and thinking outside the box, 199–200
emotions
influence of sensations on, 211–12
memories of, 13–14
metaphors and, 11, 194–96
red as color of deep, 53–54
sensations-behavior link with, 10–12
and separating light from darkness, 96, 101–2
space/distance and, 107–20
See also specific emotion
Endler, Norman, 87–88
environment
and creative thinking, 202–3
importance of, 11, 44, 218–19
sensory overload in urban, 2
virtual, 217–18
See also temperature
Erdogan, Tayyip, 122
Esau-Jacob story, 21–22
ethical behavior. See morality
“ethical man” story experiment, 151–52
eureka effect, 205–7
evil: dark as symbol of, 84, 85
evil eye, 194
evolution
disgust and, 160, 164
morality-cleaning link and, 163
power and, 135
and red-danger link, 59
and separating light from darkness, 94–95
size-power relationship and, 138
space/distance and, 109
exclusion, 163–64
See also loneliness
experiences
memories as influence on, 13–14
scaffolding of, 31–33, 40, 212
extroversion experiment: secrecy and, 48
F
Facebook: study about photos of people on, 130–31
fairness, 101, 188
fart spray, 189, 190
fast food, 179–83
feedback: importance of, 172
feng shui, 107–8
Festinger, Leon, 108
fishy smell, 187–91
food: size of, 139–42
food industry: logos in, 179–83
Frank, Mark G., 91–93, 94
free gift study: cleaning-morality link and, 151
Freud, Sigmund, 154
Friedman, Thomas, 113
friendships: physical proximity and, 108
G
gambling, 170–71, 184
Gandhi, Mahatma, 85
Gaza Strip, 53
gender
clipboard study and, 39
power and, 135–36
red and, 68–69, 80
stereotypes, 136
tests and, 54–55
touch and, 27–28
weight and, 39
generosity: temperature and, 17–19
Gilovich, Thomas, 91–93, 94
God: vertical positioning and, 137–38
The Godfather (movie), 149–50
Golan, Yaniv, 156, 156n
Good in Bed (Weiner), 116
goodness: white as symbol of, 84
Google “Campus,” 204–5
grading papers experiment: weight and, 42–43
The Great Dictator (movie), 121–22
Guatemala, Lobel’s trip to, 1–2
guilt, 153–55, 156, 159, 164, 165
H
hands
and creative thinking, 198–99, 202
and on the one hand and on the other hand, 198–99
washing, 162, 168–69
hardness, 24–29, 32, 33–35
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 75
Hebrew University, 87
height
of buildings, 133–35
and importance of embodied cognition theory, 212
impressions of, 128–30
physical attraction and, 135–36
power and, 126–30, 133, 135–36, 145
subjectivity of, 126–28
success and, 127–28
See also vertical positioning
hell: Milton’s description of, 87
helping others, 156, 159, 178–79, 186
hitchhikers experiment: red and, 74
Holiday of Darkness (Endler), 88
homosexuality, 44–45, 46, 48
honey taste, 175–76
hormone-level tests: power and, 144
I
IBM, 208–9
idea: story about, 197
identity: color and, 52
imagination. See creativity
impatience: and fast food, 181, 182–83
importance. See specific topic
individuality: space/distance and, 111–12
infidelity, 47–48, 153
instinct: and separating light from darkness, 98
intentions: red and, 72–74
intimacy, 9–10, 19, 23, 34, 119
investments/investor experiment, 18–19, 170, 188–90
Israel
Disengagement Plan and, 53
and red dress buying in Eilat, 65–66,
and selling of Tel Aviv apartment, 7–8
Turkey’s relations with, 122
See also specific educational institution
Israeli Defense Forces, 4, 30
J
Jacobson, Dora, 12
Jacobson, Hillel, 197
Jacobson, Raffi (brother), 196
Jacobson, Zalman, 127
jigsaw puzzle touch experiment, 30–31
job candidates: evaluation of, 38
judgments
color and, 90
influence of sensations on, 8, 211–12
moral, 8
and separating light from darkness, 90, 95, 96, 98, 101–2, 105
space and, 107
and sweetness, 177–79
texture and, 31
vertical positioning and, 137
and warmth, 72, 214
See also specific topic
K
Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), 180, 182
The King and I (movie), 132
Kirn, Walter, 114
kiss experiment, 153
knowledge: embodying metaphors as enlarging, 210
Kristeva, Julia, 87
L
language, 23, 53. See also metaph
ors
lawyer experiment: ethics of, 154–55
learning: creative thinking and, 203–4
Lego blocks experiment, 200
light
being and consciousness and, 86
connotations of, 94–95
creativity and, 205–7
embodying metaphors about, 205–7
ethical behavior and, 97–98
and importance of embodied cognition theory, 212
metaphors for, 87
morality and, 97–101
positivity and negativity and, 88–90, 94, 95–98
separating darkness from, 83–105
and Sons of Light, 86–91
Stroop effect and, 88–90
See also white
Liljenquist, Katie, 150–51, 156
Lobel, Dani (son), 103, 104, 196
Lobel, David (husband), 103, 104, 196
Lobel, Dory (son), 103, 104, 196
Lobel, Orly (daughter), 103, 104, 196
Lobel, Thalma
Cambridge apartments of, 90–91
cheating-cleaning experiments of, 156–58
and decision to write book, 37–38
and donations-cleaning experiment, 158–59
grandchildren of, 109, 113–14, 163–64, 176
and long-distance communication with family, 113–14
personal and professional background of, 4, 5–6, 30, 90–91, 103–4, 127, 147–49, 204
red experiments of, 69–71
ski trip of, 147–49
taste studies of, 179
Williams and Bargh influence on, 4–5
logos, 179–83, 208–9
loneliness, 12–17, 91
long-distance communication, 112–15
luck, 169, 170–72
M
Madison, James, 127–28
magic show touch experiment, 26–27
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 32–33, 110, 216–17
Malov, Shimon, 158, 158n
marketing
color and, 79–80, 81
space/distance and, 111
Martin, Ricky, 46
McDonald’s, 180, 182
media: power and, 130–32
memories: as influence on experiences, 13–14
mental pollution, 152–53
metaphors
about black, 85, 88–90
brain and, 32–33
about brightness, 88–90, 97, 98
about cleaning, 149, 163
color and, 52
about darkness, 87, 88–90, 99–100
embodied cognition theory and, 213–14
emotions and, 11, 194–96
importance of, 213, 218
as link between abstract and concrete concepts, 163
and link of sensations and abstract concepts, 193, 213
about morality, 149, 163
prevalence of, 213
and scaffolding of experiences, 32–33
and sealing bad feelings, 194–96
about smells, 187–88, 190, 191
about space/distance, 108, 115
Stroop effect and, 89–90
about suspicion, 187–88, 190
about taste, 177, 179
about temperature, 213
about texture, 25, 31, 32–33
and vertical positioning–power relationship, 123, 145
weight and, 38
about white, 85, 88–90